Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ruppōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrup.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From Pre-Germanic *Hrupnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *reufaną (“to break off, open”).

Verb

*ruppōną

1. to tear off
2. to rub

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *rupp- against non-singular *rub-

Conjugation of *ruppōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ruppō	*ruppǭ	—	*ruppōi	?
2nd singular	*ruppōsi	*ruppōs	*ruppō	*ruppōsai	*ruppōsau
3rd singular	*ruppōþi	*ruppō	*ruppōþau	*ruppōþai	*ruppōþau
1st dual	*ruppōs	*ruppōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*ruppōþiz	*ruppōþiz	*ruppōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*ruppōmaz	*ruppōm	—	*ruppōnþai	*ruppōnþau
2nd plural	*ruppōþ	*ruppōþ	*ruppōþ	*ruppōnþai	*ruppōnþau
3rd plural	*ruppōnþi	*ruppōn	*ruppōnþau	*ruppōnþai	*ruppōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ruppōdǭ	*ruppōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*ruppōdēz	*ruppōdēdīz
3rd singular	*ruppōdē	*ruppōdēdī
1st dual	*ruppōdēdū	*ruppōdēdīw
2nd dual	*ruppōdēdudiz	*ruppōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*ruppōdēdum	*ruppōdēdīm
2nd plural	*ruppōdēdud	*ruppōdēdīd
3rd plural	*ruppōdēdun	*ruppōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*ruppōndz	*ruppōdaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *ruppōn
  • >? Old English: *rubbian
    • Middle English: rubben (possibly borrowed)
      • English: rub
  • Old Frisian: *robbia
    • Saterland Frisian: robje
  • Old Saxon: *roppōn
    • Middle Low German: roppen
      • Low German: rubben
  • Old Dutch: *roppon
    • Middle Dutch: roppen
      • Dutch: roppen, robben, rubben
  • Old High German: ropfōn, *ruphōn
    • Middle High German: ropfen, rupfen
      • German: rupfen
      • Luxembourgish: rappen
• Old Norse: ruppa, *rubba
  • Icelandic: rubba
  • Norwegian:

    Norwegian Bokmål: rubbe

    Norwegian Nynorsk: rubbe, rubba

  • Swedish: rubba
  • Danish: rubbe

Etymology 2

An iterative verb likely of sound-symbolic origin.

Verb

*ruppōną

1. to burp, belch

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *rupp- against non-singular *rup-

Conjugation of *ruppōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ruppō	*ruppǭ	—	*ruppōi	?
2nd singular	*ruppōsi	*ruppōs	*ruppō	*ruppōsai	*ruppōsau
3rd singular	*ruppōþi	*ruppō	*ruppōþau	*ruppōþai	*ruppōþau
1st dual	*ruppōs	*ruppōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*ruppōþiz	*ruppōþiz	*ruppōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*ruppōmaz	*ruppōm	—	*ruppōnþai	*ruppōnþau
2nd plural	*ruppōþ	*ruppōþ	*ruppōþ	*ruppōnþai	*ruppōnþau
3rd plural	*ruppōnþi	*ruppōn	*ruppōnþau	*ruppōnþai	*ruppōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ruppōdǭ	*ruppōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*ruppōdēz	*ruppōdēdīz
3rd singular	*ruppōdē	*ruppōdēdī
1st dual	*ruppōdēdū	*ruppōdēdīw
2nd dual	*ruppōdēdudiz	*ruppōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*ruppōdēdum	*ruppōdēdīm
2nd plural	*ruppōdēdud	*ruppōdēdīd
3rd plural	*ruppōdēdun	*ruppōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*ruppōndz	*ruppōdaz

Derived terms

• *rupatjaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *roppōn
  • Old Dutch: *roppon
    • Middle Dutch: roppen, ruppen
      • Dutch: roppen
  • Old High German: *ropfōn
    • Middle High German: ropfen
• Old Norse: ropa
  • Icelandic: ropa
  • Faroese: ropa