Nutrient enrichment, primarily by phosphorus and nitrogen, is commonly associated with water qual... more Nutrient enrichment, primarily by phosphorus and nitrogen, is commonly associated with water quality impacts of agricultural land use. In the 1990s, agricultural best management practices, including retired lands, were intensively implemented in order to reduce runoff and sediment loads from fields into streams. Retired lands are those taken out of production either permanently or for an extended period of time through federal and local conservation programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program, Reserve Conservation Easement Program, and the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. A recent study by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Minnesota River basin found significant decreases in nitrogen and sediment but not phosphorus as area of retired lands increased. Additionally, stream health improved as documented by several biological metrics. A three year study began in 2011 of small (about 5 mi2) paired basins, with and without retired riparian lands, in southern Minnesota strea...
Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems can lead to shifts in species composition, reduced dissolv... more Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems can lead to shifts in species composition, reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, fish kills, and toxic algal blooms. In this study, nutrients, periphyton chlorophyll a (CHLa), and invertebrate- and fish-community data collected during 2005-9 were analyzed from 318 sites on Indiana rivers and streams. The objective of this study was to determine which invertebrate and fish-taxa attributes best reflect the conditions of streams in Indiana along a gradient of nutrient concentrations by (1) determining statistically and ecologically significant relations among the stressor (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and periphyton CHLa) and response (invertebrate and fish community) variables; and (2) determining the levels at which invertebrate- and fish-community measures change in response to nutrients or periphyton CHLa. For water samples at the headwater sites, total nitrogen (TN) concentrations ranged from 0.343 to 21.6 milligrams per liter (mg/L) ...
Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie
Patterns in biomass and species composition of phytoplankton have been documented for many large ... more Patterns in biomass and species composition of phytoplankton have been documented for many large rivers (WILLIAMS 1972, GOSSELAIN et al. 1994) and the importance of physical constraints (turbulence, turbidity, water depth, temperature) on growth and assembly emphasized (REYNOLDS & DESCY 1996, REYNOLDS 1997). Nutrient enrichment is a major cause of water- quality impairment and an additional constraint on assemblage structure. River basins with agriculture as a dominant land use commonly receive large nutrient loadings each year from fertilizer and manure applications, and it is generally accepted that the time-of-travel of water in large rivers draining agricultural areas is too brief for major plant nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus (N, P) to be fully assimilated (KÖHLER & GELBRECHT 1998). Nutrient criteria have been proposed (U. S. EPA 2000) for states in the upper Mississippi River system to control eutrophication of streams and rivers in the region, and to reduce nutrient loadi...
The study of agricultural chemicals is one of five national priority topics being addressed by th... more The study of agricultural chemicals is one of five national priority topics being addressed by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in its second decade of studies, which began in 2001. Seven watersheds across the Nation were selected for the NAWQA agricultural-chemical topical study. The watersheds selected represent a range of agricultural settings - with varying crop types and agricultural practices related to tillage, irrigation, artificial drainage, and chemical use - as well as a range of landscapes with different geology, soils, topography, climate, and hydrology (Capel and others, 2004). Chemicals selected for study include nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and about 50 commonly used pesticides. This study design leads to an improved understanding of many factors that can affect the movement of water and chemicals in different agricultural settings. Information from these studies will help with decision making related to chemical use, conservation, and oth...
Algal biomass and nutrients data were gathered at 322 randomly selected sites on 261 streams in t... more Algal biomass and nutrients data were gathered at 322 randomly selected sites on 261 streams in the West Fork White River, Whitewater River, East Fork White River, Upper Wabash River, Kankakee River, Lower Wabash River, Tributaries to the Great Lakes, and Tributaries to the Ohio River Basins in Indiana from May through October for years 2001 through 2005. Basin characteristics (land use and drainage area), substrate, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations were determined for the basin and sampling sites. The relations of seasonal algal biomass parameters (periphyton chlorophyll a (CHLa), ash-free dry mass (AFDM), seston CHLa and particulate organic carbon (POC) to seasonal nutrient concentrations (nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were determined using Spearman’s rho. The effects of streamflow were determined using data collected at United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow gaging stations spatially located across the stud...
The algal, invertebrate, and fish taxa and metrics that best reflect the effects of nutrients alo... more The algal, invertebrate, and fish taxa and metrics that best reflect the effects of nutrients along a gradient of low to high nutrient sites were determined for this Midwestern study. Nutrient data from 64 U.S. Geological Survey sampling sites from the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, mostly within the Cornbelt and Northern Great Plains and Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region Nutrient Ecoregions with at least 6 nutrient samples collected within a year were used to classify the sites into low, medium, and high nutrient, Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP), conditions based on the 10th and 75th percentiles for sites within each Ecoregion. A total of 54 of these sites with at least 6 nutrient samples and algal, invertebrate, and fish community data collected within a year were included for further study. Non-parametric statistical analyses were used to determine if there were regional differences between the algal, invertebrate, and fish communities. The biologica...
Previous research has documented the ubiquity of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and persona... more Previous research has documented the ubiquity of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in freshwater, though their persistence and transport is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify the abundance and transport of human and veterinary PPCPs in a rural, central Indiana stream influenced by confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Research objectives also aimed to identify mechanisms controlling abundance and transport. PPCP concentrations and stream physicochemical characteristics were measured monthly over one year at multiple sites along a 60 km reach. Overall, human PPCPs were more abundant and measured at higher concentrations than veterinary pharmaceuticals. Veterinary pharmaceutical concentrations (lincomycin, sulfamethazine) were greatest in stream reaches adjacent to CAFOs. No distinct spatial variation was observed for human PPCPs. However, caffeine and paraxanthine had significant temporal variation with higher concentrations in winter. In contrast, DEET had higher concentrations in summer. Pharmaceutical load (μg/s) ranged from<0.005 to 1808 μg/s across sites, sampling events and pharmaceutical compounds with human PPCPs having higher loads relative to veterinary pharmaceuticals. Reach input ranged from net retention (sulfamethazine in August) to 1667 μg/m/d paraxanthine in March. Triclosan had the highest measured mean input into the reach (661 μg/m/d) and sulfamethazine had the lowest mean input (32 μg/m/d). Across measured compounds, input of PPCPs into the reach was two orders of magnitude lower than nitrate-N input (57,000 μg/m/d). Transport metrics indicated acetaminophen and caffeine are transported farther than triclosan though had lower loss velocities (loss relative to abundance). Loss rate of PPCPs was an order of magnitude lower than nitrate-N loss rate. Human PPCPs were more abundant than veterinary pharmaceuticals in this rural watershed influenced by CAFOs. Further, concentrations had significant temporal and spatial variation highlighting differential sources and fates. Thus, mechanisms driving PPCP retention and transport need to be identified to aid management of these emerging contaminants.
Water-quality assessment of the White River basin, Indiana: Analyses of available information on ... more Water-quality assessment of the White River basin, Indiana: Analyses of available information on pesticide, 1972-92. DS Carter, MJ Lydy, CG Crawford USGS, EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER, OPEN-FILE REPORTS ...
Building on both Grid and Web services technologies, the Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)... more Building on both Grid and Web services technologies, the Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) defines mechanisms for creating, managing, and exchanging information among entities called Grid services. Succinctly, a Grid service is a Web service that conforms to a set of conventions (interfaces and behaviors) that define how a client interacts with a Grid service. These conventions, and other OGSI mechanisms associated with Grid service creation and discovery, provide for the controlled,...
The Open Grid Services Infrastructure specification version 1.0 (OGSI), released in July 2003, de... more The Open Grid Services Infrastructure specification version 1.0 (OGSI), released in July 2003, defines a set of conventions and extensions on the use of Web Service Definition Language and XML Schema to enable stateful Web services. It introduces the idea of a stateful Web services and defines approaches for creating, naming, and managing the lifetime of instances of services; for declaring and inspecting service state data; for asynchronous notification of service state change; for representing and managing ...
Nutrient enrichment, primarily by phosphorus and nitrogen, is commonly associated with water qual... more Nutrient enrichment, primarily by phosphorus and nitrogen, is commonly associated with water quality impacts of agricultural land use. In the 1990s, agricultural best management practices, including retired lands, were intensively implemented in order to reduce runoff and sediment loads from fields into streams. Retired lands are those taken out of production either permanently or for an extended period of time through federal and local conservation programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program, Reserve Conservation Easement Program, and the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. A recent study by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Minnesota River basin found significant decreases in nitrogen and sediment but not phosphorus as area of retired lands increased. Additionally, stream health improved as documented by several biological metrics. A three year study began in 2011 of small (about 5 mi2) paired basins, with and without retired riparian lands, in southern Minnesota strea...
Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems can lead to shifts in species composition, reduced dissolv... more Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems can lead to shifts in species composition, reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, fish kills, and toxic algal blooms. In this study, nutrients, periphyton chlorophyll a (CHLa), and invertebrate- and fish-community data collected during 2005-9 were analyzed from 318 sites on Indiana rivers and streams. The objective of this study was to determine which invertebrate and fish-taxa attributes best reflect the conditions of streams in Indiana along a gradient of nutrient concentrations by (1) determining statistically and ecologically significant relations among the stressor (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and periphyton CHLa) and response (invertebrate and fish community) variables; and (2) determining the levels at which invertebrate- and fish-community measures change in response to nutrients or periphyton CHLa. For water samples at the headwater sites, total nitrogen (TN) concentrations ranged from 0.343 to 21.6 milligrams per liter (mg/L) ...
Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie
Patterns in biomass and species composition of phytoplankton have been documented for many large ... more Patterns in biomass and species composition of phytoplankton have been documented for many large rivers (WILLIAMS 1972, GOSSELAIN et al. 1994) and the importance of physical constraints (turbulence, turbidity, water depth, temperature) on growth and assembly emphasized (REYNOLDS & DESCY 1996, REYNOLDS 1997). Nutrient enrichment is a major cause of water- quality impairment and an additional constraint on assemblage structure. River basins with agriculture as a dominant land use commonly receive large nutrient loadings each year from fertilizer and manure applications, and it is generally accepted that the time-of-travel of water in large rivers draining agricultural areas is too brief for major plant nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus (N, P) to be fully assimilated (KÖHLER & GELBRECHT 1998). Nutrient criteria have been proposed (U. S. EPA 2000) for states in the upper Mississippi River system to control eutrophication of streams and rivers in the region, and to reduce nutrient loadi...
The study of agricultural chemicals is one of five national priority topics being addressed by th... more The study of agricultural chemicals is one of five national priority topics being addressed by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in its second decade of studies, which began in 2001. Seven watersheds across the Nation were selected for the NAWQA agricultural-chemical topical study. The watersheds selected represent a range of agricultural settings - with varying crop types and agricultural practices related to tillage, irrigation, artificial drainage, and chemical use - as well as a range of landscapes with different geology, soils, topography, climate, and hydrology (Capel and others, 2004). Chemicals selected for study include nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and about 50 commonly used pesticides. This study design leads to an improved understanding of many factors that can affect the movement of water and chemicals in different agricultural settings. Information from these studies will help with decision making related to chemical use, conservation, and oth...
Algal biomass and nutrients data were gathered at 322 randomly selected sites on 261 streams in t... more Algal biomass and nutrients data were gathered at 322 randomly selected sites on 261 streams in the West Fork White River, Whitewater River, East Fork White River, Upper Wabash River, Kankakee River, Lower Wabash River, Tributaries to the Great Lakes, and Tributaries to the Ohio River Basins in Indiana from May through October for years 2001 through 2005. Basin characteristics (land use and drainage area), substrate, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations were determined for the basin and sampling sites. The relations of seasonal algal biomass parameters (periphyton chlorophyll a (CHLa), ash-free dry mass (AFDM), seston CHLa and particulate organic carbon (POC) to seasonal nutrient concentrations (nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were determined using Spearman’s rho. The effects of streamflow were determined using data collected at United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow gaging stations spatially located across the stud...
The algal, invertebrate, and fish taxa and metrics that best reflect the effects of nutrients alo... more The algal, invertebrate, and fish taxa and metrics that best reflect the effects of nutrients along a gradient of low to high nutrient sites were determined for this Midwestern study. Nutrient data from 64 U.S. Geological Survey sampling sites from the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, mostly within the Cornbelt and Northern Great Plains and Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region Nutrient Ecoregions with at least 6 nutrient samples collected within a year were used to classify the sites into low, medium, and high nutrient, Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP), conditions based on the 10th and 75th percentiles for sites within each Ecoregion. A total of 54 of these sites with at least 6 nutrient samples and algal, invertebrate, and fish community data collected within a year were included for further study. Non-parametric statistical analyses were used to determine if there were regional differences between the algal, invertebrate, and fish communities. The biologica...
Previous research has documented the ubiquity of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and persona... more Previous research has documented the ubiquity of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in freshwater, though their persistence and transport is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify the abundance and transport of human and veterinary PPCPs in a rural, central Indiana stream influenced by confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Research objectives also aimed to identify mechanisms controlling abundance and transport. PPCP concentrations and stream physicochemical characteristics were measured monthly over one year at multiple sites along a 60 km reach. Overall, human PPCPs were more abundant and measured at higher concentrations than veterinary pharmaceuticals. Veterinary pharmaceutical concentrations (lincomycin, sulfamethazine) were greatest in stream reaches adjacent to CAFOs. No distinct spatial variation was observed for human PPCPs. However, caffeine and paraxanthine had significant temporal variation with higher concentrations in winter. In contrast, DEET had higher concentrations in summer. Pharmaceutical load (μg/s) ranged from<0.005 to 1808 μg/s across sites, sampling events and pharmaceutical compounds with human PPCPs having higher loads relative to veterinary pharmaceuticals. Reach input ranged from net retention (sulfamethazine in August) to 1667 μg/m/d paraxanthine in March. Triclosan had the highest measured mean input into the reach (661 μg/m/d) and sulfamethazine had the lowest mean input (32 μg/m/d). Across measured compounds, input of PPCPs into the reach was two orders of magnitude lower than nitrate-N input (57,000 μg/m/d). Transport metrics indicated acetaminophen and caffeine are transported farther than triclosan though had lower loss velocities (loss relative to abundance). Loss rate of PPCPs was an order of magnitude lower than nitrate-N loss rate. Human PPCPs were more abundant than veterinary pharmaceuticals in this rural watershed influenced by CAFOs. Further, concentrations had significant temporal and spatial variation highlighting differential sources and fates. Thus, mechanisms driving PPCP retention and transport need to be identified to aid management of these emerging contaminants.
Water-quality assessment of the White River basin, Indiana: Analyses of available information on ... more Water-quality assessment of the White River basin, Indiana: Analyses of available information on pesticide, 1972-92. DS Carter, MJ Lydy, CG Crawford USGS, EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER, OPEN-FILE REPORTS ...
Building on both Grid and Web services technologies, the Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)... more Building on both Grid and Web services technologies, the Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) defines mechanisms for creating, managing, and exchanging information among entities called Grid services. Succinctly, a Grid service is a Web service that conforms to a set of conventions (interfaces and behaviors) that define how a client interacts with a Grid service. These conventions, and other OGSI mechanisms associated with Grid service creation and discovery, provide for the controlled,...
The Open Grid Services Infrastructure specification version 1.0 (OGSI), released in July 2003, de... more The Open Grid Services Infrastructure specification version 1.0 (OGSI), released in July 2003, defines a set of conventions and extensions on the use of Web Service Definition Language and XML Schema to enable stateful Web services. It introduces the idea of a stateful Web services and defines approaches for creating, naming, and managing the lifetime of instances of services; for declaring and inspecting service state data; for asynchronous notification of service state change; for representing and managing ...
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Papers by Jeff Frey