Fernando Villada-Paredes
La Línea (Cádiz, Spain)
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
1981–1986 Degree
University, Granada (Spain)
WORK EXPERIENCE
1 Jul 2001–Present Archaeologist
Ciudad Autónoma, Ceuta (Spain)
Archaeological Research
Cultural Heritage Management
Urban planning
29 Mar 1994–30 Jun 2001 Museum Curator
Ciudad Autónoma, Ceuta (Spain)
1 Jan 1989–29 Mar 1994 Librarian
Town Hall, Ceuta (Spain)
1 Jan 1987–31 Dec 1989 Librarian Intership
Town Hall, Ceuta (Spain)
1 Jul 1986–1 Sep 1986 Museum Guard
Teatre-Museu Dali, Figueres (Spain)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Memberships Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes (from 1989 to the present) (www.ieceuties.org)
- Board Member (1989-1995)
- Fundación Foro del Estrecho Trustee (from 2005 to the present)
-Asociación Española de Amigos de los Castillos (from 2005 to the present)
- Academia de Marinha (Portugal) (from 2015 to the present)
- Associação Ibérica de História Militar (from 2016 to the present)
- Asociación Española de Arqueología Medieval (from 2020 to the present)
Phone: +34956510017
Address: Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes
Revellín 30
51001 CEUTA
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
1981–1986 Degree
University, Granada (Spain)
WORK EXPERIENCE
1 Jul 2001–Present Archaeologist
Ciudad Autónoma, Ceuta (Spain)
Archaeological Research
Cultural Heritage Management
Urban planning
29 Mar 1994–30 Jun 2001 Museum Curator
Ciudad Autónoma, Ceuta (Spain)
1 Jan 1989–29 Mar 1994 Librarian
Town Hall, Ceuta (Spain)
1 Jan 1987–31 Dec 1989 Librarian Intership
Town Hall, Ceuta (Spain)
1 Jul 1986–1 Sep 1986 Museum Guard
Teatre-Museu Dali, Figueres (Spain)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Memberships Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes (from 1989 to the present) (www.ieceuties.org)
- Board Member (1989-1995)
- Fundación Foro del Estrecho Trustee (from 2005 to the present)
-Asociación Española de Amigos de los Castillos (from 2005 to the present)
- Academia de Marinha (Portugal) (from 2015 to the present)
- Associação Ibérica de História Militar (from 2016 to the present)
- Asociación Española de Arqueología Medieval (from 2020 to the present)
Phone: +34956510017
Address: Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes
Revellín 30
51001 CEUTA
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Videos by Fernando Villada-Paredes
1. Protohistory Papers & Books by Fernando Villada-Paredes
This research made possible to expose some new ideas about contacts between Western Phoenician and indigenous populations in a West North African site.
The work presents the stratigraphic sequence, ceramic and biological studies, radio-carbon chronology and conclusions.
2. Rome and Byzantine by Fernando Villada-Paredes
des ressources marines. Ses vestiges se situent dans le secteur de l’isthme, qui a été habité de façon ininterrompue au cours des deux
derniers millénaires, ce qui a compromis la conservation des niveaux plus anciens. L’intensification et la systématisation des interventions
d’archéologie urbaine, à partir des années 90 du siècle dernier, ont apporté non seulement des informations quantitativement et
qualitativement remarquables sur cette période, mais ont aussi démontré que, au-dessous des fortifications «tracées à l’italienne » du côté
ouest, ces niveaux préislamiques sont mieux conservés, ce qui ouvre des nouvelles perspectives de recherche à court, moyen et long terme.
A mineralogical-petrographic study of the Roman architectural elements has been carried out concluding that they have been carved from Cenozoic quartz-sandstones. The archaeometric study allows us to propose its possible origin of the Aquitanian facies, which in the closest environment to Ceuta are located either on the coast of Cape Espartel, next to Tangier or on the coastal outcrops of the area between Tetouan and Ceuta, near the Smir Lagoon; although an origin of outcrops from the Cádiz coast, in the surroundings of Baelo Claudia - Cabo de la Plata, cannot be ruled out either.
These reused architectural materials, possibly from a public monument, find close parallels in the Circle of the Strait buildings; sharing, for example, formal and metric similarities with part of the interior façade of the well-known Baelo Claudia macellum. They testify the existence of buildings prior to the III c. AD in Ceuta, before the erection of the Late Roman structures into which they have been integrated; and they constitute an interesting finding since the Early Imperial phases of the city of Septem are still very poorly known for their high degree of destruction due to the population continuity in the same place from Roman times to the present.
the Strait of Gibraltar, have allowed the documentation of an interesting Late-Roman sequence in the site known as the
‘Baluarte de la Bandera’. The remains of various burned in situ burials have been excavated, dating back to the 7th c. A.D. as
the associated archaeological materials demonstrate, especially African terra sigillata and amphoras. The high temperature
reached charred the remains, among which some fragments of textiles have been recovered, possibly part of personal clothing.
On the one hand, a 6 mm diameter cord formed by plant elements, overlapping and twisted in S; the study through the
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) having allowed us to determine that it is an artifact not functionally identifiable, made
with a natural fiber, with multiple similarities to the leaves of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.); together with several
dozen fragments, poorly preserved, of a textile composed of two superimposed levels made with wool fibres. These results are
of notable interest, as they constitute the first textile evidence in the ancient city of Septem, constituting one of the few known
samples in the area of the Circle of the Strait for ancient times and practically of the only known from the 7th c. AD in North
West Africa. Due to the archaeological context of discovery they should correspond to the times of Byzantine occupation of the
enclave by the Constantinopolitans.
This research made possible to expose some new ideas about contacts between Western Phoenician and indigenous populations in a West North African site.
The work presents the stratigraphic sequence, ceramic and biological studies, radio-carbon chronology and conclusions.
des ressources marines. Ses vestiges se situent dans le secteur de l’isthme, qui a été habité de façon ininterrompue au cours des deux
derniers millénaires, ce qui a compromis la conservation des niveaux plus anciens. L’intensification et la systématisation des interventions
d’archéologie urbaine, à partir des années 90 du siècle dernier, ont apporté non seulement des informations quantitativement et
qualitativement remarquables sur cette période, mais ont aussi démontré que, au-dessous des fortifications «tracées à l’italienne » du côté
ouest, ces niveaux préislamiques sont mieux conservés, ce qui ouvre des nouvelles perspectives de recherche à court, moyen et long terme.
A mineralogical-petrographic study of the Roman architectural elements has been carried out concluding that they have been carved from Cenozoic quartz-sandstones. The archaeometric study allows us to propose its possible origin of the Aquitanian facies, which in the closest environment to Ceuta are located either on the coast of Cape Espartel, next to Tangier or on the coastal outcrops of the area between Tetouan and Ceuta, near the Smir Lagoon; although an origin of outcrops from the Cádiz coast, in the surroundings of Baelo Claudia - Cabo de la Plata, cannot be ruled out either.
These reused architectural materials, possibly from a public monument, find close parallels in the Circle of the Strait buildings; sharing, for example, formal and metric similarities with part of the interior façade of the well-known Baelo Claudia macellum. They testify the existence of buildings prior to the III c. AD in Ceuta, before the erection of the Late Roman structures into which they have been integrated; and they constitute an interesting finding since the Early Imperial phases of the city of Septem are still very poorly known for their high degree of destruction due to the population continuity in the same place from Roman times to the present.
the Strait of Gibraltar, have allowed the documentation of an interesting Late-Roman sequence in the site known as the
‘Baluarte de la Bandera’. The remains of various burned in situ burials have been excavated, dating back to the 7th c. A.D. as
the associated archaeological materials demonstrate, especially African terra sigillata and amphoras. The high temperature
reached charred the remains, among which some fragments of textiles have been recovered, possibly part of personal clothing.
On the one hand, a 6 mm diameter cord formed by plant elements, overlapping and twisted in S; the study through the
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) having allowed us to determine that it is an artifact not functionally identifiable, made
with a natural fiber, with multiple similarities to the leaves of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.); together with several
dozen fragments, poorly preserved, of a textile composed of two superimposed levels made with wool fibres. These results are
of notable interest, as they constitute the first textile evidence in the ancient city of Septem, constituting one of the few known
samples in the area of the Circle of the Strait for ancient times and practically of the only known from the 7th c. AD in North
West Africa. Due to the archaeological context of discovery they should correspond to the times of Byzantine occupation of the
enclave by the Constantinopolitans.
of Ptolemaic geography, the development of perspective and other technical
advances, the invention of the printing press, the curiosity about the new lands discovered, etc.—, the graphic representation of the city reached a hitherto unknown peak. In this context, this paper analyses a case study, Ceuta, a «frontier-city» in North Africa, from mid-hundred views and plans previous to the 18th century.
The main features of its urbanism are quite well known. Chronicles and other texts as well as archaeological evidence let us describe the outline urbanism.
After the Portuguese conquest, the city had to be reshaped and an adaptation process began. Since their needs were not the same, the Islamic madina became a Christian city. This paper deals with these questions and spotlight changes and continuities that could be useful for understand the Portuguese transformations that took place in other North African Portuguese cities.
In order to analyse this process, not only the well-known written and cartographic sources, but also unpublished archaeological evidences, that make clear some unknown aspects, are used.
In this way, the transformation of defensive dispositive and urban changes are widely discussed.
"
First, as artillery became more effective, it was increasingly important to install them in castles for their defence. For this, arrow loops were adapted to the use of firearms and thin medieval walls and towers were enlarged. Walls were thickened too in order to resist firepower. But this wasn´t completely effective against artillery attack and new fortresses based on bastion and flanked fire systems emerged towards the first quarter of the 16th century.
This paper focuses on the adaptation of Ceuta defensive system in this period (1415-1521). Chronicle as well as archeological data is presented showing how these process took place and Medieval defensive elements were widely re-used in Portuguese times.
soberanía de los Austrias, la ciudad de Ceuta pertenece al reino lusitano. Los primeros ciento sesenta y cinco años son los monarcas de la dinastía de Avís quienes rigen sus destinos. A partir de 1581, dada la unificación de los reinos de Portugal y España bajo una sola corona, gobernarán los Austrias. El marco cronológico de este estudio
está pues delimitado entre 1415 y 1668 si bien debemos hacer constar que se hará especial incidencia en la primera fase del mismo (1415-1581), sobre la que existen mayores novedades.
La llamada “Tomada de Ceuta” ha generado un considerable volumen de investigaciones interesadas en sus causas y consecuencias, el modo de administración de la Ciudad, las formas de abastecimiento, los medios de defensa, etc., basadas esencialmente en la documentación archivística y textual conservada. Paradójicamente son muy escasos los estudios llevados a cabo valorando los vestigios arqueológicos de esta etapa que por proximidad cronológica, al menos en teoría, deberían estar mejor conservados que los de momentos más antiguos. Es justo
reconocer sin embargo que, aunque aún minoritarios, estos estudios basados en la investigación de la cultura material de la Ceuta lusitana se han incrementado en los últimos años.
Este trabajo pasa revista a estos vestigios en su mayoría inéditos o escasamente difundidos. Así, se analizarán brevemente los testimonios escultóricos, epigráficos, numismáticos y también cerámicos localizados en los últimos años que ofrecen una nueva perspectiva sobre las dificultades del abastecimiento y las relaciones con el territorio circundante. Una especial atención es prestada a las fortificaciones a través de las recientes investigaciones realizadas en el ámbito de las Murallas Reales. Gracias a estos trabajos ha sido posible proponer nuevas hipótesis sobre su génesis poniendo de relieve las relaciones de estas defensas con las fortificaciones medievales islámicas. Además ha sido reconstruido parcialmente el proceso constructivo de estas murallas aportando una información que puede ilustrar procesos semejantes de adaptación de fortificaciones medievales a la generalización de la pirobalística en las plazas norteafricanas.
In order to understand what the pottery used in Ceuta during this period was it is necessary to resort to archaeology, despite the great inherent difficulties in doing so.
Su puerto fue punto de partida tanto de las materias primas de su territorio como de las artesanías elaboradas en la propia ciudad. Sirvió también de rótula que articulaba circuitos comerciales mucho más amplios entre los puertos mediterráneos y los de la fachada atlántica magrebí. Dicho de otro modo, se convirtió en estos siglos en uno de los principales nodos del comercio entre el mundo musulmán y el mundo cristiano y viceversa.
Al amparo de este trá co, atestiguado en múltiples fuentes escritas, su papel como escala para el tránsito de pasajeros es especialmente signi cativo, aunque no exclusiva‐ mente, en el paso entre la península Ibérica y el norte de África.
Pero el aprovechamiento de su entorno marítimo no quedo limitado a este rol de emporio comercial o de puerto de tránsito del estrecho de Gibraltar. Se manifestó asimismo en una actividad pesquera de notable intensidad destinada esencialmente al consumo local pero en parte también dedicada a la salazón y exportación y, en consecuencia, insertada en la actividad mercantil.
Todo ello generó una ciudad que, aunque integrada en los parámetros propios de la sociedad islámica medieval, desarrolló ciertas singularidades que se manifestaron en muy diversos ámbitos (político, social, urbanístico, cultural, religioso, etc.)
simultaneous action of very diverse factors. Firstly, a
number of natural factors of geographical and physical
nature (topography, climate, types of soils, available
resources, etc.) which, although gradually less decisive
due to technological progress, limit and mediatise the
very existence of the city.
Moreover, the city's layout mirrors and, at the
same time, meets the needs of a given form of
organization (social, political, economic, religious,
cultural, etc.). Representative buildings and housing,
their arrangement in blocks, public spaces, street
networks, the location of the different elements,
etc., i.e. the physical reality of the urban space itself
is determined by the society that builds the city and
by the elites that rule it.
Furthermore, if it is not a case of ex novo foundation, the
city is the result of its own history, of the imprint of past
cities that seem to resist complete disappearance and
leave their mark on the inherited buildings, ramparts
and streets. Thus, historic cities are palimpsests in
which, with greater or lesser difficulty, fragments of
disappeared cities can be glimpsed.
The conquest of Ceuta by the troops of King João I in
1415 entailed the formation of a new Christian civitas
on the site of the old Islamic medina. Inevitably, this
process involved a remarkable transformation of
Ceuta’s urban form. The destinies of this North African
city were now ruled by a Christian socio-economic
system, with its own urbanism, which also mirrored
the new social, political and economic relations.
The aim of these pages is to reflect on some of these
transformations.
Exhibition Catalogue "Lisbon - 1415 - Ceuta: A Tale of two cities"
On explique les progrès dans la connaissance des gisements archéologiques les plus significatifs de Ceuta durant les cinq dernières
années. Ce fut une étape ou il y eut un grand saut dans la recherche. On met en valeur les résultats importants obtenus à partie de la Carte Archéologique de Ceuta comme cadre pour la gestion et la planification du Patrimoine de la ville. On expose les progrès dans la connaissance des dernières années produites dans l’archéologie de Ceuta. On analyse succinctement Les résultats de certains: Benzú gisement phénicien de la Place de la Cathédrale, Septem Fratres, une basilique postromaine, découvertes médiévales. On expose la nécessité de contrôle et de suivi archéologiques dans une ville en perpétuel développement.
On expose une défense de l’éducation, en favorisant de multiples actes devant les élèves de la ville dans la ligne de connaissance et de défense du patrimoine archéologique et historique de Ceuta.
Se exponen los avances en el conocimiento de los yacimientos arqueológicos más significativos de Ceuta en los últimos cinco
años. Ha sido una etapa donde se ha dado un gran salto en la investigación. Se valoran los importantes resultados obtenidos
a partir de la Carta Arqueológica de Ceuta como marco para la gestión y planificación del Patrimonio de la ciudad. Se exponen
los avances en el conocimiento de los últimos años producidos en la Arqueología de Ceuta. Se analizan sucintamente los resultados
de algunos: Benzú, yacimiento fenicio de la Plaza de la Catedral, Septem Fratres, basílica tardorromana, hallazgos medievales.
Se expone la necesidad de control y seguimiento arqueológicos en una ciudad en continuo crecimiento. Se expone una
defensa de la educación, con la fomentación de multitud de actos ante los escolares de la ciudad en la línea de conocimiento
y defensa del patrimonio arqueológico e histórico de Ceuta"
A su estudio, en un marco geográfico-temporal concreto como es al-Andalus, consagra Susana Calvo Capilla esta obra, que tiene su origen en su tesis doctoral dirigida por los Dres. Bango y Ewert.
Curso de Verano UNED Ceuta
Presentación resultados proyecto de investigación Puerta Califal de Ceuta
Su defensa ha sido de vital importancia durante milenios aplicándose, en consecuencia, en sus recintos murados los más innovadores avances de la poliorcética. Por ello, la ciudad conserva una interesante nómina de espacios fortificados, dispares en cuanto a técnicas constructivas, cronología y sistemas defensivos, de la cual se dará noticia en nuestra intervención.
La información arqueológica es, paradójicamente, relativamente escasa. En nuestra exposición resumiremos brevemente los datos disponibles sobre la ciudad fundada por Abu Said y daremos cuenta de los resultados de algunas recientes excavaciones y prospecciones arqueológicas que han aportado una información decisiva para el conocimiento de este lugar."
rei D. João I inaugura um período, o dos Descobrimentos, caracterizado
por profundas transformações políticas, sociais, económicas,
culturais, ideológicas, etc.
Ainda que com raízes medievais abre-se então uma nova etapa histórica
que inaugurará um mundo distinto e cujas consequências ainda
hoje se fazem sentir.
Conscientes da importância deste fenómeno histórico, o Instituto
de Estudios Ceutíes em colaboração com outras instituições universitárias
e académicas espanholas e portuguesas convoca a comunidade
científica internacional a reflectir sobre as origens deste
processo numa perspectiva multidisciplinar.
The Capture of Ceuta in 1415 by the Portuguese army under the
command of D. Joao I marks the beginning of a period, the Age of
discovery, which is characterized by deep political, social, economic,
cultural and ideological transformations.
Although some of its roots are still in the Middle Age, it opens a new
historical age which will create a different world whose consequences
are still present in today’s world.
Aware of the importance of this historical phenomenon, the Institute
of Ceuta Studies in collaboration with other universities and academic
institutions calls for the international scientific community to
reflect on the origins of this process from a multidisciplinary perspective.
Volumen I
Carlos Posac Mon “Prólogo”
Simón Chamorro Moreno "El medio natural de Ceuta y su entorno"
José Ramos Muñoz y Darío Bernal Casasola "Ceuta en la prehistoria"
Darío Bernal Casasola "Ceuta en la antigüedad clásica"
José Manuel Hita Ruiz y Fernando Villada Paredes "Medina Sabta"
Paulo Drumond Braga e Isabel Ribeiro Mendes Drumond Braga "El dominio portugués hasta 1580"
Volumen II
Antonio Carmona Portillo "Ceuta bajo los Austrias"
Eloy Martín Corrales "Ceuta en el siglo XVIII"
José Luis Gómez Barceló "El siglo XIX"
José Antonio Alarcón Caballero "El siglo XX""