Kemurtadan Besar

Kemurtadan Besar adalah sebuah konsep dalam Kekristenan mengacu pada persepsi bahwa Gereja-Gereja Kristen arus utama telah menyimpang dari iman asli yang ditetapkan oleh Yesus dan disebarkan oleh Dua Belas Rasul-Nya.^[1]

Kepercayaan terhadap Kemurtadan Besar adalah ciri umum dari tradisi Restorasionis dalam Kekristenan. Tradisi ini mencakup berbagai kelompok Restorasionis yang tidak terkait, yang muncul setelah Kebangunan Rohani Besar Kedua, seperti Christadelphian, Orang Suci Zaman Akhir, Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa, dan Iglesia ni Cristo.^[2]^[3]^[4] Kelompok-kelompok Restorasionis ini berpendapat bahwa Kekristenan tradisional, yang diwakili oleh Katolik, Protestan, dan Ortodoks, telah menyimpang dari iman yang benar, dan oleh karena itu, iman yang sejati perlu dipulihkan.^[1]

Istilah "Kemurtadan Besar" telah digunakan untuk menggambarkan kemunduran yang dirasakan oleh Kekristenan tradisional, khususnya Gereja Katolik. Menurut pandangan ini, Gereja Katolik dituduh mengubah doktrin-doktrin gereja mula-mula dan memperkenalkan elemen-elemen budaya Yunani-Romawi tradisional (seperti misteri Yunani-Romawi, dewa-dewi monisme matahari seperti Mithras dan Sol Invictus, festival-festival kafir/pagan, penyembahan matahari Mithra, dan penyemabahan berhala) ke dalam gereja berdasarkan otoritas yang dianggapnya sendiri.^[5] Penegasannya adalah bahwa perubahan-perubahan ini diterapkan dengan menggunakan klaim-klaim tradisi dan bukannya didasarkan pada Alkitab. Mereka yang menganut konsep ini percaya bahwa, menurut pendapat mereka, gereja telah tersesat ke dalam kemurtadan.^[6]^[7] Sebuah aspek penting dari perspektif ini menunjukkan bahwa, dalam upaya untuk menarik dan mempertobatkan orang-orang ke dalam agama Kristen, gereja Roma memasukkan kepercayaan dan praktik-praktik kafir, khususnya ritual, misteri, dan festival Yunani-Romawi, ke dalam agama Kristen.^[8]

Istilah "Kemurtadan Besar" berasal dari Surat Kedua kepada jemaat di Tesalonika, di mana Paulus dari Tarsus menyampaikan kepada jemaat di Tesalonika gagasan bahwa pengabaian iman (kemurtadan) besar harus terjadi sebelum kedatangan Kristus kembali. Pengabaian ini dikaitkan dengan wahyu tentang "manusia durhaka, anak kebinasaan" (pasal 2:1-12). Gereja Katolik, Gereja Lutheran, Gereja Ortodoks Timur, dan Gereja Ortodoks Oriental telah menafsirkan pasal ini sebagai petunjuk tentang kemurtadan di masa depan yang akan terjadi pada masa pemerintahan Antikristus di akhir zaman.^[9]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Foster, Douglas A.; Blowers, Paul M.; Dunnavant, Anthony L.; Williams, D. Newell (2004). The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement (dalam bahasa Inggris). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. hlm. 561. ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8. ...to distinguish the goal of their restorationist efforts from other forms of Christianity, whether Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, denomination, or sectarian. They viewed modern Christianity as corrupt, apostate, or spurious, while New Testament Christianity was, in the words of Alexander Campbell, "the gospel of our Lord as proclaimed originally by the apostles."
^ Molloy, Michael (2017). The Christian Experience: An Introduction to Christianity (dalam bahasa Inggris). Bloomsbury Publishing. hlm. 366. ISBN 978-1-4725-8284-3. Like other Restorationists, Russell held the theory of the Great Apostasy, the belief that Christianity had fallen away from its original purity. To the simple early message of Christianity, he believed, later teachers and political leaders had added unwarranted beliefs and practices.
^ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America's World Role (dalam bahasa Inggris). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 88. ISBN 978-0-313-35959-0.
^ Lewis, Paul W.; Mittelstadt, Martin William (2016). What's So Liberal about the Liberal Arts?: Integrated Approaches to Christian Formation (dalam bahasa Inggris). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4982-3145-9. The Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) spurred a renewed interest in primitive Christianity. What is known as the Restoration Movement of the nineteenth century gave birth to an array of groups: Mormons (The Latter Day Saint Movement), the Churches of Christ, Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Though these groups demonstrate a breathtaking diversity on the continuum of Christianity they share an intense restorationist impulse. Picasso and Stravinsky reflect a primitivism that came to the fore around the turn of the twentieth century that more broadly has been characterized as a "retreat from the industrialized world."
^ Discoveries, Amazing. "Sun Worship | Paganism and Catholicism | Buddhism, Hinduism and Catholicism". amazingdiscoveries.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-25.
^ Newcomb, Harvey (2003). Great Apostasy: Being an Account of the Origin, Rise and Progress of Corruption and Tryanny in the Church of Rome. Kessinger Publishing. hlm. ix. ISBN 978-0766178847. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
^ Talmage, James E. (1973). Jesus the Christ (edisi ke-40th). LDS Church. hlm. 745–757. OCLC 2012826.
^ Socrates, Church History, 5.22, in Schaff, Philip (July 13, 2005). "The Author's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter, Baptism, Fasting, Marriage, the Eucharist, and Other Ecclesiastical Rites". Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Diakses tanggal 20 July 2018.
^ DeGarmo, Braxton (15 September 2019). Still Here!: Surviving the End Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Christen Haus Publishing. hlm. 23. ISBN 978-1-943509-35-5. Amillennialism has been the primary perspective of the church though most of history and still outside of the U.S., as well as in the orthodox (Catholic and Eastern Orthodox) and reform (Presbyterian and Lutheran) groups within the U.S.

[FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004-1] Foster, Douglas A.; Blowers, Paul M.; Dunnavant, Anthony L.; Williams, D. Newell (2004). The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement (dalam bahasa Inggris). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. hlm. 561. ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8. ...to distinguish the goal of their restorationist efforts from other forms of Christianity, whether Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, denomination, or sectarian. They viewed modern Christianity as corrupt, apostate, or spurious, while New Testament Christianity was, in the words of Alexander Campbell, "the gospel of our Lord as proclaimed originally by the apostles."

[Molloy2017-2] Molloy, Michael (2017). The Christian Experience: An Introduction to Christianity (dalam bahasa Inggris). Bloomsbury Publishing. hlm. 366. ISBN 978-1-4725-8284-3. Like other Restorationists, Russell held the theory of the Great Apostasy, the belief that Christianity had fallen away from its original purity. To the simple early message of Christianity, he believed, later teachers and political leaders had added unwarranted beliefs and practices.

[Buck2009-3] Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America's World Role (dalam bahasa Inggris). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 88. ISBN 978-0-313-35959-0.

[LewisMittelstadt2016-4] Lewis, Paul W.; Mittelstadt, Martin William (2016). What's So Liberal about the Liberal Arts?: Integrated Approaches to Christian Formation (dalam bahasa Inggris). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4982-3145-9. The Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) spurred a renewed interest in primitive Christianity. What is known as the Restoration Movement of the nineteenth century gave birth to an array of groups: Mormons (The Latter Day Saint Movement), the Churches of Christ, Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Though these groups demonstrate a breathtaking diversity on the continuum of Christianity they share an intense restorationist impulse. Picasso and Stravinsky reflect a primitivism that came to the fore around the turn of the twentieth century that more broadly has been characterized as a "retreat from the industrialized world."

[5] Discoveries, Amazing. "Sun Worship | Paganism and Catholicism | Buddhism, Hinduism and Catholicism". amazingdiscoveries.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-25.

[HN1-6] Newcomb, Harvey (2003). Great Apostasy: Being an Account of the Origin, Rise and Progress of Corruption and Tryanny in the Church of Rome. Kessinger Publishing. hlm. ix. ISBN 978-0766178847. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}

[JTC1-7] Talmage, James E. (1973). Jesus the Christ (edisi ke-40th). LDS Church. hlm. 745–757. OCLC 2012826.

[8] Socrates, Church History, 5.22, in Schaff, Philip (July 13, 2005). "The Author's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter, Baptism, Fasting, Marriage, the Eucharist, and Other Ecclesiastical Rites". Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Diakses tanggal 20 July 2018.

[DeGarmo2019-9] DeGarmo, Braxton (15 September 2019). Still Here!: Surviving the End Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Christen Haus Publishing. hlm. 23. ISBN 978-1-943509-35-5. Amillennialism has been the primary perspective of the church though most of history and still outside of the U.S., as well as in the orthodox (Catholic and Eastern Orthodox) and reform (Presbyterian and Lutheran) groups within the U.S.

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