Módulo de Inglés I Medicina 2024
Módulo de Inglés I Medicina 2024
Módulo de Inglés I Medicina 2024
EQUIPO CÁTEDRA
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Inglés I 2022
GUÍA N° 1
HELLO hello
hello
HELLO
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Título
Repartición de Párrafos.
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¿Cómo reconocer cuando estamos frente a un falso cognado?
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a. ¿Cuáles son las palabras transparentes que pudo observar?
b. ¿Qué indican las palabras en negrita? ¿Y las cursivas?
c. ¿Qué indican los números que aparecen en el texto?
d. Complete en castellano los espacios en blanco que acompañan a la imagen.
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GUÍA N° 2
LA ESTRATEGIA DE LA INFERENCIA
Recordemos que al aplicar la Estrategia del Vistazo, logramos una comprensión
general del texto.
Ahora bien, cuando estamos leyendo algo más detalladamente y necesitamos
entender el significado de palabras desconocidas, por lo general recurrimos a dos
posibilidades:
SI NO
¿PUEDO DESCUBRIR SU
SIGNIFICADO?
SI NO
some 200 different types of cells in the body, these can be grouped into four basic
5 classes. These four basic cell types, together with their extracellular materials, form
the fundamental tissues of the human body: (1) epithelial tissues, which cover the
7 body’s surface and line the internal organs, body cavities, and passageways;
(2) muscle tissues, which are capable of contraction and form the body’s musculature;
9 (3) nerve tissues, which conduct electrical impulses and make up the nervous system;
and (4) connective tissues, which are composed of widely spaced cells and large
11 amounts of intercellular matrix and which bind together various body structures.
(Bone and blood are considered specialized connective tissues, in which the
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Actividades
A. Aplicando la Estrategia de la Inferencia, escoja el significado más
apropiado para los siguientes vocablos.
Línea Palabra A B C
1 living viva vívida de vida
2 growth crecimiento crecer desarrollo
6 tissues papeles pañuelos
higiénicos tejidos descartables
7 surface apariencia exterior superficie
9 make up constituyen maquillaje arman
of of , each of , ,
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E. Lea el siguiente texto, para responder las preguntas a-c.
cell is basic living unit human body— , organisms.
human body consists trillions cells, capable growth, metabolism,
response stimuli , exceptions, reproduction. there are
different types cells body, can be grouped four basic
classes. four basic cell types, extracellular materials, form
fundamental tissues human body: (1) epithelial issues,.....................
30%
50%
70%
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APÉNDICE GRAMATICAL
CONCEPTUALES y ESTRUCTURALES:
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Preceden el-la-los-las the
Artículos al sustantivo. un-una a-an
de of
Preposiciones Palabras o frases para for
que unen. en in
delante de in front of
y and
Conectores Palabras o frases o or
que unen. pero but
como like
ellos they
Pronombres Reemplazan al mío mine
sustantivo. el/ella he/she
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GUÍA N° 3
EL DICCIONARIO BILINGÜE
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¡Vamos a ejercitarnos!
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B. Busque el significado de las siguientes palabras teniendo en cuenta la categoría
gramatical especificada entre paréntesis.
PALABRA SIGNIFICADO
beat (v)
beat (s)
bite (s)
gross (s)
gross (adj.)
kind (s)
kind (adj.)
PALABRA SIGNIFICADO
storage (comp.)
key (elect.)
power (mat.)
mute (música)
core (medic.)
PLURAL SINGULAR
teeth
vertebrae
matrices
diagnoses
fungi
bacilli
bacteria
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E. Busque el significado de las siguientes expresiones.
EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
so on
as regards to
by far
at least
neither… nor
such as
Ejercitación
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VERBO quitar la terminación transports transport
terminado en –S o –ES (conjugarlo en tiempo controls control
Presente Modo researches research
Indicativo o Subjuntivo
según lo indique el
contexto)
VERBO quitar la terminación identifies identify
terminado en –IES y agregar “Y” carries carry
(conjugarlo ídem caso
anterior)
VERBO quitar la terminación resulting result
terminado en –ING putting put
dying die
VERBO quitar la terminación associated associate
terminado en –D o –ED (traducirlo como Pretérito connected connect
o processed process
como Participio Pasado
según elcontexto)
VERBO quitar la terminación classified classify
terminado en –IED y agregar “Y” carried carry
(conjugarlo ídem caso
anterior)
Ejercitación
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ADJETIVO O ADVERBIO quitar la terminación larger/est large
Terminados en –ER o quitar una consonante smaller/est small
–EST en caso de doble bigger/est big
consonante y
agregar “E” cuando sea
necesario.
ADJETIVO O ADVERBIO quitar la terminación easier/est easy
terminado en –IER o y agregar “Y” busier/est busy
–IEST
Ejercitación
COMPARATIVO/SUPERLATIVO ADJETIVO/ADVERBIO
LONGEST ………………………………
BUSIER ………………………………
CHEAPER ……………………………….
BETTER ………………………………
WORST ...........................................
FURTHER ………………………………
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GUÍA N° 4
A. Lea las siguientes frases en Inglés (y su correspondiente versión en castellano) que
pertenecen al texto de la guía 2 y luego responda las preguntas.
a. ¿Qué función gramatical cumplen las palabras resaltadas: sustantivo – adjetivo – verbo –
adverbio?
b. ¿Qué diferencia advierte entre las tres primeras y las dos últimas en cuanto al número de
elementos en la frase nominal y a la posición del núcleo en las mismas?
c. ¿Qué diferencia advierte entre la versión en inglés y en castellano?
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PREMODIFICADORES DEL SUSTANTIVO NÚCLEO DE UNA FRASE NOMINAL
Artículos
The process (El proceso)
Adjetivos
The active process( El proceso activo)
Participio pasado de un verbo regular
An increased damage (Un daño creciente)
Adverbio + Adjetivo
The permanently active process (El proceso permanentemente activo)
Sustantivo
Protein fibers (Fibras de proteínas/proteicas)
Caso Posesivo: Sustantivo (1) + ‘s + Sustantivo(2)
The scientist’s experiment (El experimento del científico)
Actividades
B. Analicemos las siguientes frases nominales.
a. The tall man …………………………………………………………………………......………
b. A fat patient …………………………………….……………………………….......……………
c. The wrong test…………………………………..….….…………………………………………
d. Chronic renal insufficiency…………………...............…………………………………………
e. The patient’s vital signs…………………............………………………………………………
f. Low mortality rate………………………..........…………………………………………………
g. Blood glucose determination……………...............……………………………………………
h. An acute heart failure…………………............…………………………………………………
i. A localized area…………………………..........…………………………………………………
j. Pancreatic duct orifice………………...........……………………………………………………
k. Inadequate thyroxin production……………..................………………………………………
l. McBurney’s point……………………………………………………….…………………………
m. Its chemical agents………………........…………………………………………………………
n. Five simple characteristics……………...............………………………………………………
o. Their side-effects…………………........…………………………………………………………
p. Blood flow alteration……………..............………………………………………………………
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C. Aplique la Estrategia del Vistazo al siguiente texto y con sus propias palabras
Body Systems
1 All the parts of your body are composed of individual units called cells. Examples are
muscle, nerve, skin (epithelial), and bone cells.
3 Similar cells grouped together are tissues. Groups of muscle cells are muscle
tissue, and groups of epithelial cells are epithelial tissue.
5 Collections of different tissues working together are organs. An organ, such as the
stomach, has specialized tissues, such as muscle, epithelial (lining of internal organs
7 and outer layer of skin cells), and nerve, that help the organ function.
Groups of organs working together are the systems of the body. The digestive
9 system, for example, includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, and
intestines, which bring food into the body, break it down, and 11 deliver it to the
11 bloodstream.
Figure 2-1 reviews the differences between cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
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13 There are 11 systems of the body, and each plays an important role in the way the
bodyworks.
15 The circulatory system (heart, blood, and blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and
capillaries) transports blood (containing all types of blood cells) throughout the body.
17 The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels, and nodes that carry a clear fluid called
lymph. Lymph contains white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight against disease
19 and play an important role in immunity.
The digestive system brings food into the body and breaks it down so that it can enter
21 the bloodstream. Food that cannot be broken down is then removed from the body at
the end of the system as waste.
23 The endocrine system, composed of glands, sends chemical messengers called
The nervous system carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal
31 cord.
The respiratory system controls breathing, a process by which air enters and
The skin and sense organ system, including the skin and eyes and ears, receives
The urinary system produces urine and sends it out of the body through the
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Actividades
Línea Palabra A B C
1) Identifíquelas.
2) Márqueles el Núcleo.
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PRE significa “ANTES”, es decir que un prefijo se ubica ANTES de la palabra base
y usualmente modifica el significado de dicha palabra.
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Habiendo trabajado sobre el vocabulario del texto y analizado las frases nominalesque
contiene el mismo, es hora de empezar a interpretar las ORACIONES, separándolas en
SUJETO y PREDICADO previa identificación del VERBO en las mismas.
SUJETO PREDICADO
The nervous system carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal cord.
VERBO
D. Analicemos las siguientes oraciones, identificando el sujeto y predicado en las mismas.
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En el Apéndice gramatical de esta guía, encontrarás toda la teoría sobre
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APÉNDICE GRAMATICAL
EL VERBO
a. Forma Afirmativa
I am We are
You are You are
He is
She is They are
It is
Ejemplos:
She is a doctor.
They are from America.
b. Forma Negativa
Para formar el negativo se agrega “not”.
Ejemplos:
She is not a doctor.
They are not from America.
Ejemplo:
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EL PRESENTE SIMPLE DE LOS DEMÁS VERBOS
Usos más frecuentes del Tiempo Presente Simple
Definiciones
Descripciones
Leyes
Actividades cotidianas
Enunciados de verdades que se consideran indiscutibles
a. Forma Afirmativa
Sujeto Verbo
I
You Infinitivo
We
They
He
She Infinitivo + s/es
It
Ejemplos:
a. I study 4 hours a day.
b. You live on the University campus.
c. We work at the hospital.
d. Dr. Brown works at Mental Health Hospital.
e. She studies 3 hours a day.
b. Forma Negativa
Sujeto Verbo Auxiliar Verbo Principal
I
You
do not infinitivo
We
They
He
She does not infinitivo
It
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Ejemplos:
a. I do not work at the hospital.
b. She does not study more than 3 hours.
c. They do not live in the city.
d. Mr. Hunt does not work on Sundays.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
a. Forma Afirmativa
I am conducting
You are developing
He doing
She is studying
It
We increasing
You are working
They
Ejemplos:
a. We are conducting research on eating habits.
b. Dr. Howel is fininishing his report on diabetes problems.
c. They are studying.
d. These professional are developing a new technique.
b. Forma Negativa
Para la forma negativa de este tiempo verbal, agregamos “not” al verbo auxiliar To be.
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EL GRUPO O FRASE VERBAL
Es el conjunto de palabras que tiene como núcleo un verbo. Las palabras que lo
acompañan son:
otros verbos (to be, to have, modales, etc.) llamados auxiliares.
los adverbios.
Ejemplos:
VERBOS MODALES
Preceden al verbo principal y expresan significados relativos a necesidad, posibilidad,
habilidad, obligación, sugerencia, instrucción, condicionalidad o permiso. Se forman
de la siguiente manera:
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Would: no se traduce por separado sino que indica que debe agregarse la
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GUÍA N° 5
Texto 1
Body Cavities
1 Figure 2-2 shows the five body cavities. A body cavity is a space that contains organs.
The cranial cavity (1) is located in the head and surrounded by the skull (CRANI/O
3 means skull). The cranial cavity contains the brain and other organs, such as the
7 tubes (leading from the trachea to the lungs), and other organs are in this cavity.
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Figure 2-3 shows a front view of the thoracic cavity. The lungs are each surrounded by
9 a double membrane known as the pleura. The space between the pleural membranes
is the pleural cavity. The large area between the lungs (yellow in Figure 2-3) is the
11 mediastinum. The heart, esophagus (food tube), trachea, and bronchial tubes are
organs within the mediastinum.
13 In Figure 2-2, the abdominal cavity (3) is the space below the thoracic cavity. The
diaphragm is the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Organs
15 in the abdomen include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.
The organs in the abdomen are covered by a double membrane called the peritoneum
17 (Figure 2-4). The peritoneum attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles
and surrounds each organ to hold it in place.
19 The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvis (bones of the hip). The major organs
located within the pelvic cavity are the urinary bladder, ureters (tubes from the
21 kidneys to the bladder), urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body),
rectum, and anus, and the uterus (muscular organ that nourishes the developing
23 embryo and fetus) in females.
Label the spinal cavity (5) on Figure 2-2. This is the space surrounded by the spinal
25 column (backbones). The spinal cord is the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and carry messages to and from all parts of the
body.
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A. Aplique la Estrategia del Vistazo al texto y a los gráficos que lo acompañan.
is located
is surrounded
are covered
2 another according to the plane of the body in which they are viewed.
3 Figure 2-7 shows three planes of the body. Label them as you read the following
4 descriptions:
5 1. Frontal (coronal)
6 Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body, or body part such as an organ, into front
7 and back portions.
8 Anatomically, anterior means the front portion and posterior means the back portion.
9
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10 2. Sagittal (lateral)
11 Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into rightandleft sides. The
12 midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves.
13 3. Transverse (axial)
14 Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upperand lower portions, as
15 in a cross section. (Think of cutting a long loaf of French bread into circular sections.)
16 Knowing the planes of the body is helpful in looking at imaging studies such as x-ray films
18
19 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another technique for producing images ofthe
20 body. With MRI, magnetic waves instead of x-rays are used to create the images, which
21 show organs and other structures in specialized detail and in all three planes of the body.
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Actividades
B. Encuentre las frases nominales que contiene el texto (ayúdese con los
C. Marque los verbos y/o frases verbales que contiene el texto. Busque en el
FUNCIÓN SUSTANTIVA
FUNCIÓN ADJETIVA
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D. Complete con el término correspondiente cada una de las definiciones y
proporcione la función gramatical de las palabras con terminación ING que
se encuentran en el ejercicio.
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APÉNDICE GRAMATICAL
FUNCIONES DE LA -ING
Esta forma verbal cumple diferentes funciones en la oración y no siempre la traducción en español es
equivalente a su función en inglés.
FUNCION VERBAL:
a. como parte del Presente Continuo: se traduce con la terminación “-ando”, “-endo”
Ej.: The lens is focusing the image of the object. (La lente está enfocando la imagen del objeto)
b. cuando está precedida de una preposición + V-ing (se traduce la “preposición + verbo en infinitivo”, o sea
sin conjugar)
Ej.: The membrane plays an important role in controlling cell function. (La membrana juega un importante papel
al controlar la función celular.)
c. cuando se introduce una idea que se agrega a la oración principal (separado por una coma), se traduce
con la terminación “-ando”, “-endo”
Ej.: Bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics, depending on the structure of their cell.
walls. (Las bacterias son susceptibles a los antibióticos, dependiendo de la estructura sus paredes celulares)
d. cuando está precedida de un sustantivo + V-ing (se traduce “Que + verbo conjugado”)
Ej.: The layer covering your eyes is composed of many cells. (La capa que cubre tus ojos está compuesta
de muchas células.)
FUNCIÓN SUSTANTIVA
a. Cuando está al comienzo de la oración (se traduce como sustantivo o verbo en infinitivo)
Ej.: Understanding of biological phenomena is useful. (La comprensión de los fenómenos biológicos es
útil/ Comprender fenómenos biológicos es útil.
Ej.: We can assume the understanding of biological phenomena as... (Podemos asumir que la comprensión de los
factores biológicos como...)
Ej.: All of the body systems combine to form the human being. (Todas las partes del cuerpo se combinan para formar el
ser humano)
FUNCIÓN ADJETIVA
Cuando se encuentra antes que el sustantivo, modificándolo, formando una frase nominal (se traduce con la
terminación -ante/-ente)
Ej.: There is an increasing rate of children with flu. (Hay un índice creciente de niños con gripe)
Modern microscopes use two magnifying lenses. (Los microscopios modernos utilizan dos lentes de aumento)
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GUÍA 6
Actividades
1 Red vessels contain blood that is rich in oxygen. Blue vessels contain
2 blood that isoxygen-poor. Arrows show the path of blood flow from the
3 tissue capillaries through venules and veins toward the heart, to the lung
4 capillaries, back to the heart, out of the aorta to the arteries and arterioles,
5 and then back to the tissue capillaries.
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6 PATHOLOGY
9 Angina: Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle. Also called
10 angina pectoris (chest).
13 Congestive heart failure: Inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood.
14 Blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema.
15 Hypertension: High blood pressure. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure with
16 no apparent cause. In secondary hypertension, another illness (kidney disease or an
17 adrenal gland disorder) is the cause of the high blood pressure.
19 Shock: A group of signs and symptoms (paleness of skin, weak and rapid pulse,
20 shallow breathing) indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of
21 blood to the heart.
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A. Aplique la estrategia del vistazo al texto Circulatory System.
C. ¿Qué función gramatical cumplen en el texto las siguientes palabras terminadas en -ing?
Proporcione su significado en castellano.
a. Widening (L.7)
b. Hardening (L.12)
c. Breathing (L. 20)
d. Indicating (L.20)
D. Extraiga del texto 5 oraciones donde pueda identificar el Sujeto y Predicado de las
mismas. Luego proporcione su versión en castellano.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
E. Indique a que parte del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras.
a. That (L.1)
b. Its (L.13)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
1 Food enters the body via the mouth and travels through the pharynx,
2 esophagus,and stomach to the small intestine (duodenum). The liver,
3 gallbladder, and pancreas make and store chemicals that aid in the
4 digestion of foods. Digested (broken-down) food is absorbed into the
5 bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).
6 Any substance that cannot be absorbed continues into the colon (large
7 intestine) and leaves the body through the rectumand anus. (Modified
8 from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2011,
9 Saunders.)
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10 PATHOLOGY
13 Colonic polyposis: Condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane
14 lining the colon.
23 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal
24 bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. Although IBS causes distressing symptoms, it
25 does not permanently harm the intestine. Its cause is unknown.
27 Jaundice: Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of
28 bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia).
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A. Aplique la estrategia del vistazo al texto Digestive System.
B. Extraiga del texto 5 frases nominales de 3 o más elementos. Márqueles el núcleo y luego
proporcione su equivalente en castellano.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
C. Identifique en el texto 5 frases verbales. Incluya frases verbales activas y pasivas.
a.
b.
c.
d.
D. Busque palabras con sufijos en el texto y agrúpelas según la categoría gramatical.
E. ¿Qué función gramatical cumplen en el texto las siguientes palabras terminadas en -ing?
Proporcione su significado en castellano.
a. Lining (L.14)
b. Cramping (L.23)
c. Bloating (L.24)
d. Distressing (L.24)
F. Indique a que parte del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras.
a. It (L.24)
b. Its (L.25)
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1 Endocrine glands secrete (form and give off) hormones into the
2 bloodstream. The hormones travel throughout the body, affecting organs
3 (including other endocrineglands) and controlling their actions. (Modified
4 from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2011,
5 Saunders.)
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6 PATHOLOGY
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1 The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The
2 peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that carry messages to and
3 from the brain and spinal cord. Spinal nerves carry messages to and from
4 the spinal cord, and the cranial nerves carry messages to and from the
5 brain.
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6 PATHOLOGY
7 Alzheimer disease: Brain disorder marked by deterioration of mental
8 capacity(dementia).
17 Hemiplegia: Paralysis (-PLEGIA) that affects the right or the left half of
18 the body.
24 Paraplegia: Paralysis that affects the lower portion of the body. From a Greek
25 word meaning “to strike” (-PLEGIA) on one side (PARA-). This term was
26 previouslyused to describe hemiplegia.
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A. Aplique la Estrategia del vistazo a los textos Endocrine System y Nervous System.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
C. Identifique en los textos 5 frases verbales. Incluya frases verbales activas y pasivas.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
D. Extraiga de los textos palabras con sufijos y agrúpelas según la categoría gramatical.
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY
1 Air enters the nose and travels to the pharynx (throat). From the pharynx,
2 air passes through the epiglottis and larynx (voice box) into the trachea
3 (windpipe). The trachea splits into two tubes, the bronchial tubes that
4 carry air into the lungs. The bronchial tubes divide into smaller tubes,
5 called bronchioles, that end in smallalveoli, or air sacs. The thin walls of
6 these sacs allow oxygen to pass through them into tiny capillaries
7 containing red blood cells. Red blood cells transport the oxygen to all
8 parts of the body. In a similar manner, gaseous waste (carbon dioxide)
9 leaves the blood by entering the alveoli and traveling out of the body
10 through bronchioles, bronchial tubes, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and the
11 nose. (Modified from ChabnerD-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 9,
12 Philadelphia, 2011, Saunders.)
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13 PATHOLOGY
14 Allergic rhinitis: This condition is an allergic response to inhaled allergens
15 (foreign substances). It is characterized by rhinorrhea, ophthalmorrhea, nasal
16 pruritus (itchiness), and congestion.
24 Cystic Fibrosis: It is a genetic disease involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat
25 glands. The abnormal secretion of thick gel-like mucus from these organs causes
26 damage to the lung, nutritional deficiency, and sweat gland abnormalities.
31 Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nostrils or nosebleed. Trauma to the nose is the
32 usual cause, although a dry climate can also cause bleeding. As for diseases,
33 upper respiratory tract infection, allergies, drug intake, and blood disorders are
common causes.
a. Containing (L.7)
b. Entering (L.9)
c. Breathing (L.19)
d. Arising (L.20)
e. Smoking (L.21)
f. Involving (L.24)
g. Bleeding (L.31)
B. Indique a qué parte del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras.
a. that (L.3)
b. that (L.5)
c. them (L.6)
d. It (L.15)
e. This (L.18)
f. which (L.19)
g. they (L.28)
h. It (L.34)
i. This(L.36)
j. which (L.37)
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GUÍA Nº 7
TEXTO 1
Whatis physiology?
1 The study of physiology is, in a sense, the study of life. It asks questions about
the internal workings of organisms and how they interact with the world around
3 them.
Physiology tests how organs and systems within the body work, how they
5 speak to each other, and how they combine their efforts to make conditions
favourable for survival.
7 There are a great number of disciplines that use the word physiology in their
title. Below are some of the other physiological topics that have some relevance
9 to medical science:
Cell physiology - studying the way cells work and interact; cell physiology
17 adapted and changed over multiple generations. Research topics cover a lot of
ground including the role of behavior in evolution, sexual selection, and
Exercise physiology - as the name suggests, this is the study of the physiology
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Actividades
A. Aplique la estrategia del Vistazo al texto y active conocimientos previos del tema
del mismo.
B. Identifique en el texto frases nominales de tres o más elementos.
Proporcione el equivalente en castellano.
a. …………………………………………………………..………………………………………….
b. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
d. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
e. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
f. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
g. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
h. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
i. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
j. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
C. Indique aqué parte del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras:
a. Them (L.3)………………………………………..………………………………………………..
b. They (L.4) )…………………………………………………………….…………………………..
c. Their (L.5)………………………………………………………………………………………….
d. That (L.7)…………………………………………………………………………………………..
e. It (L.13)…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
f. They (L.15)………………………………………………………………………………………..
g. This (L.22)…………………………………………………………………………………………
D. Preste atención a las palabras con terminación –ING marcadas en negrita en el texto y
complete elcuadro.
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Inglés I 2022
E. Responda.
a. Proporcione la definición completa de Fisiologíaproporcionada por el texto.
b. ¿Qué examina la Fisiología?
c. Complete el siguientecuadroconinformación del texto.
TemasFisiológicos Definición-Características
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TEXTO 2
Cholesterol: Definitionandmeaning
1 Cholesterol is an oil-based substance and does not mix with the blood, which is
water-based. It is carried around the body through the blood by lipoproteins.
3 Two types of lipoprotein carry the parcels of cholesterol:
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - cholesterol carried by this type is known as
5 'bad' cholesterol
7 'good' cholesterol
Cholesterol has four primary functions, without which we could not survive,
9 these are:
*contributing to the structure of cell walls
11 *making up digestive bile acids in the intestine
*allowing the body to produce vitamin D
13 *enabling the body to make certain hormones
Causes of highcholesterol
15 High cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, a cause
of heart attacks. Reducing blood lipid levels may lower cardiovascular risk.
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Inglés I 2022
HDL carries cholesterol to the liver for removal from the body.
19 A build-up of cholesterol is part of the process that narrows arteries,
21 flow.
Limiting intake of fat in the diet helps manage cholesterol levels. In particular, it
25 *saturated fat (found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods,
Actividades
A. Lea el texto aplicando la Estrategia del Vistazo.
B. Presta atención a las siguientes palabras terminadas en –ED y proporciona
su función gramaticalysusignificado de acuerdoalcontexto.
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Inglés I 2022
a. based (L. 1 )………………………………...................…………………………………………………..
b. based (L 2)………………………………………….....................…………………………………………
d. called(L. 20)………………………………………….....................………………………………………
f. fried (L.26)…………………………………………..........……………………………………….
h. fried (L.27)……………………………………………....................……………………………………
i. inherited (L.31)………………………………………........………………………………………
16 may lower
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29 may help
E. Identifique a qué parte del texto hacen referencia las palabras subrayadas en el
mismo.
F. Respondaencastellanolassiguientespreguntas.
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Guía de Consolidación 1
1. Aplique la Estrategia del Vistazo al siguiente texto y con sus propias palabras
proporciones el TEMA del mismo.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
20Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the
21middle of the back. Their function is to:
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Inglés I 2022
28The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.
Each
29nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries (glomerulus) and a small tube
30called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the
31urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
32+ Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
33Muscles in the ureter walls keep tightening and relaxing. This forces urine
34downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a
35kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of
36 urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.
37 + Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower belly. It is held
38in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The
39bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine. They contract and flatten to empty
40urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to 2 cups
41of urine for 2 to 5 hours.
42 + Two sphincter muscles. These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by
43closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
44 + Nerves in the bladder. The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or
45empty the bladder.
46 + Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the
47bladder muscles to tighten. This squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same
48time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder
49through the urethra. When all the signals happen in the correct order, normal
50urination happens.
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51Facts about Urine
52 + Normal, healthy urine is a pale straw or clear yellow color.
53 + Darker yellow or honey-colored urine often means you need more water.
54 + A darker, brownish color may mean a liver problem or severe dehydration.
55 + Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine.
Source:https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/family-resources-library/anatomy-of-the-urinary-system
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4. Analice las siguientes frases verbales y proporcione su equivalente en
castellano.
5. Indique a que parte del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras:
a. It (L.3) ……………………………………………...
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6. Las siguientes palabras terminadas en –ING fueron extraídas del texto.
Complete la tabla según la función gramatical que cumple en el texto y
proporcione su significado en castellano.
27 controlling
28 filtering
33 tightening
33 relaxing
42 leaking
43 closing
43 opening
a. The body takes nutrients from food and changes them to energy. (L.1 /2)
b. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to get rid of liquid waste called urea.
(L.6 /7)
c. They control blood pressure and produce the hormone erythropoietin. (L.16/17)
d. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the
back. (L.20/21)
e. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.
(L.28)
f. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. (L.32)
g. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower belly. (L.37)
h. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten. (L.46/47)
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8. Lea las siguientes afirmaciones. Todas son erróneas. Corrija las mismas de
acuerdo a la información del texto.
a. Una vez que el cuerpo ha tomado los componentes de los alimentos que necesita,
los productos de desecho se convierten en energía.
b. La urea se transporta en la sangre y es llevada por todo el cuerpo hasta poder
eliminar todos los desechos que el cuerpo no necesita.
c. La urea, junto con el agua y otras sustancias de desecho, forma la orina y se
deposita directamente en la uretra.
d. Los dos músculos del esfínter alertan a una persona cuando es hora de orinar, o de
vaciar la vejiga.
9. Imagine que tiene que escribir algunas recomendaciones para que su paciente
esté atento al orinar. Para escribir las mismas, utilice los “datos sobre la orina” que
se encuentran en el texto en la líneas 51/55 proporcionando su equivalente
castellano.
a. ………………………………………...…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
b. …………………………………………………….………………………………..……
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
c. ……………………………………………………………………………………..…….
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
d. ………………………………………………………………………….……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Guía de Consolidación 2
..............................……………………….……...........………………………………………
1 Overview
2 Proper infant nutrition is fundamental to a child’s continued health, from birth through
3 adulthood. Correct feeding in the first three years of life is particularly important due to
4 its role in lowering morbidity and mortality, reducing the risk of chronic disease
5 throughout their life span, and promoting regular mental and physical development.
sss
6 Although every infant and child has the right to good nutrition under the Convention on
7 the Rights of the Child, in many countries less than a fourth of infants have access to the
8 required dietary diversity and feeding frequency. Inappropriate feeding practices
9 contribute up to a third of all cases of child malnutrition. This is compounded by the
10proliferation of processed foods like infant formula and products rich in salt, free sugars
11and trans fats. This causes an increase in poor diets, obesity and a marked reduction in
12the number of mothers breastfeeding their babies. Breastfeeding has been shown to be
13of critical importance to a child’s development, including increased IQ, school
14performance and higher income in adult life.
15The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to work with Member States and
16partners to promote proper infant and child nutrition, including breastfeeding
17information campaigns and efforts to prevent malnutrition at the local, national, and
18international levels.
19Impact
20Malnutrition affects over 2 billion people worldwide, and the burden is felt
21disproportionately by people in low- and middle-income countries. Infants and children
22are particularly vulnerable, with most deaths due to malnutrition occurring in children
23under 5 years of age.
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24It is estimated that more than 144 million children under 5 are stunted (meaning too
25short for their age) and 47 million are wasted (too thin for their height). A further 38.3
26million are overweight or obese. Undernutrition, which can occur alone or concurrently
27with obesity in what is called the double burden of malnutrition, is associated with 2.7
28million child deaths each year, or 45% of all deaths in children.
29Malnutrition in the early years of life can have long-lasting impacts on physical and
30mental development, which in turn affect a person’s educational performance and later
31employment opportunities. The extent of this issue is such that it has a sizable effect on
32economic markers in some countries and is considered a major global health problem.
40With proper breastfeeding, it is estimated that over 820 000 children’s lives could be
41saved each year, with marked improvements in other development markers throughout
42the child’s life. Currently, only about 40% of infants are exclusively breastfed.
43WHO works to implement the initiatives outlined in the United Nations Decade of Action
44on Nutrition 2016–2025 in collaboration with Member States and partners. The goals of
45the campaign include improving the nutritional status of the population in all areas,
46particularly in early life, by preventing and treating malnutrition among pregnant women
47and young children.
Source: Infant nutrition. (2019, November 14). WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/infant-nutrition#tab=tab_1
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2. Lea nuevamente el texto y exprese el TEMA de cada sección del texto.
1. ………………………………………………………………………………….….
2. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………………………..…………………
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Inglés I 2022
d. A person’s educational performance (L.30) ……………………………………………
5. Indique a que parte del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras:
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Inglés I 2022
7. Lea las siguientes proposiciones y decida si son verdaderas o falsas según la
información del texto. Indique el número de línea/s donde se encuentra la
información que avala su decisión y corrija las proposiciones falsas.
Líneas Proposición V F
1. En muchos países solo 4 niños de los lactantes tienen
acceso a la diversidad dietética y la frecuencia de
alimentación requeridas.
2. La OMS realiza tareas de promoción sobre la nutrición
adecuada de lactantes y niños.
3. La doble carga de la desnutrición no está relacionada con la
obesidad.
4. La desnutrición infantil afecta la economía de los países y
es un problema de salud mundial.
5. Se aconseja que durante los primeros 6 meses, los bebés
pueden recibir leche materna u otros líquidos como el agua
o sólidos.
6. La OMS está trabajando en una campaña para mejorar el
estado nutricional particularmente en la vida de la población
adulta.
8. Dialogue con un/a compañero/a sobre las ideas principales y/o datos que les
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….………………
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GLOSARIO
A. ......................................... N. .........................................
............................................. .............................................
B. ......................................... O. .........................................
............................................. .............................................
C. ......................................... .............................................
............................................. P. .........................................
D. ......................................... .............................................
............................................. Q. .........................................
E. ......................................... .............................................
............................................. R. .........................................
F. ......................................... .............................................
............................................. S. .........................................
G. ......................................... .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. T. .........................................
H. ......................................... .............................................
............................................. U. .........................................
I. .......................................... .............................................
............................................. V. .........................................
............................................. .............................................
J. .......................................... W. ........................................
............................................. .............................................
K. ......................................... X. .........................................
............................................. .............................................
L. .......................................... Y. .........................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. Z. .........................................
M. ........................................ .............................................
.............................................
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