The consumption of organic food has been increasing all over the world. Due to this fact, there a... more The consumption of organic food has been increasing all over the world. Due to this fact, there are growing numbers of scientific studies examining the nutritional value of organic food. The aim of this review is to provide an overall picture of the beneficial and harmful nutritional content of organically and conventionally produced crops based on existing international comparative surveys. Furthermore, the authors attempt to define the relationship between organic and conventional food production systems and the nutritional value of food products as well as the consumption of organic and conventional diets which have important human health implications. Organic crops contain a significantly higher amount of certain antioxidants (vitamin C, polyphenols and flavonoids) and minerals, as well as have higher dry matter content than conventional ones. Moreover, there is a lower level of pesticide residues, nitrate and some heavy metal contaminations in organic crops compared to conventi...
Numerous epidemiological studies as well as experimental animal studies suggest that a high intak... more Numerous epidemiological studies as well as experimental animal studies suggest that a high intake of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of various forms of cancer. This protective effect has been linked to the high glucosinolate content of these vegetables. Glucosinolate breakdown products, particularly isothiocyanates and nitriles have been shown to modulate carcinogen metabolising enzyme systems, induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The anticancer potential of the different glucosinolate metabolites is diverse and their effect on the above mentioned cellular mechanisms is also affected by the model system employed. Results of in vivo studies with isolated glucosinolates or isothiocyanates compared to those with cruciferous vegetables demonstrate that the chemopreventive effect of cruciferous vegetables is due to combined effect of the different glucosinolate metabolites and the optimal combination of these compounds found in Cruciferae provide the benefici...
The polyphenol compounds can be responsible for the beneficial physiological effects of the wine,... more The polyphenol compounds can be responsible for the beneficial physiological effects of the wine, specially of the red wine. The supposed mechanism in health protecting effect due to the polyphenol components in the wine can be grouped to several biochemical reactions. One of the most important and mostly examined characteristics is their antioxidant and radical scavenging effect. Examination of the antioxidant characteristics of a newly developed vermouth wine. Antioxidant characteristics of a newly developed vermouth wine (marked with FB) till now not in the market were studied comparing with those of three red and three white wines as well as of one rose wine. The total polyphenol content, the hydrogen donor activity, the reduction capacity and the complex building activity were determined. Hundred ml of the vermouth wine involves 18.8 mg alcohol, as well as 220 mg polyphenol compounds, comparing to the mean polyphenol content of white wine with 10.5 mg alcohol and 35 mg polyphen...
Janus faced oxygen radicals are secondary messengers of intracellular signal transduction pathway... more Janus faced oxygen radicals are secondary messengers of intracellular signal transduction pathways but also cytotoxic agents of cells. Activation of signal transduction proteins on mild oxidant stress and metal elements are still not clearly understood. Oxygen free radicals may have several functions in the expression of cytokines associated with inflammatory bowel disease. The molecular mechanism between activation, and inhibition participants of signal transduction are delicately controlled. Antioxidant-prooxidant balance of the cells can be traced back to the concentration of free-SH and its oxidised form,-S-S-. Healthy erythrocytes and plasma are rich in antioxidants, but their type of protection, differs significantly. The balance of free radicals and antioxidants is disturbed in inflammatory bowel disease. The antioxidant defence mechanism depends on concentration of metal elements, which determines enzyme activities. It seems that nutritional supplementation and adequate ther...
This article describes results obtained by testing the European Food Safety Authority-tiered guid... more This article describes results obtained by testing the European Food Safety Authority-tiered guidance approach for safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food supplements. Main conclusions emerging are as follows. (i) Botanical ingredients must be identified by their scientific (binomial) name, in most cases down to the subspecies level or lower. (ii) Adequate characterization and description of the botanical parts and preparation methodology used is needed. Safety of a botanical ingredient cannot be assumed only relying on the long-term safe use of other preparations of the same botanical. (iii) Because of possible adulterations, misclassifications, replacements or falsifications, and restorations, establishment of adequate quality control is necessary. (iv) The strength of the evidence underlying concerns over a botanical ingredient should be included in the safety assessment. (v) The matrix effect should be taken into account in the safety assessment on a case-by-case basis. (vi) Adequate data and methods for appropriate exposure assessment are often missing. (vii) Safety regulations concerning toxic contaminants have to be complied with. The application of the guidance approach can result in the conclusion that safety can be presumed, that the botanical ingredient is of safety concern, or that further data are needed to assess safety.
Soil-born diseases often cause problems in vegetable forcing; this is because growers use greenho... more Soil-born diseases often cause problems in vegetable forcing; this is because growers use greenhouses for the longest time possible. During the years several solutions have been found to displace chemical control. Grafting is a possible chemical free solution that shows several changes in plants thanks to the vigorous rootstock. In this study we examined the effect of grafting on the yield and fruit characteristics in tomato cultivar. Lemance F 1 was used as scion and Beaufort as rootstock. Earliness, total yield, fruit weight and number of each graft combination were recorded. Moreover, the main fruit components such as Brix°, carbohydrate, acid and the carbohydrate/acid ratio were analysed. We harvested more yield from the grafted plants. The increase of yield was mainly caused by higher average fruit weight. Brix° and carbohydrate content were lower in the fruits on grafted plants than on ungrafted ones but there was no significant difference in acid content.
A 3-year experiment was conducted in central Hungary comparing the effect of an irrigation treatm... more A 3-year experiment was conducted in central Hungary comparing the effect of an irrigation treatment on content and yield of dry matter, storage carbohydrates, vitamin C, total flavonols, and total polyphenols of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown from sets. Rain-fed plots were set as controls. Conditions during the first 40 days of the growing season had a decisive effect on yield and bulb size; warmer and dryer weather during this period resulted in lower yield. Colder and wetter weather conditions resulted in higher bulb yield, but also decreased accumulation of secondary metabolites. Dry matter content values ranged between 12% and 14% and were not influenced by the water supply. Storage carbohydrate-to-dry matter ratio was not changed by the water supply. Total flavonol contents (sum of the concentrations of nine individual flavonols) varied between 430 and 753 mg · kg L1 on a fresh weight basis. Total polyphenol values ranged between 607 and 1029 mg · kg L1 on a fresh weight basis. A statistically significant correlation was found between flavonol content and polyphenol content for the rainfed treatment, but this was not the case for the irrigation treatment. Irrigation significantly increased total flavonol and total polyphenol concentrations during the dry years. Irrigation significantly increased the bulb yield by 33% to 160%, depending on the year. Consequently, by applying irrigation, yields of nutritive compounds became 1.5 to two times higher.
Great importance has been attributed to antioxidants in the treatment of conditions associated wi... more Great importance has been attributed to antioxidants in the treatment of conditions associated with oxidative stress for many years. At the same time the antioxidants can exert prooxidant activity. Combined antioxidant treatment is more favourable compared with monotherapy, because antioxidants have scavenger-, compartment- and tissue-specificity and they regenerate each other directly, too. Drugs of chronic liver diseases should be considered because of the role of liver in biotransformation. Our aim was to study the redox status of liver and investigate the effects of natural antioxidants (vegetable lyophilizates, silymarin, metadoxine) on liver redox status. Besides of clinical diagnosis, biochemical, analytical, histological methods were used to assess the free radical-antioxidant balance on the whole. Our in vitro methodological system is suitable for screening natural compounds for primary and secondary antioxidant property as well as membrane-stabilizing activity. A shift in free radical-antioxidant balance was proved in short-term extrahepatic cholestasis, antioxidant-type choleretic compounds can be investigated in this animal model. In human experiments redox status was investigated in the Gilbert's disease and in the most frequent chronic liver disorder in Hungary, in alcoholic liver disease. The improvement of non-enzymatic antioxidant defence system was found in Gilbert's disease without the alteration of free radical-antioxidant balance. Our results proved the role of free radical reactions in alcoholic liver disease and underlined the greater women vulnerability to alcohol toxicity. The chemiluminometric measurements in erythrocytes is suitable for the estimation of progression of alcoholic liver disease and of efficacy of antioxidant therapy.
Helyes et al.: The simultaneous effect of heat stress and water supply on total polyphenol conten... more Helyes et al.: The simultaneous effect of heat stress and water supply on total polyphenol content of eggplant -583 -APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 13(2): 583-595.
The knowledge of wine and grapes as old as the cultural history of human population. The small co... more The knowledge of wine and grapes as old as the cultural history of human population. The small consumption of wine could be advantageous. Also it has been well established for several thousands of years, that it could cause acute and chronic injuries after higher consumption. Its antiinfectious effect in dermatological drugs had been known in the archeological ages. The unguents containing wine polyphenols are advantageous in some dermatological injuries and also in the treatment of muscular and articular alterations. Moderate consumption of wine may decrease the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases. In healthy individuals consumption of one-two dl of wine can decrease the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases. This quantity, however, may be injurious in pregnancy, in children, and in various organic diseases, especially in liver disease, as well as if combined with common drugs.
Epidemiological and clinical studies have proved the beneficial effect of bioactive compounds of ... more Epidemiological and clinical studies have proved the beneficial effect of bioactive compounds of vegetables and medicinal plants used in phytotherapy on prevention of several diseases. Beyond the well-known natural antioxidants, such as vitamins, other natural substances can function as antioxidants. In 1992 the Saas Fee Declaration was published by leader nutritionist and biochemists underlining the importance of prevention in health maintenance based on scientific studies with natural compounds. According to the declaration the antioxidants are the main active and beneficial components. Authors joining with the spirit of Saas Fee Declaration have worked out a complex examination system to study the antioxidant, free radical scavenging and inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation of isolated components, natural plant extracts and herbal preparations. The members of the system are the followings: hydrogendonating ability, reducing power, chelating activity, free radical scavenging a...
Lycopene is an acyclic, biologically active carotenoid that constitutes foods, its preventive rol... more Lycopene is an acyclic, biologically active carotenoid that constitutes foods, its preventive role in several cancerous diseases have been proved by epidemiological and experimental data. Its beneficial role in maintenance of human health is related to its significant antioxidant properties. Data of dietary lycopene intake of the Hungarian population is not available. The aims of the present complex study were 1) to measure the lycopene content of foods frequently consumed in Hungary, 2) to investigate the effect of agrotechnological procedures and food processing on lycopene content of tomatoes, 3) to estimate the lycopene intake in two groups of the Hungarian population with the use of a three-day dietary record. The best lycopene sources are the raw (5.0-16.0 mg/100 g) and processed tomatoes and tomato products (3.0-80.0 mg/100 g), and also watermelon (3.6-6.2 mg/100 g). The variety of the plants, the growing circumstances, and the weather conditions significantly influence the l...
The authors investigated the in vitro antioxidant properties of nine selected flavonoid aglycons,... more The authors investigated the in vitro antioxidant properties of nine selected flavonoid aglycons, namely quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A. The in vitro antioxidant power of flavonoids basically depends on their chemical structure. The concentration of those flavonoids in vegetables and fruits frequently consumed in Hungary was examined by a RP-HPLC method. Referring to the
The knowledge of grape and wine is as old as the cultural history of mankind. Moderate consumptio... more The knowledge of grape and wine is as old as the cultural history of mankind. Moderate consumption of wine can be beneficial in healthy individuals. It is also known from ancient times that it can cause acute and chronic damage when consumed in great quantities. The disinfectant effect of its use in ointments has been observed already in the antiquity. Polyphenols, among them resveratrol, have generated a great amount of scientific research due to their in vivo and in vitro antioxidant capabilities. For decades, red wine was thought to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. This relation was clearly established in the French Paradox phenomenon as well as in the Mediterranean diet. The French Paradox is defined as a low incidence of coronary heart disease, while consuming a diet rich in saturated fat. The cause of this phenomenon is the usually wine drinking in small quantity, supposingly in the consequence of polypenols in red wine. The use of ointments containing polyphenols of wine and the cosmetic treatments with them can be advantageous in the treatment and prevention of some diseases of the skin and the joints, due to its free radical scavenging effect. In healthy individuals the consumption of a moderate amount of 1 to 2 dl wine a day may reduce the mortality of cardiovascular diseases. However, also this quantity can be associated with detrimental effects in pregnant women, in children and in patients with various organic, particularly hepatic, diseases as well as in case of regular administration of certain medicines.
The consumption of organic food has been increasing all over the world. Due to this fact, there a... more The consumption of organic food has been increasing all over the world. Due to this fact, there are growing numbers of scientific studies examining the nutritional value of organic food. The aim of this review is to provide an overall picture of the beneficial and harmful nutritional content of organically and conventionally produced crops based on existing international comparative surveys. Furthermore, the authors attempt to define the relationship between organic and conventional food production systems and the nutritional value of food products as well as the consumption of organic and conventional diets which have important human health implications. Organic crops contain a significantly higher amount of certain antioxidants (vitamin C, polyphenols and flavonoids) and minerals, as well as have higher dry matter content than conventional ones. Moreover, there is a lower level of pesticide residues, nitrate and some heavy metal contaminations in organic crops compared to conventi...
Numerous epidemiological studies as well as experimental animal studies suggest that a high intak... more Numerous epidemiological studies as well as experimental animal studies suggest that a high intake of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of various forms of cancer. This protective effect has been linked to the high glucosinolate content of these vegetables. Glucosinolate breakdown products, particularly isothiocyanates and nitriles have been shown to modulate carcinogen metabolising enzyme systems, induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The anticancer potential of the different glucosinolate metabolites is diverse and their effect on the above mentioned cellular mechanisms is also affected by the model system employed. Results of in vivo studies with isolated glucosinolates or isothiocyanates compared to those with cruciferous vegetables demonstrate that the chemopreventive effect of cruciferous vegetables is due to combined effect of the different glucosinolate metabolites and the optimal combination of these compounds found in Cruciferae provide the benefici...
The polyphenol compounds can be responsible for the beneficial physiological effects of the wine,... more The polyphenol compounds can be responsible for the beneficial physiological effects of the wine, specially of the red wine. The supposed mechanism in health protecting effect due to the polyphenol components in the wine can be grouped to several biochemical reactions. One of the most important and mostly examined characteristics is their antioxidant and radical scavenging effect. Examination of the antioxidant characteristics of a newly developed vermouth wine. Antioxidant characteristics of a newly developed vermouth wine (marked with FB) till now not in the market were studied comparing with those of three red and three white wines as well as of one rose wine. The total polyphenol content, the hydrogen donor activity, the reduction capacity and the complex building activity were determined. Hundred ml of the vermouth wine involves 18.8 mg alcohol, as well as 220 mg polyphenol compounds, comparing to the mean polyphenol content of white wine with 10.5 mg alcohol and 35 mg polyphen...
Janus faced oxygen radicals are secondary messengers of intracellular signal transduction pathway... more Janus faced oxygen radicals are secondary messengers of intracellular signal transduction pathways but also cytotoxic agents of cells. Activation of signal transduction proteins on mild oxidant stress and metal elements are still not clearly understood. Oxygen free radicals may have several functions in the expression of cytokines associated with inflammatory bowel disease. The molecular mechanism between activation, and inhibition participants of signal transduction are delicately controlled. Antioxidant-prooxidant balance of the cells can be traced back to the concentration of free-SH and its oxidised form,-S-S-. Healthy erythrocytes and plasma are rich in antioxidants, but their type of protection, differs significantly. The balance of free radicals and antioxidants is disturbed in inflammatory bowel disease. The antioxidant defence mechanism depends on concentration of metal elements, which determines enzyme activities. It seems that nutritional supplementation and adequate ther...
This article describes results obtained by testing the European Food Safety Authority-tiered guid... more This article describes results obtained by testing the European Food Safety Authority-tiered guidance approach for safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food supplements. Main conclusions emerging are as follows. (i) Botanical ingredients must be identified by their scientific (binomial) name, in most cases down to the subspecies level or lower. (ii) Adequate characterization and description of the botanical parts and preparation methodology used is needed. Safety of a botanical ingredient cannot be assumed only relying on the long-term safe use of other preparations of the same botanical. (iii) Because of possible adulterations, misclassifications, replacements or falsifications, and restorations, establishment of adequate quality control is necessary. (iv) The strength of the evidence underlying concerns over a botanical ingredient should be included in the safety assessment. (v) The matrix effect should be taken into account in the safety assessment on a case-by-case basis. (vi) Adequate data and methods for appropriate exposure assessment are often missing. (vii) Safety regulations concerning toxic contaminants have to be complied with. The application of the guidance approach can result in the conclusion that safety can be presumed, that the botanical ingredient is of safety concern, or that further data are needed to assess safety.
Soil-born diseases often cause problems in vegetable forcing; this is because growers use greenho... more Soil-born diseases often cause problems in vegetable forcing; this is because growers use greenhouses for the longest time possible. During the years several solutions have been found to displace chemical control. Grafting is a possible chemical free solution that shows several changes in plants thanks to the vigorous rootstock. In this study we examined the effect of grafting on the yield and fruit characteristics in tomato cultivar. Lemance F 1 was used as scion and Beaufort as rootstock. Earliness, total yield, fruit weight and number of each graft combination were recorded. Moreover, the main fruit components such as Brix°, carbohydrate, acid and the carbohydrate/acid ratio were analysed. We harvested more yield from the grafted plants. The increase of yield was mainly caused by higher average fruit weight. Brix° and carbohydrate content were lower in the fruits on grafted plants than on ungrafted ones but there was no significant difference in acid content.
A 3-year experiment was conducted in central Hungary comparing the effect of an irrigation treatm... more A 3-year experiment was conducted in central Hungary comparing the effect of an irrigation treatment on content and yield of dry matter, storage carbohydrates, vitamin C, total flavonols, and total polyphenols of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown from sets. Rain-fed plots were set as controls. Conditions during the first 40 days of the growing season had a decisive effect on yield and bulb size; warmer and dryer weather during this period resulted in lower yield. Colder and wetter weather conditions resulted in higher bulb yield, but also decreased accumulation of secondary metabolites. Dry matter content values ranged between 12% and 14% and were not influenced by the water supply. Storage carbohydrate-to-dry matter ratio was not changed by the water supply. Total flavonol contents (sum of the concentrations of nine individual flavonols) varied between 430 and 753 mg · kg L1 on a fresh weight basis. Total polyphenol values ranged between 607 and 1029 mg · kg L1 on a fresh weight basis. A statistically significant correlation was found between flavonol content and polyphenol content for the rainfed treatment, but this was not the case for the irrigation treatment. Irrigation significantly increased total flavonol and total polyphenol concentrations during the dry years. Irrigation significantly increased the bulb yield by 33% to 160%, depending on the year. Consequently, by applying irrigation, yields of nutritive compounds became 1.5 to two times higher.
Great importance has been attributed to antioxidants in the treatment of conditions associated wi... more Great importance has been attributed to antioxidants in the treatment of conditions associated with oxidative stress for many years. At the same time the antioxidants can exert prooxidant activity. Combined antioxidant treatment is more favourable compared with monotherapy, because antioxidants have scavenger-, compartment- and tissue-specificity and they regenerate each other directly, too. Drugs of chronic liver diseases should be considered because of the role of liver in biotransformation. Our aim was to study the redox status of liver and investigate the effects of natural antioxidants (vegetable lyophilizates, silymarin, metadoxine) on liver redox status. Besides of clinical diagnosis, biochemical, analytical, histological methods were used to assess the free radical-antioxidant balance on the whole. Our in vitro methodological system is suitable for screening natural compounds for primary and secondary antioxidant property as well as membrane-stabilizing activity. A shift in free radical-antioxidant balance was proved in short-term extrahepatic cholestasis, antioxidant-type choleretic compounds can be investigated in this animal model. In human experiments redox status was investigated in the Gilbert's disease and in the most frequent chronic liver disorder in Hungary, in alcoholic liver disease. The improvement of non-enzymatic antioxidant defence system was found in Gilbert's disease without the alteration of free radical-antioxidant balance. Our results proved the role of free radical reactions in alcoholic liver disease and underlined the greater women vulnerability to alcohol toxicity. The chemiluminometric measurements in erythrocytes is suitable for the estimation of progression of alcoholic liver disease and of efficacy of antioxidant therapy.
Helyes et al.: The simultaneous effect of heat stress and water supply on total polyphenol conten... more Helyes et al.: The simultaneous effect of heat stress and water supply on total polyphenol content of eggplant -583 -APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 13(2): 583-595.
The knowledge of wine and grapes as old as the cultural history of human population. The small co... more The knowledge of wine and grapes as old as the cultural history of human population. The small consumption of wine could be advantageous. Also it has been well established for several thousands of years, that it could cause acute and chronic injuries after higher consumption. Its antiinfectious effect in dermatological drugs had been known in the archeological ages. The unguents containing wine polyphenols are advantageous in some dermatological injuries and also in the treatment of muscular and articular alterations. Moderate consumption of wine may decrease the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases. In healthy individuals consumption of one-two dl of wine can decrease the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases. This quantity, however, may be injurious in pregnancy, in children, and in various organic diseases, especially in liver disease, as well as if combined with common drugs.
Epidemiological and clinical studies have proved the beneficial effect of bioactive compounds of ... more Epidemiological and clinical studies have proved the beneficial effect of bioactive compounds of vegetables and medicinal plants used in phytotherapy on prevention of several diseases. Beyond the well-known natural antioxidants, such as vitamins, other natural substances can function as antioxidants. In 1992 the Saas Fee Declaration was published by leader nutritionist and biochemists underlining the importance of prevention in health maintenance based on scientific studies with natural compounds. According to the declaration the antioxidants are the main active and beneficial components. Authors joining with the spirit of Saas Fee Declaration have worked out a complex examination system to study the antioxidant, free radical scavenging and inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation of isolated components, natural plant extracts and herbal preparations. The members of the system are the followings: hydrogendonating ability, reducing power, chelating activity, free radical scavenging a...
Lycopene is an acyclic, biologically active carotenoid that constitutes foods, its preventive rol... more Lycopene is an acyclic, biologically active carotenoid that constitutes foods, its preventive role in several cancerous diseases have been proved by epidemiological and experimental data. Its beneficial role in maintenance of human health is related to its significant antioxidant properties. Data of dietary lycopene intake of the Hungarian population is not available. The aims of the present complex study were 1) to measure the lycopene content of foods frequently consumed in Hungary, 2) to investigate the effect of agrotechnological procedures and food processing on lycopene content of tomatoes, 3) to estimate the lycopene intake in two groups of the Hungarian population with the use of a three-day dietary record. The best lycopene sources are the raw (5.0-16.0 mg/100 g) and processed tomatoes and tomato products (3.0-80.0 mg/100 g), and also watermelon (3.6-6.2 mg/100 g). The variety of the plants, the growing circumstances, and the weather conditions significantly influence the l...
The authors investigated the in vitro antioxidant properties of nine selected flavonoid aglycons,... more The authors investigated the in vitro antioxidant properties of nine selected flavonoid aglycons, namely quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A. The in vitro antioxidant power of flavonoids basically depends on their chemical structure. The concentration of those flavonoids in vegetables and fruits frequently consumed in Hungary was examined by a RP-HPLC method. Referring to the
The knowledge of grape and wine is as old as the cultural history of mankind. Moderate consumptio... more The knowledge of grape and wine is as old as the cultural history of mankind. Moderate consumption of wine can be beneficial in healthy individuals. It is also known from ancient times that it can cause acute and chronic damage when consumed in great quantities. The disinfectant effect of its use in ointments has been observed already in the antiquity. Polyphenols, among them resveratrol, have generated a great amount of scientific research due to their in vivo and in vitro antioxidant capabilities. For decades, red wine was thought to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. This relation was clearly established in the French Paradox phenomenon as well as in the Mediterranean diet. The French Paradox is defined as a low incidence of coronary heart disease, while consuming a diet rich in saturated fat. The cause of this phenomenon is the usually wine drinking in small quantity, supposingly in the consequence of polypenols in red wine. The use of ointments containing polyphenols of wine and the cosmetic treatments with them can be advantageous in the treatment and prevention of some diseases of the skin and the joints, due to its free radical scavenging effect. In healthy individuals the consumption of a moderate amount of 1 to 2 dl wine a day may reduce the mortality of cardiovascular diseases. However, also this quantity can be associated with detrimental effects in pregnant women, in children and in patients with various organic, particularly hepatic, diseases as well as in case of regular administration of certain medicines.
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