Biology

The phagocytosis and germicidal capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by phagocytic amoebocytes (PA) of the Antarctic starfish Odontaster validus were studied in vivo (after incubation periods of 1, 2, and 4 h) and in vitro (after incubation periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h) at 0°C. The total number of PA and the phagocytic capacity (PC), phagocytic index (PI), and germicidal capacity (GC) of the PA were calculated. Results showed significant variability of the total PA number in different animals. There was a significant increase in PC and no significant differences in PI and GC for different in vitro incubation times. In vivo, experiments showed no significant difference of PC and PI, but there was a significant increase in GC as incubation periods increased. Comparison between in vitro and in vivo results revealed that PI and PC were significantly higher in vitro and that GC was significantly higher in vivo. The present study shows for the first time the phagocytosis and GC of an Antarctic invertebrate in vivo at low temperature (0°C), and the results are comparing with the available literature for echinoderms.

Notothenia coriiceps were kept at 0±2°C. Following anaesthesia, a square excision (4 cm2) was made on the dorsal lateral anterior regions on both sides. The process of wound healing was monitored after 0, 1, 2, 7, 15, 23, 60 and 90 days. The wounds were processed for scanning electron microscopy. Following surgery, haemorrhage was abundant; after 24–48 h, the wound was covered by mucous exudes. At 7–15 days, there was an epidermal migration towards the centre of the wound, while the borders became oedematous. During 23–30 days, all the wounds were closed like a sphincter and there was retraction of the borders. After 60–90 days, the wounds contracted and became black. No scales were seen in the wounded area. The regenerating epidermis migration speed was 33.3–43.4 μm/day. This work shows for the first time the kinetics of wound repair at 0°C.

Measurements of in vivo and in vitro macrophage phagocytosis, using vital fluorescent dyes, were determined for Prochilodus scrofa in order to evaluate the effect of different stimuli on the health condition of this tropical fish. The Phagocytic Capacity (PC), Phagocytic Index (PI) and Germicide Capacity (GC) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae were estimated using intraperitoneal (i.p.) macrophages. In vivo macrophages (MØ) were stimulated following i.p. injections of the yeast, while in vitro measurements were made by harvesting i.p. phagocytes on coverslips and placing a yeast suspension over them. In vitro results show differences over time, with PC, PI and GC being highest at 7–14 days. In vivo results reveal few differences over time, and the highest PC, PI and GC being observed after 7 days. This work shows that in vitro MØ activation period and the in vivo yeast incubation period influence the macrophage phagocytic activity. For the first time, MØ phagocytosis of P. scrofa was characterised under light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Because of human actions, biomarkers have become important to detect and mitigate pollution. This study showed that crystalloids can be a biomarker for analyses of low levels of water-soluble fractions of oil (WSF). Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) from regions free of pollution were exposed for 2, 5, 10 and 15 days at different levels of WSF (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 ppm). No significant differences were observed in the phagocytic rates or the germicide capacity for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, there was a significant increase in the quantity of intranuclear iron crystalloids in phagocytic amoebocytes of urchins exposed to higher levels of WSF. This study characterizes histological alterations in crystalloids of S. neumayeri that could be used as a biomarker for oil contaminants, with a simple and inexpensive protocol.

Adenoidectomia e amigdalectomia são as cirurgias mais freqüentemente realizadas na prática otorrinolaringológica diária. Em geral, são procedimentos seguros, que não requerem internação prolongada. Em nosso serviço, o paciente recebe alta hospitalar cerca de seis horas após a intervenção, e são utilizadas diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. OBJETIVO:Avaliar a segurança da liberação do paciente no mesmo dia e as complicações pós-operatórias, e compará-las às técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO:Avaliamos prospectivamente 147 pacientes submetidos a adenoidectomia e/ou amigdalectomia por três técnicas diferentes no Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. Um protocolo foi aplicado pelo médico que realizou a cirurgia no pós-operatório imediato, após uma semana e um mês, pesquisando a presença de episódios de sangramento, febre, náuseas, vômitos, dor, disfagia a líquidos e a sólidos. RESULTADOS: A incidência de hemorragia pós-operatória foi de 7,48% no primeiro pós-operatório. Houve sangramento discreto em 3,4% dos pacientes durante a primeira semana. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação à técnica cirúrgica utilizada, quanto às complicações estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: A liberação do paciente após 6 horas de cirurgia é uma conduta segura. Como não há diferença estatística quanto às complicações de acordo com a técnica cirúrgica utilizada, acreditamos que o cirurgião deva utilizar a técnica com a qual é mais familiarizado.

Background Technology advancement has rising in the past decade and brought several innovations and improvements. In dentistry, this advances provided more comfortable and quick procedures to both the patient and the dental surgeon, generating less predictability in the final result. Several techniques has been developed for the preparation of surgical guides aiming at the optimization of surgical procedures. The present study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility and precision of two types of surgical guides obtained using 3D printing and milling methods. Methods A virtual model was developed that allowed the virtual design of milled (n = 10) or 3D printed (n = 10) surgical guides. The surgical guides were digitally oriented and overlapped on the virtual model. For the milling guides, the Sirona Dentsply system was used, while the 3D printing guides were produced using EnvisionTEC’s Perfactory P4K Life Series 3D printer and E-Guide Tint, a biocompatible Class I certified material. ...

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of stereolithographic casts (SCs) with those obtained using conventional implant impressions. An epoxy resin model containing dental implants was used as master model. Dental casts (n = 10) were fabricated through both conventional and digital implant impressions. The conventional casts (CCs), SCs, and the master model were digitized, and the accuracy was determined through a deviation analysis and linear measurements. Data were analyzed using paired Student t test with P < .05. The SCs showed higher deviation at the vestibular area (CC: 41 ± 28.87 μm; SC: 117 ± 36.83 μm) and lingual cusps (CC: 40.70 ± 19.79 μm; SC: 80 ± 42.95 μm) in comparison with CCs. No statistically significant difference was found for linear measurements of conventional and digital casts. The entire-arch accuracy was comparable between casts. However, SCs were less accurate at the cusp level in comparison with CCs.

Background: Technological advancements in dentistry in the past decade have led to many innovations and improvements. These advances have led to faster procedures that are more comfortable for the patient and dental surgeon compared to standard methodologies, such as conventional impressions and implant placement surgeries performed without surgical guides or with conventional handmade guides, which generate less predictable results. Use of CAD/CAM technology, both in manufacturing prostheses and in surgical planning, has led to optimization of the procedures and reductions of patient morbidity. Techniques have been developed for the preparation of surgical guides with the goal of optimizing the surgical procedure. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the reproducibility and precision of two types of surgical guides, obtained by using prototyping and milling methods.Methods: A virtual model was developed, which allowed the virtual design of surgical guide projections that...

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reproducibility and precision of two types of surgical guides, obtained by using 3D printing and milling methods. Methods: A virtual model was developed, which allowed the virtual design of surgical guide project that were milled (n = 10) or 3D printing (n = 10). Surgical guides were digitally oriented and overlapped on the virtual model that had generated them. For milling guides, it was used the Sirona Dentsply system, while 3D printing guides were produced at the Perfactory P4K Life Series, the EnvisionTEC's E-Guide Tint. In this way, average mismatches from the master model were determined. Moreover, coefficients of variation, root mean square deviations, and mismatches during an overlap were evaluated after obtaining individual misalignments for each guide, in order to verify the reproducibility of the guides and the precision of the methods for obtaining the guides Results: The evaluations showed that both groups ...

Purpose: To update the literature regarding the computer-aided implant surgery. Material and Methods: A literature search was applied in electronic database using the key-words: “Guided surgery”, “dental implants”, “computer-aided surgery”, “stereolito-graphic guides”. Results: The procedure involves the use of diagnostic imaging and CAD – CAM technology with the purpose of obtaining a surgical guide, which transfers the virtual implant planning to the surgical field. The technique allows to couple the desired prosthesis into the anatomical structures in order to determine the implant positioning. Thus, the method provides greater safety during surgery, accurate knowledge about position of anatomical structures and their relationship to the future prosthesis. Besides, it allows a flapless surgery, providing a shorter surgical time and reducing the post-surgical discomfort. Conclusion: Guided surgery requires specialized knowledge and high standards of care. However, when performed i...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of endotoxin to diffuse through dentinal tubules towards the cement and to observe the period of time needed for it to reach the external root surface. Thirty single-rooted human teeth had their crowns and apices removed in order to standardize the root length to 15 mm. Teeth were instrumented until #30 K-file and made externally impermeable with epoxy adhesive, leaving 10 mm of the exposed root (middle third). The specimens were placed in plastic vials and irradiated (60Co gamma-rays). Then, they were divided into 2 groups (n = 15): G1) Escherichia coli endotoxin was inoculated into the root canal of the specimens and 1 ml of pyrogen-free water was put in the tubes; G2) (control): pyrogen-free water was inoculated into the root canals and 1 ml of pyrogen-free water was put in each tube. After 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days, the water of the tubes was removed and replaced. The removed aliquot was tested for the presence of endotoxin. Considering that the endotoxin is a B-lymphocyte polyclonal activator, at each experimental period, B-lymphocyte culture was stimulated with a sample of water removed from each tube and antibody (IgM) production was detected by ELISA technique. The results of IgM production were higher in groups of 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days in relation to the other studied groups, with statistically significant differences (ANOVA and Tukey's test p < 0.05). Endotoxin was able to diffuse through the dentinal tubules towards the cement, reaching the external root surface after the period of 24 h.