Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical dama... more Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical damage, stress free and very precise machining and produces mould cavity, deep holes, complex shapes & size by arc erosion in all types of electro-conductive materials. In this process, the metal is removed from the work piece due to erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool electrode and work-piece. Tool electrode and wok-piece both submersed into the dielectric fluid. The main aims of this review paper work is to present the consolidated information about the contribution of various researchers on the machining applications of electric discharge machining process on Nickel-Base Super alloys materials, utilization of various tool and techniques for correlating experiment results and applications of product through the EDM. Nickel-Base Super alloys materials is widely used for fuel tanks,
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy betwee... more Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy between the work piece and tool electrode in the presence of dielectric fluid like, EDM oil, to process conductive difficult-to-machine materials. EDM process is has been applicable in the machining of hard, brittle and all kinds of electric conductive materials. This process widely used for produces die making, mould making, complex shapes, deep holes and other geometrical shapes as per desire. Inconel 600 super alloy materials widely used in various types of industries such as: aerospace, aircraft, nuclear, food processing, pulp manufacturing, automobiles industry etc. In this study, investigations on the effect of process parameters on machining of Inconel 600 super alloy material. Tungsten carbide material used as tool electrode and EDM oil used as dielectric fluid. The effects of input process parameters such as pulse-on-time, peak current and gap voltage on performance measure material removal rate was investigated using Taguchi method. MRR is lineally increases with the increase in peak current during the EDM process. MRR is increases with the increase in gap voltage. Initially MRR increases with increase in pulse on time then decreases with the increase of pulse on time.
Article History: Received 2, January, 2015 Received in revised form 10, January, 2015 Accepted 4,... more Article History: Received 2, January, 2015 Received in revised form 10, January, 2015 Accepted 4, February, 2015 Published online 28, February, 2015 Scope of arc-welding, have increased in the various engineering field like aerospace, nuclear, and underwater industries where complex geometry and hazardous environments necessitate fully automated systems. Even traditional applications of arc welding such as off-highway and automotive manufacturing have increased their demand in quality, cost, accuracy, and volume to stay competitive. As a result, process parameters are needed to improve the existing process of welding. Metal inert gas (MIG) welding process has successfully used for joining similar and dissimilar metals. In this study dissimilar metals, stainless steel (SS-304) and low carbon steel plates are joined by MIG welding successfully. Three parameters of MIG welding viz. current, voltage and travel speed are taken for the analysis. A plan of experiments based on Taguchi tech...
Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes and is a primary manufacturing process. Prod... more Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes and is a primary manufacturing process. Products originating from castings are the input for many manufacturing processes such as forging, machining, rolling, wire drawing, extrusion, and welding. Therefore, the product made from casting should be a good quality product without defects or with minimum defects. Indeed, the quality of the products reduces as a reason of many process parameters such as molten metal pouring temperatures, the moisture content in sand, skills of physical labor, the layout of the gating system, solidification of casting, the flow rate of molten metal, surrounding conditions, numerous molding sand properties and limited automation in the foundry industries. Therefore, it is very important to improve the quality of the cast product so that there is good input for the upcoming secondary process such as forging, machining, rolling, wire drawing, extrusion, and welding. This review paper describes the study o...
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used non- conventional p... more Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used non- conventional precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process f or shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electro- conductive materials. Erosion pulse discharge occu rs in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to impr ove EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews t he research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in ED...
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro featu... more Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the work-piece and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of 50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of µ-EDM and discuss about the literature reviews ...
International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, 2006
Int. J. Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2006 ... Manufacturing process o... more Int. J. Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2006 ... Manufacturing process optimisation for tool wear rate in ultrasonic drilling of engineering ceramics using the Taguchi method ... Department of Production Engineering, College of Technology, Pantnagar 263 ...
Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys and Materials, 2015
In this study, the microstructure and strength properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminu... more In this study, the microstructure and strength properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to ultra-low carbon steel have been investigated using different advancing speeds of 100, 200, and 400 mm•min −1 at constant rotation rate. Microstructure observations have been conducted by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The joint strength was evaluated on a tensile testing machine. The effect of advancing speed on the shear load of a joint has been found, as well as a relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties.
... 200325. Saranya, A. Hari, Jadoun, RS, Kumar, P., Mishra, BK and Mehta, RCS Investigation of t... more ... 200325. Saranya, A. Hari, Jadoun, RS, Kumar, P., Mishra, BK and Mehta, RCS Investigation of the effect of process parameters on the oversize of hole drilled by ultrasonic machining. In. International Conference on CAD, CAM, Robotics and Autonomous Factories (INCARF). ...
Since polylactide (PLA) fiber, green fiber, is given with better chemical inertia, easiness of pr... more Since polylactide (PLA) fiber, green fiber, is given with better chemical inertia, easiness of processing, biodegradation, it can be completely degraded in soil and water into carbon dioxide and water. Fiber products made of it is not found with features as favorable moisture absorption, wrinkle-resistance, resilience, curliness, dyeability, biocompatibility, and resistance to ultraviolet light; besides, PLA fiber is given with broad prospect of applications, and can be widely used on industry, agricultural purpose, forestry, clothing, fishing, and hygiene and medical treatment and many other domains. Therefore, this study would focus on optimizing processing parameters of melt spinning equipment by using Taguchi method for PLA fiber.
Smart antenna is recognized as promising technologi es for higher user capacity in 3G wireless ne... more Smart antenna is recognized as promising technologi es for higher user capacity in 3G wireless networks by effectively reducing multipath and co-channel inter ference. Advent of powerful, low-cost, digital proc essing components and the development of software-based techniques has made smart antenna systems a practical reality for both base station and mobile station of a cellular communications systems in the next gene ration. The core of smart antenna is the selection of smart alg orithms in adaptive array. Using beam forming algor ithms the weight of antenna arrays can be adjusted to form ce rtain amount of adaptive beam to track correspondin g users automatically and at the same time to minimize inte rference arising from other users by introducing nu lls in their directions. Thus interferences can be suppres sed and the desired signals can be extracted. This research work provides description, comparative analysis and utility of various reference signal based algorith ms as wel...
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining technique that is commonly em... more Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining technique that is commonly employed on hard materials. The fact that EDM can cut any conductive material, independently of its hardness, has made it popular. EDM is extensively used to shape or create advanced technological materials which are used in extreme conditions. The effects of input parameters on the effective machining of Inconel 600 superalloy was investigated in this study. The tool electrode was made of Tungsten Carbide (WC), and the dielectric fluid was EDM oil. The Taguchi method was used to investigate the effects of control factors including pulse-on-time (T on), peak current (I p), and gap voltage (V g) on the performance criterion TWR. Using an orthogonal array (OA) L9, the research were carried out at three levels. The EDM performance aspects were investigated using the signal-to-noise ratio and ANOVA. The Taguchi technique was used to optimize the input and output parameters using the statistical software MINITAB-17. During the EDM process, TWR grows somewhat linearly with increasing I p. TWR reduces as V g increases, then increases as V g increases. TWR increases with increasing T on and then drops with increasing T on. The tool wear rate is lowest at the first level of Ip, the second level of Vg, and the third level of Ton. ANOVA revealed that I p , V g , and T on all had a significant influence on TWR. Obtained optimum input variables value for tool wear rate are I p (30 A), V g (94 V), and T on (150 s). The predicted ideal range of TWR at 95% confidence level was confirmed by conducting confirmation experiments, wherein the TWR was achieved as 0.551 mm 3 /min. To validate Taguchi's optimization approach, confirmation tests were performed using optimal values of input parameters.
In this paper new concept of manufacturing uses non-conventional energy sources like sound, light... more In this paper new concept of manufacturing uses non-conventional energy sources like sound, light, mechanical, chemical, electrical, electrons and ions. With the industrial and technological growth, development of harder and difficult to machine materials, which find wide application in aerospace, nuclear engineering and other industries owing to their high strength to weight ratio, hardness and heat resistance qualities has been witnessed. New developments in the field of material science have led to new engineering metallic materials, composite materials and high tech ceramics having good mechanical properties and thermal characteristics as well as sufficient electrical conductivity so that they can readily be machined by spark erosion. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have e...
Inconel types Superalloys materials are a relatively new class of materials which exhibit high me... more Inconel types Superalloys materials are a relatively new class of materials which exhibit high mechanical strength, ductility, creep strength at high operating temperatures, high fatigue strength, and typically superior resistance to corrosion and oxidation even at elevated temperatures. These features make superalloys ideal for applications in aircraft, submarines, nuclear reactors, dies for hot working of metals, and petrochemical equipment. It will be noted that not all applications require elevated temperature strength capacity. Their high strength, coupled with corrosion resistance, has made certain super alloy standard materials applicable for biomedical joint implants, and cryogenic applications.
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the n... more With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through...
The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the ... more The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the develop a conceptual model on the potential barriers in the implementation of supply chain flexibility in small-scale industries. The model suggests that supply chain flexibility can be researched using a three-tier approach: identification of risks, identification of potential barriers emerging from these risks, identification of bridges to these barriers. The proposed is based on the view of problems of small-scale industries as well as the limited research on supply chain flexibility. The studies indicated that the three main barriers to flexibility in supply chains are improper integration between systems, Supply Chain Function cost and quickening pace of product innovation. Some ways to overcome these barriers and act as bridges are also summarized. The field of study of supply chain flexibility presents numerous options for fresh research work.
Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical dama... more Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical damage, stress free and very precise machining and produces mould cavity, deep holes, complex shapes & size by arc erosion in all types of electro-conductive materials. In this process, the metal is removed from the work piece due to erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool electrode and work-piece. Tool electrode and wok-piece both submersed into the dielectric fluid. The main aims of this review paper work is to present the consolidated information about the contribution of various researchers on the machining applications of electric discharge machining process on Nickel-Base Super alloys materials, utilization of various tool and techniques for correlating experiment results and applications of product through the EDM. Nickel-Base Super alloys materials is widely used for fuel tanks,
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy betwee... more Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy between the work piece and tool electrode in the presence of dielectric fluid like, EDM oil, to process conductive difficult-to-machine materials. EDM process is has been applicable in the machining of hard, brittle and all kinds of electric conductive materials. This process widely used for produces die making, mould making, complex shapes, deep holes and other geometrical shapes as per desire. Inconel 600 super alloy materials widely used in various types of industries such as: aerospace, aircraft, nuclear, food processing, pulp manufacturing, automobiles industry etc. In this study, investigations on the effect of process parameters on machining of Inconel 600 super alloy material. Tungsten carbide material used as tool electrode and EDM oil used as dielectric fluid. The effects of input process parameters such as pulse-on-time, peak current and gap voltage on performance measure material removal rate was investigated using Taguchi method. MRR is lineally increases with the increase in peak current during the EDM process. MRR is increases with the increase in gap voltage. Initially MRR increases with increase in pulse on time then decreases with the increase of pulse on time.
Article History: Received 2, January, 2015 Received in revised form 10, January, 2015 Accepted 4,... more Article History: Received 2, January, 2015 Received in revised form 10, January, 2015 Accepted 4, February, 2015 Published online 28, February, 2015 Scope of arc-welding, have increased in the various engineering field like aerospace, nuclear, and underwater industries where complex geometry and hazardous environments necessitate fully automated systems. Even traditional applications of arc welding such as off-highway and automotive manufacturing have increased their demand in quality, cost, accuracy, and volume to stay competitive. As a result, process parameters are needed to improve the existing process of welding. Metal inert gas (MIG) welding process has successfully used for joining similar and dissimilar metals. In this study dissimilar metals, stainless steel (SS-304) and low carbon steel plates are joined by MIG welding successfully. Three parameters of MIG welding viz. current, voltage and travel speed are taken for the analysis. A plan of experiments based on Taguchi tech...
Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes and is a primary manufacturing process. Prod... more Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes and is a primary manufacturing process. Products originating from castings are the input for many manufacturing processes such as forging, machining, rolling, wire drawing, extrusion, and welding. Therefore, the product made from casting should be a good quality product without defects or with minimum defects. Indeed, the quality of the products reduces as a reason of many process parameters such as molten metal pouring temperatures, the moisture content in sand, skills of physical labor, the layout of the gating system, solidification of casting, the flow rate of molten metal, surrounding conditions, numerous molding sand properties and limited automation in the foundry industries. Therefore, it is very important to improve the quality of the cast product so that there is good input for the upcoming secondary process such as forging, machining, rolling, wire drawing, extrusion, and welding. This review paper describes the study o...
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used non- conventional p... more Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used non- conventional precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process f or shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electro- conductive materials. Erosion pulse discharge occu rs in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to impr ove EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews t he research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in ED...
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro featu... more Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the work-piece and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of 50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of µ-EDM and discuss about the literature reviews ...
International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, 2006
Int. J. Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2006 ... Manufacturing process o... more Int. J. Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2006 ... Manufacturing process optimisation for tool wear rate in ultrasonic drilling of engineering ceramics using the Taguchi method ... Department of Production Engineering, College of Technology, Pantnagar 263 ...
Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys and Materials, 2015
In this study, the microstructure and strength properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminu... more In this study, the microstructure and strength properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to ultra-low carbon steel have been investigated using different advancing speeds of 100, 200, and 400 mm•min −1 at constant rotation rate. Microstructure observations have been conducted by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The joint strength was evaluated on a tensile testing machine. The effect of advancing speed on the shear load of a joint has been found, as well as a relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties.
... 200325. Saranya, A. Hari, Jadoun, RS, Kumar, P., Mishra, BK and Mehta, RCS Investigation of t... more ... 200325. Saranya, A. Hari, Jadoun, RS, Kumar, P., Mishra, BK and Mehta, RCS Investigation of the effect of process parameters on the oversize of hole drilled by ultrasonic machining. In. International Conference on CAD, CAM, Robotics and Autonomous Factories (INCARF). ...
Since polylactide (PLA) fiber, green fiber, is given with better chemical inertia, easiness of pr... more Since polylactide (PLA) fiber, green fiber, is given with better chemical inertia, easiness of processing, biodegradation, it can be completely degraded in soil and water into carbon dioxide and water. Fiber products made of it is not found with features as favorable moisture absorption, wrinkle-resistance, resilience, curliness, dyeability, biocompatibility, and resistance to ultraviolet light; besides, PLA fiber is given with broad prospect of applications, and can be widely used on industry, agricultural purpose, forestry, clothing, fishing, and hygiene and medical treatment and many other domains. Therefore, this study would focus on optimizing processing parameters of melt spinning equipment by using Taguchi method for PLA fiber.
Smart antenna is recognized as promising technologi es for higher user capacity in 3G wireless ne... more Smart antenna is recognized as promising technologi es for higher user capacity in 3G wireless networks by effectively reducing multipath and co-channel inter ference. Advent of powerful, low-cost, digital proc essing components and the development of software-based techniques has made smart antenna systems a practical reality for both base station and mobile station of a cellular communications systems in the next gene ration. The core of smart antenna is the selection of smart alg orithms in adaptive array. Using beam forming algor ithms the weight of antenna arrays can be adjusted to form ce rtain amount of adaptive beam to track correspondin g users automatically and at the same time to minimize inte rference arising from other users by introducing nu lls in their directions. Thus interferences can be suppres sed and the desired signals can be extracted. This research work provides description, comparative analysis and utility of various reference signal based algorith ms as wel...
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining technique that is commonly em... more Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining technique that is commonly employed on hard materials. The fact that EDM can cut any conductive material, independently of its hardness, has made it popular. EDM is extensively used to shape or create advanced technological materials which are used in extreme conditions. The effects of input parameters on the effective machining of Inconel 600 superalloy was investigated in this study. The tool electrode was made of Tungsten Carbide (WC), and the dielectric fluid was EDM oil. The Taguchi method was used to investigate the effects of control factors including pulse-on-time (T on), peak current (I p), and gap voltage (V g) on the performance criterion TWR. Using an orthogonal array (OA) L9, the research were carried out at three levels. The EDM performance aspects were investigated using the signal-to-noise ratio and ANOVA. The Taguchi technique was used to optimize the input and output parameters using the statistical software MINITAB-17. During the EDM process, TWR grows somewhat linearly with increasing I p. TWR reduces as V g increases, then increases as V g increases. TWR increases with increasing T on and then drops with increasing T on. The tool wear rate is lowest at the first level of Ip, the second level of Vg, and the third level of Ton. ANOVA revealed that I p , V g , and T on all had a significant influence on TWR. Obtained optimum input variables value for tool wear rate are I p (30 A), V g (94 V), and T on (150 s). The predicted ideal range of TWR at 95% confidence level was confirmed by conducting confirmation experiments, wherein the TWR was achieved as 0.551 mm 3 /min. To validate Taguchi's optimization approach, confirmation tests were performed using optimal values of input parameters.
In this paper new concept of manufacturing uses non-conventional energy sources like sound, light... more In this paper new concept of manufacturing uses non-conventional energy sources like sound, light, mechanical, chemical, electrical, electrons and ions. With the industrial and technological growth, development of harder and difficult to machine materials, which find wide application in aerospace, nuclear engineering and other industries owing to their high strength to weight ratio, hardness and heat resistance qualities has been witnessed. New developments in the field of material science have led to new engineering metallic materials, composite materials and high tech ceramics having good mechanical properties and thermal characteristics as well as sufficient electrical conductivity so that they can readily be machined by spark erosion. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have e...
Inconel types Superalloys materials are a relatively new class of materials which exhibit high me... more Inconel types Superalloys materials are a relatively new class of materials which exhibit high mechanical strength, ductility, creep strength at high operating temperatures, high fatigue strength, and typically superior resistance to corrosion and oxidation even at elevated temperatures. These features make superalloys ideal for applications in aircraft, submarines, nuclear reactors, dies for hot working of metals, and petrochemical equipment. It will be noted that not all applications require elevated temperature strength capacity. Their high strength, coupled with corrosion resistance, has made certain super alloy standard materials applicable for biomedical joint implants, and cryogenic applications.
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the n... more With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through...
The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the ... more The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the develop a conceptual model on the potential barriers in the implementation of supply chain flexibility in small-scale industries. The model suggests that supply chain flexibility can be researched using a three-tier approach: identification of risks, identification of potential barriers emerging from these risks, identification of bridges to these barriers. The proposed is based on the view of problems of small-scale industries as well as the limited research on supply chain flexibility. The studies indicated that the three main barriers to flexibility in supply chains are improper integration between systems, Supply Chain Function cost and quickening pace of product innovation. Some ways to overcome these barriers and act as bridges are also summarized. The field of study of supply chain flexibility presents numerous options for fresh research work.
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