Insects

The most important exotic leafhopper pests currently affecting the Italian vineyards are the leafhoppers Scaphoideus titanus, Orientus ishidae and the planthopper Metcalfa pruinosa. Their highest population density is detected in the uncultivated areas with wild grapevines. Should these habitats be considered only a problem or a potential resource for Palearctic entomophagy of these three exotic pests? The aim of this work was to study the biotopes and biocoenosis present in the Piedmontese vineyard agroecosystem, evaluating the parasitization rate and other crucial aspects for a possible application in biological control. Several specimens of egg-parasitoid wasps were obtained from filed-collected two-year-old grapevine canes. The most prevalent one belonged to the Oligosita collina group (Trichogrammatidae) emerged only from M. pruinosa eggs with a parasitization rate of over 40%. The new association is the first report of such a high level of parasitization on the flatid planthop...

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne phlebovirus reported to be circulating in most parts of Africa. Since 2009, RVFV has been suspected of continuously circulating in the Union of Comoros. To estimate the incidence of RVFV antibody acquisition in the Comorian ruminant population, 191 young goats and cattle were selected in six distinct zones and sampled periodically from April 2010 to August 2011. We found an estimated incidence of RVFV antibody acquisition of 17.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): [8.9-26.1]) with a significant difference between islands (8.2% in Grande Comore, 72.3% in Moheli and 5.8% in Anjouan). Simultaneously, a longitudinal entomological survey was conducted and ruminant traderelated information was collected. No RVFV RNA was detected out of the 1,568 blood-sucking caught insects, including three potential vectors of RVFV mosquito species. Our trade survey suggests that there is a continuous flow of live animals from eastern Africa to the Union of Comoros and movements of ruminants between the three Comoro islands. Finally, a cross-sectional study was performed in August 2011 at the end of the follow-up. We found an estimated RVFV antibody prevalence of 19.3% (95% CI: [15.6%-23.0%]). Our findings suggest a complex RVFV epidemiological cycle in the Union of Comoros with probable inter-islands differences in RVFV circulation patterns. Moheli, and potentially Anjouan, appear to be acting as endemic reservoir of infection whereas RVFV persistence in Grande Comore could be correlated with trade in live animals with the eastern coast of Africa. More data are needed to estimate the real impact of the disease on human health and on the national economy. Citation: Roger M, Beral M, Licciardi S, Soulé M, Faharoudine A, et al. (2014) Evidence for Circulation of the Rift Valley Fever Virus among Livestock in the Union of Comoros. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(7): e3045.

#LINK: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232990708 - Nest‐building behaviour was studied in Xylocopa violacea, with particular attention to that exhibited in the construction of each cell, from the formation of the pollen paste to the construction of the diaphragm. Seven inside characteristics of 28 nests excavated in dried Arundo donax canes were determined. The cell length ranged from 14 to 20 mm. The diaphragms separating the cells were 2 mm thick in the middle, and 4–5 mm at the edge. In 37 additional nests, only data on some characteristics were taken: (a) colour of the pollen paste; (b) cane internode used for nesting. X. violacea is univoltine and solitary, and as in all the other Xylocopa species, female average fecundity is very low (7.43 eggs per nest), despite considerable maternal investment. Univoltine Xylocopa species are less fertile than multivoltine Xylocopa species because of the one to three sup plementary generations per year.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236334738
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256457322
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257137913
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263203818
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256485808
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257337087
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256463429
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256526773
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256485795
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257825570
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256697682

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DÖRDÜNCÜ BASKI İÇİN ÖNSÖZ
Sevgili Okurlar,
Birinci baskısı üç yıl önce yapılan “Börtü Böcek İçin Doğa Dostu Öneriler ve Ev Yapımı İlaçlar” isimli kitabım, toplumun değişik kesimlerinden bu yönde arayış içinde olan kişiler tarafından büyük ilgi ile karşılanmıştır. Aradan geçen süre içinde kitapta yer alan öneri ve reçeteler ev bahçelerinde, evlerde ve geniş üretim alanlarında sorun olan etmenler için başarıyla uygulanmıştır.
Bu dönemde karşılaşılan bitki koruma sorunları gerek üreticilerle bir araya geldiğim toplantılarda sözlü olarak, gerekse farklı zamanlarda yazılı olarak tarafıma iletilmiş ve çözümler üretilmiştir. Ayrıca kişisel gözlem ve incelemelerimde edindiğim yeni bilgilerin de eklenmesine gerek duyulmuştur. Bu bilgilerle birlikte önceki baskıda verilenler de gözden geçirilerek genişletilen dördüncü baskı hazırlanmıştır.
Bu baskıda zararlı böceklerin sayısı yirmi ikiden otuza, avcı canlılarınki on beşten yirmi ikiye çıkarılmış, zararlıların yakalanmasında kullanılan tuzaklara sekiz tane yeni tuzak tipi eklenmiş, zararlıları uzaklaştıran bitkilerle ilgili yeni bir bölüme yer verilmiş, önerilen reçetelerin sayısı otuz üçten kırk ikiye çıkarılmış ve fotoğraf sayısı da iki katı oranında arttırılmıştır. Böylece, kitabın genişletilmiş dördüncü baskısı, öncekine göre önemli ölçüde zenginleştirilerek siz değerli okuyuculara sunulmuştur.
Konuyla ilgilenen ve börtü böceğe bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla bakmak isteyen herkese yararlı olması dileğiyle…
Mayıs, 2014
Bornova

KİTABIN BÖLÜMLERİ HAKKINDA
Kitabın birinci bölümünde, bahçelerde ve konutlarda sıklıkla görülebilecek bazı böcek ve diğer hayvansal canlılardan zararlı olan türlerin tanınmaları, yaşayış ve zararları ile bu türlerin yönetimini kolaylaştıracak öneriler yer almıştır. Bu bölümde yer alan zararlılardan yaprakbitleri, yaprakpireleri, beyazsinekler gibi tür çeşitliliği fazla olan canlılarda tür düzeyinde ayrıntıya girilmeyerek genel bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca domates güvesi, palmiye kırmızıböceği ve çam keseböceği gibi dikkati çeken zararlılar da ele alınmıştır. Zararlıların tanınmalarını ve zarar şekillerinin anlaşılırlığını kolaylaştırmak için konuyla ilgili fotoğraflara yer verilmiştir.
İkinci bölümde, yararlı canlıların tanınmaları, yaşayış ve yararlarına değinilerek, özellikle av tüketim kapasitelerine vurgu yapılmıştır. Gerek zararlı, gerekse yararlı canlıların sunulmasında olabildiğince Türkçe karşılıklar verilerek kullanılan dil sadeleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Üçüncü bölümde, zararlıların ve yararlıların yakalanma yöntemleri verilerek, bu yöntemlerden zararlıların yönetiminde ne şekilde yararlanılabileceği açıklanmıştır.
Dördüncü bölümde, bazı zararlıları konukçu bitkilerinden ya da ortamdan uzaklaştıran bazı keskin kokulu bitkilerle ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Bu bölüm sonunda yararlıların tanınmalarını kolaylaştıran fotoğraflarla, zararlıların ve yararlıların yakalanmalarında kullanılan araçların fotoğrafları yer almıştır.
Beşinci bölümde evde hazırlanabilecek doğal ilaç reçeteleri verilerek kullanımında dikkat edilmesi gereken konular açıklanmıştır. Evde hazırlanan doğal ilaçlar genellikle birden fazla zararlıda etkili olduğundan, reçetelere numara verilerek metin içinde geçtiği yerde göndermede bulunulmuştur.
Altıncı bölümde, böcek ve diğer hayvansal canlılar dışında bitkilerde hastalık oluşturan etmenler ve yabancı otlara ilişkin bilgiler ana başlıklar halinde verilmiştir. Ayrıca bitkilerin sağlıklı yetiştirilmesi bakımından uygulanabilecek yeşil gübreleme, örtüleme, kompost oluşturma, solarizasyon gibi bazı ek bilgilere de aynı bölümde yer verilmiştir.
Kitap içinde geçen ve okuyucuya yabancı gelebileceği düşünülen bazı sözcük ve terimlerin anlamı ise Sözlük Bölümünde açıklanmıştır.

Necrophagous insects are important in the decomposition of cadavers. The close association between insects and corpses and the use of insects in medicocriminal investigations is the subject of forensic entomology. The present paper reviews the historical background of this discipline, important postmortem processes, and discusses the scientific basis underlying attempts to determine the time interval since death. Using medical techniques, such as the measurement of body temperature or analysing livor and rigor mortis, time since death can only be accurately measured for the first two or three days after death. In contrast, by calculating the age of immature insect stages feeding on a corpse and analysing the necrophagous species present, postmortem intervals from the first day to several weeks can be estimated. These entomological methods may be hampered by difficulties associated with species identification, but modern DNA techniques are contributing to the rapid and authoritative identification of necrophagous insects. Other uses of entomological data include the toxicological examination of necrophagous larvae from a corpse to identify and estimate drugs and toxicants ingested by the person when alive and the proof of possible postmortem manipulations. Forensic entomology may even help in investigations dealing with people who are alive but in need of care, by revealing information about cases of neglect.

We have examined the development of pigmentdispersing hormone (PDH)-immunoreactive neurons in embryos of the American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837 (Decapoda, Reptantia, Homarida) by using an antiserum against β-PDH. This peptide is detectable in the terminal medulla of the eyestalks and the protocerebrum where PDH immunoreactivity is present as early as 20% of embryonic development. During ontogenesis, an elaborate system of PDH-immunoreactive neurons and fibres develops in the eyestalks and the protocerebrum, whereas less labelling is present in the deuto-and tritocerebrum and the ventral nerve cord. The sinus gland is innervated by PDH neurites at hatching. This pattern of PDH immunoreactivity has been compared with that found in various insect species. Neurons immunoreactive to pigment-dispersing factor in the medulla have been shown to be a central component of the system that generates the circadian rhythm in insects. Our results indicate that, in view of the position of the neuronal somata and projection patterns of their neurites, the immunolabelled medulla neurons in insects have homologous counterparts in the crustacean eyestalk. Since locomotory and other activities in crustaceans follow distinct circadian rhythms comparable with those observed in insects, we suggest that PDHimmunoreactive medulla neurons in crustaceans are involved in the generation of these rhythms.

The accumulation of high levels of low-molecular-weight solutes (polyhydric alcohols, saccharides) provides cryoprotection to freeze-tolerant animals by minimizing, via colligative effects, the percentage of body water converted to extracellular ice and the extent of cell volume reduction. Many freeze-tolerant insects accumulate high levels of polyols during autumn cold hardening, whereas freeze-tolerant frogs respond to ice formation in peripheral tissues by synthesizing large amounts of glucose in the liver and rapidly distributing the sugar throughout the body. Seasonal patterns of enzymatic change occur in cold-hardy insects; activities associated with cryoprotectant synthesis rise in the fall, whereas enzymes associated with polyol degradation dominate in the spring. Enzyme profiles also revealed the route of glycerol degradation via polyol dehydrogenase and the novel enzyme, glyceraldehyde kinase. Proton magnetic resonance imaging of freezing and thawing in whole frogs showed a new adaptive effect of the very high glucose levels in core organs; during thawing, organs such as liver and heart melted first, allowing recovery of their vital functions to begin while the rest of the frog thawed. New studies have examined signal transduction in the stimulation of glucose production by wood frog liver, revealing the key role of β-adrenergic receptors and cAMP-mediated activation of glycogenolysis for cryoprotectant synthesis. The seasonal elevation of plasma membrane glucose transporters was also shown to be key to cryoprotectant distribution during freezing. Other new work has shown that frog freeze tolerance probably grew out of preexisting mechanisms of amphibian dehydration tolerance and that both freeze-tolerant and -intolerant frogs show a hyperglycemic response to desiccation at 5°C. comp biochem physiol 117A;3: 319-326, 1997. © 1997 proline is typically one of the major intracellular free amino tawa, Canada K1S 5B5. Tel. (613) 520-3678; Fax (613) 520-4389; e-mail acids in euryhaline marine invertebrates and one whose kbstorey@ccs.carleton.ca.

CH 2 Cl 2 and MeOH extracts of 15 Argentine plants used locally as insecticides, were evaluated for their insecticidal activity. Chenopodium multifidum L. (Chenopodiaceae); Fla6eria bidentis (L.) O.K. (Compositae); Aristolochia argentina Gris. (Aristolochiaceae) and Tagetes erecta L. (Compositae) showed a significant activity against Sitophilus oryzae.

Melanisation is an important immune response in many invertebrates. Recent evidence also strongly implies that the melanisation (prophenoloxidase activating) cascade is intimately associated with the appearance of factors stimulating cellular defence by aiding phagocytosis and encapsulation reactions. However, some controversy exists in the field, and at least in flies and mosquitoes, the successful combat of some pathogens does not seem to be dependent on phenoloxidase activity. This may be because of redundancy among separate immune mechanisms, inappropriate testing, species differences or a combination thereof. Recently, by using RNA interference against phenoloxidase or in specific hostpathogen interactions where the pathogen prevents melanin production by the host, convincing data have confirmed the importance of this cascade in invertebrate innate immunity.

In entomology, improvement of molecular methods would be beneficial tools for accurate identification and detecting the genetic diversity of insect species to discover a corroborative evidence for the traditional classification based on morphology. The aim of this study was focused on RAPD-PCR method for distinguishing the genetic diversity between eight species of Chrysopidae family. In current research, many specimens were collected in different locations of Tehran province (Iran), between them 24 specimens were identified. The wing venation, male genitalia and other morphological characters were used for identification and also the sexing of species was recognized with study of external genitalia. Then, the DNA was extracted with CTAB method. The RAPD-PCR method was carried out with twenty random primers. The agarose gel electrophoresis was used for separation of the PCR products. Based on electrophoresis results, 133 bands were amplified and between them, 126 bands were poly-morph and others were mono-morph. Also, among the applied primers, the primers OPA02 with 19 bands and OPA03 with 8 bands were amplified the maximum and minimum of bands, respectively. The results showed that 80.35 and 73.21 % of genetic similarity existed between Chrysopa pallens-Chrysopa dubitans, and between the Chrysoperla kolthoffi and Chrysoperla carnea, respectively. The minimum (45.53 %) of genetic similarity was observed between C. kolthoffi and C. dubitans, and the maximum (0.80 %) was seen between C. pallens and C. dubitans.

Adhesive organs like arolia of insects allow these animals to climb on different substrates by creating high adhesion forces. According to the Dahlquist criterion, adhesive organs must be very soft, exhibiting an effective Young's modulus of below 100 kPa to adhere well to substrates. Such a low effective Young's modulus allows the adhesive organs to make almost direct contact with the substrate and results in van der Waals forces along with capillary forces. In previous studies, the effective Young's moduli of adhesive organs were determined using indentation tests, revealing their structure to be very soft. However, adhesive organs show a layered structure, thus the measured values comprise the effective Young's moduli of several layers of the adhesive organs. In this study, a new approach is illustrated to measure the Young's modulus of the outermost layer of the arolium, i.e. of the epicuticle, of the stick insect Carausius morosus. As a result of the epicuti...

Adhesive silks spun by aquatic caddisfly (order Trichoptera) larvae are used to build both intricate protective shelters and food harvesting nets underwater. In this study, we use 13 C and 31 P solid-state NMR and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) as tools to elucidate molecular protein structure of caddisfly larval silk from the species Hesperophylax consimilis. Caddisfly larval silk is a fibroin protein based biopolymer containing mostly repetitive amino acid motifs. NMR and X-ray results provide strong supporting evidence for a structural model in which phosphorylated serine repeats (pSX) 4 complex with divalent cations Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ to form rigid nanocrystalline β-sheet structures in caddisfly silk. 13 C NMR data suggests that both phosphorylated serine and neighboring valine residues exist in a β-sheet conformation while glycine and leucine residues common in GGX repeats likely reside in random coil conformations. Additionally, 31 P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) analysis indicates that the phosphates on phosphoserine residues are doubly ionized, and are charge-stabilized by divalent cations. Positively charged arginine side chains also likely play a role in charge stabilization. Finally, WAXD results finds that the silk is at least 7−8% crystalline, with β-sheet interplane spacings of 3.7 and 4.5 Å.

Simple Summary In recent decades, climate change and the international fruit trade have favored the movement of allochthonous species such as harmful insects into new geographic areas. The settlement of phytophagous insects and vectors in new areas, where potential predators are often lacking, has increased the use of chemical insecticides for their control. The intensive use of these substances represents a serious problem for ecosystems and human health; a possible alternative to chemical control is biological control, i.e., the use of biological insecticides that are compatible with the environment. The aim of our work was to further improve biological control methods for the management of the dipteran Spotted Wing Drosophila, an insect recently introduced in America and Europe, which can damage thin-skinned fruit crops. The methodologies applied are based on the combined use of different entomopathogens, i.e., bacteria, fungi, nematodes, etc., harmful for insects, with the purpo...

A thorough understanding of microbial communities in the gut of lower termites is needed to develop target-specific and environmentally benign wood protection systems. In this study, the bacterial community from Reticulitermes virginicus was examined by Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) spanning the V3 and V4 regions. Prior to library preparation, the termites were subjected to five treatments over an 18-day period: three groups were fed on wood treated with 0.5% chitosan, 25% acetic acid, or water, the fourth group was taken directly from the original collection log, and the fifth group was starved. Metagenomic sequences were analyzed using QIIME 2 to understand the treatments’ effects on the dynamics of the gut bacteria. Four dominant phyla were detected: Bacteroidetes (34.4% of reads), Firmicutes (20.6%), Elusimicrobia (15.7%), and Proteobacteria (12.9%). A significant effect of chitosan treatment was observed in two phyla; Firmicutes abundance was significantly low...

The extensive use of chemical insecticides for insect pest management has resulted in insecticide resistance now being recorded in >500 species of insects and mites. Although gut-active toxins such as those derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been successfully used for insect pest management, a diverse range of insectspecific insecticidal peptides remains an untapped resource for pest management efforts. These toxins act within the insect hemocoel (body cavity) and hence require a delivery system to access their target site. Here, we summarize recent developments for appropriate delivery of such intrahemocoelic insect toxins, via fusion to a second protein such as a plant lectin or a luteovirus coat protein for transcytosis across the gut epithelium, or via entomopathogenic fungi.

1. Predicting population dynamics at large spatial scales requires integrating information about spatial distribution patterns, inter-patch movement rates and within-patch processes. Advective dispersal of aquatic species by water movement is considered paramount to understanding their population dynamics. Rivers are model advective systems, and the larvae of baetid mayflies are considered quintessential dispersers. Egg laying of baetids along channels is patchy and reflects the distribution of oviposition sites, but larvae are assumed to drift frequently and far, thereby erasing patterns created during oviposition. Dispersal kernels are often overestimated, however, and empirical tests of such assumptions are warranted because of the pivotal role distribution patterns can have on populations. 2. We tested empirically whether the egg distribution patterns arising from oviposition behaviours persisted and were reflected in the distribution patterns of larval Baetis rhodani. In field surveys, we tested for associations between egg mass and larval densities over 1 km lengths of four streams. A control species, the mayfly Ephemerella ignita, was employed to test for covarying environmental factors. We estimated drift rates directly to test whether larvae dispersed between riffles (patches of high egg mass density) and whether drift rates were density-dependent or density-relatedexpected outcomes if drift erases patterns established by maternal behaviours. 3. Positive associations between egg masses and larval benthic densities were found for neonate and mid-stage larvae of Baetis, but not the control species, suggesting persistence of the patchy distribution patterns established at oviposition. Drift rates were high, and riffles were net exporters of neonate and mid-stage larvae, but drift rates were unrelated to benthic densities and few drifters reached the next riffle. Riffles were sinks for large larvae, suggesting ontogenetic shifts in habitat use, but little long-distance dispersal. 4. Overall, the results suggest that most neonate and mid-stage larvae of B. rhodani remain close to the natal riffle, and late-stage larvae disperse shorter distances than routinely assumed. The persistence of maternal effects on distribution patterns well into juvenile life of an allegedly iconic disperser suggests that traditional models of how dispersal influences the population dynamics of many lotic invertebrates may be incorrect.

The effect of Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis on the green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) was studied by using a holistic approach which consisted of independent, complementary experimental strategies. Tritrophic experiments were performed, in which lacewing larvae were fed Helicoverpa armigera larvae reared on Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, or Cry2Ab toxins. In complementary experiments, a predetermined amount of purified Cry1Ac was directly fed to lacewing larvae. In both experiments no effects on prey utilization or fitness parameters were found. Since binding to the midgut is an indispensable step for toxicity of Cry proteins to known target insects, we hypothesized that specific binding of the Cry1A proteins should be found if the proteins were toxic to the green lacewing. In control experiments, Cry1Ac was detected bound to the midgut epithelium of intoxicated H. armigera larvae, and cell damage was observed. However, no binding or histopathological effects of the toxin were found in tissue sections of lacewing larvae. Similarly, Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac bound in a specific manner to brush border membrane vesicles from Spodoptera exigua but not to similar fractions from green lacewing larvae. The in vivo and in vitro binding results strongly suggest that the lacewing larval midgut lacks specific receptors for Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac. These results agree with those obtained in bioassays, and we concluded that the Cry toxins tested, even at concentrations higher than those expected in real-life situations, do not have a detrimental effect on the green lacewing when they are ingested either directly or through the prey.

Abbreviations: atp6 and atp8, genes for ATP synthase subunits 6 and 8; cox1-3, genes for subunits I-III of cytochrome c oxidase; cob, gene for cytochrome b; nad1-6 and nad4L, genes for subunits 1-6 and 4L of NADH dehydrogenase; rrnL and rrnS, genes for the samll and large subunits of ribosomal RNA; trnX, genes encoding for transfer RNA molecules with corresponding amino acids denotaed by the one-letter code and anticodon indicated in parentheses (xxx) when necessary; tRNA-X, transfer RNA molecules with corresponding amino acids denoted with a one-letter code; bp, base pair; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; PCR, Polymerace Chain Reaction;

Recent research in microbe-insect symbiosis has shown that acetic acid bacteria (AAB) establish symbiotic relationships with several insects of the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Homoptera, all relying on sugar-based diets, such as nectars, fruit sugars, or phloem sap. To date, the fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae, mosquitoes of the genera Anopheles and Aedes, the honey bee Apis mellifera, the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus, and the mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari have been found to be associated with the bacterial genera Acetobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, Asaia, and Saccharibacter and the novel genus Commensalibacter. AAB establish symbiotic associations with the insect midgut, a niche characterized by the availability of diet-derived carbohydrates and oxygen and by an acidic pH, selective factors that support AAB growth. AAB have been shown to actively colonize different insect tissues and organs, such as the epithelia of male and female reproductive organs, the Malpighian tubules, and the salivary glands. This complex topology of the symbiosis indicates that AAB possess the keys for passing through body barriers, allowing them to migrate to different organs of the host. Recently, AAB involvement in the regulation of innate immune system homeostasis of Drosophila has been shown, indicating a functional role in host survival. All of these lines of evidence indicate that AAB can play different roles in insect biology, not being restricted to the feeding habit of the host. The close association of AAB and their insect hosts has been confirmed by the demonstration of multiple modes of transmission between individuals and to their progeny that include vertical and horizontal transmission routes, comprising a venereal one. Taken together, the data indicate that AAB represent novel secondary symbionts of insects.

J. M. Delaney and R. M. Wilkins. Toxicity of microcystin-LR, isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, against various insect species. Toxicon 33, 771-778, 1995.-Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), isolated from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetzing emend. Elenkin strain CCAP 1450/4 was tested for biological activity against four species of insect and the invertebrate Artemia salina. The efficacy of pesticidal activity was compared with various insecticides. The 24 hr LD,, value for third instar diamond-backed moth, Plutella xylostella, on ingestion from a treated leaf surface was 1 .O pg cm', compared with a 72 hr LD,, value for rotenone of 2..0 pg cm-*. The 24 hr LD, values of MC-LR and malathion on intrathoracic injection into adult house flies (Musca domestica) were 0.5 and 3.7 mg kg-l, respectively. MC-LR had no effect on M. domestica when applied topically at dosages up to 32 mg kg-'. MC-LR and malathion gave 24 hr LD, values of 4.7 and 13.1 mg kg-', respectively when injected into third instar cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). In fourth instar cabbage white butterfly larvae (Pieris brassicae) MC-LR injected gave 24 and 48 hr ~a,,, values of 3.9 and 1.9 mg kg-', respectively, whilst the 24 and 48 hr LD~ values for carbofuran were 0.4 and 0.3 mg kg-', respectively. An immersion bioassay with l-day-old brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina) gave 24 hr LD,, values of 3.8 pgml-' for MC-LR and 1.8 pgrnl-' for carbofuran. MC-LR has appreciable insect toxicity, comparable to the three insecticides tested. The toxin look 24-48 hr to exert its full lethal effect in insects, much longer than the l-3 hr it takes in mammals. The potential use of MC-LR as an insecticide is discussed.

Successful defense depends on the ability of the plant to recognize an attacking 'enemy' as early as possible. Early defense responses require enemy-initiated signaling cascades. Their activation ensures an induced response that is quantitative, timely and coordinated with other activities of the host cells. Damage-induced ion imbalances and modulations of channel activities are the first events occurring in the plasma membrane and result in rapid perturbations of the plasma membrane potential (V m ) involving variations of cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations. Interacting downstream networks of kinases and phytohormones mediate the signal and result in concerted gene activation. Here we review and discuss early events occurring before herbivore attack-related gene expression that are responsible for cascades of events and signal transductions, eventually leading to indirect and direct plant responses.

Many of the simple mathematical models currently in use often fail to capture important biological factors. Here we extend current models of insect-pathogen interactions to include seasonality in the birth rate. In particular, we consider the SIR model with self-regulation when applied to specific cases-rabbit haemorrhagic disease and fox rabies. In this paper, we briefly summarize the results of the model with a constant time-independent birth rate, a, which we then replace with the time dependent birth rate a(t), to investigate how this effects the dynamics of the host population. We can split parameter space into an area in which the model without seasonality has no oscillations, in which case a simple averaging rule predicts the behaviour. Alternatively, in the area where oscillations to the equilibrium do occur in the non-seasonal model, disease persistence is more complicated and we get more complex dynamical behaviour in this case. We apply resonance techniques to discover the structure of the subharmonic modes of the SIR model with self-regulation. We then look at whether many biological systems are likely to display these ''resonant'' dynamics and find that we would expect them to be widespread.

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus, is a ubiquitous pest of the honeybee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, and Apis cerana Fabricius. The greater wax moth larvae burrow into the edge of unsealed cells with pollen, bee brood, and honey through to the midrib of honeybee comb. Burrowing larvae leave behind masses of webs which causes galleriasis and later absconding of colonies. The damage caused by G. mellonella larvae is severe in tropical and subtropical regions, and is believed to be one of the contributing factors to the decline in both feral and wild honeybee populations. Previously, the pest was considered a nuisance in honeybee colonies, therefore, most studies have focused on the pest as a model for in vivo studies of toxicology and pathogenicity. It is currently widespread, especially in Africa, and the potential of transmitting honeybee viruses has raised legitimate concern, thus, there is need for more studies to find sustainable integrated management strategies. However, our knowledge of this pest is limited. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the biology, distribution, economic damage, and management options. In addition, we provide prospects that need consideration for better understanding and management of the pest.

The filoviruses, Ebola virus and Marburg virus, cause severe hemorrhagic fever with up to 90% human mortality. Virus-like particles of EBOV (eVLPs) and MARV (mVLPs) are attractive vaccine candidates. For the development of stable vaccines, the conformational stability of these two enveloped VLPs produced in insect cells was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques over a wide pH and temperature range. Temperature-induced aggregation of the VLPs at various pH values was monitored by light scattering. Temperature/pH empirical phase diagrams (EPDs) of the two VLPs were constructed to summarize the large volume of data generated. The EPDs show that both VLPs lose their conformational integrity above about 50 • C-60 • C, depending on solution pH. The VLPs were maximally thermal stable in solution at pH 7-8, with a significant reduction in stability at pH 5 and 6. They were much less stable in solution at pH 3-4 due to increased susceptibility of the VLPs to aggregation. The characterization data and conformational stability profiles from these studies provide a basis for selection of optimized solution conditions for further vaccine formulation and long-term stability studies of eVLPs and mVLPs.

Des dépôts alluviaux datant du Tardiglaciaire et du début de l'Holocène ont été découverts dans la plaine du Caudeau, petit affluent de la Dordogne, à La Brunetière sur la commune de Pombonne (Dordogne) à l'occasion de travaux d'archéologie préventive. Leur analyse permet de renouveler nos connaissances sur l'évolution des cours d'eau en Aquitaine pendant cette période charnière. Ils montrent en particulier que les principales phases de métamorphose alluviale décrites dans le nord de l'Europe se sont également produites dans cette région de manière à peu près synchrone, pour autant que l'on puisse en juger d'après les dates disponibles. Deux phases majeures d'incision aux dépens de la nappe alluviale à galets pléniglaciaire sont identifiables. La première intervient pendant une phase très précoce du Bølling, soit avant 12 700 ± 45 BP, dans un environnement steppique. L'abandon rapide du chenal, associé à du soutirage karstique, permet ensuite l'installation d'un petit lac colmaté par des argiles avec quelques intercalations tourbeuses riches en macrorestes végétaux (bouleau nain, saule). L'image de la végétation donnée aussi bien par les pollens que par la faune de mollusques et d'insectes est celle d'une steppe encore très ouverte à armoise et genévriers, alors que les paléotempératures estivales indiquées par les insectes sont déjà proches de celles connues actuellement dans la région. Des paléotempératures hivernales sensiblement plus froides que les actuelles (-20 à 5°C) renvoient cependant l'image d'un climat à caractère plus continental. Les dépôts lacustres sont ensuite recouverts par une couche de sables d'inondation attribués au Dryas moyen et/ou récent. L'assèchement du chenal et le développement d'un sol hydromorphe pourrait correspondre respectivement soit à l'Allerød, soit au tout début de l'Holocène. La seconde phase d'incision est attribuée au Préboréal et tronque la séquence tardiglaciaire ; elle est associée à un style alluvial à chenaux anastomosés. L'abandon de la majorité des chenaux pendant le Boréal marque la réduction du lit à un chenal unique sinueux, comparable à celui qui caractérise le Caudeau actuel. Une industrie lithique de type Magdalénien supérieur a également été découverte sur la berge du chenal tardiglaciaire. L'industrie recueillie est exclusivement taillée dans le silex local maestrichtien. Elle comprend environ 200 éclats et 800 petits restes de taille, pour seulement 15 lames de plein débitage et 6 outils (sans aucun microlithe). L'utilisation exclusive d'un percuteur minéral tendre, la morphologie du nucléus laminaire, la rectitude des petites lames, les 2 lames appointées sont autant de caractères qui évoquent le stade ultime du Magdalénien supérieur, tel qu'il est connu plus en amont le long de la Dordogne sur les sites de la Gare de Couze et du Moulin du Roc.

Experiments were carried out to test the performance and some aspects of feeding behavior in two populations of Ceratitis capitata (a population reared in the laboratory for 16 years, i.e., approximately 160 generations, and a wild one obtained from infested coffee, Coffea arabica grains). Two types of food were used in the experiment: an artificial yeast diet used for laboratory rearing and papaya (Carica papaya), a natural host of the fly. The performance parameters tested were percent emergence, time to emergence, adult female size, and egg production during the pre-oviposition phase (first five days of adult life). The behavioral aspects tested were food preference by newly hatched larvae, induction, estimated ingestion of the two diets, whether the larvae placed on one diet stayed there or moved to the other diet, and acceptance of food for oviposition. The results indicated that the performance of the wild population was superior when the flies fed on papaya, whereas the performance of the laboratory population was similar with the two diets; the wild population showed a strong preference for papaya in all choice experiments, whereas the laboratory population showed no diet preference; the females of the wild population only oviposited on pieces of papaya that had not been peeled, and did not oviposit in the artificial diet; the females of the laboratory population oviposited indiscriminately on unpeeled and peeled papaya and on the artificial diet.

Twelve new derivatives of bisamides [piriferinol (5), edulimide ], lignans [lariciresinol acetat (10)], triterpenes [4-bis-norcycloartane-type triterpenes (11a, 12a+b, 13a+b)], cyclopenta[b]benzofurans [pannellin (15), pannellin 1-O-acetate (16), 3′-methoxypannellin (17)], and an aromatic butyrolactone [aglalactone (18)] were isolated and identified from lipophilic leaf, stem, and root extracts of Aglaia spp. elaeagnoidea, edulis, grandis, silvestris, and tomentosa. Two cyclopenta[b]benzofurans (flavaglines), pannellin (15) and pannellin 1-O-acetate (16), displayed very strong insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littoralis and Lymantria dispar, comparable with the activity of azadirachtin.

Tài liệu nghiên cứu về mối gây hại | Công ty Hoa Lâm Ngày nay tại các thành phố lớn tại việt nam, mối là một loài gây hại lớn và gây thiệt hại khá nghiêm trọng đến công trình xây dựng, nhà ở, xí nghiệp….. vì thế trong tài liệu này, Công ty TNHH TMDV diệt mối Hoa Lâm xin được đưa ra các nghiên cứu về loài mối và tác hại của chúng đối với chúng ta từ đó đưa ra biện pháp xử lý, phòng trừ, diệt mối hợp lý Loài mối là nhóm côn trùng đã và đang được rất nhiều nhà khoa học trên thê giới nghiên cứu bởi những thiệt hại do chúng gây ra cho các công trình rất đáng quan ngai, gây ảnh hưởng lớn đến chất lượng công trình xây dựng. Mối được gọi là một nhóm côn trùng xã hội Nhờ vào sự phân hóa chức năng, loài mối phân hóa thành nhiều chủng loại khác nhau về hình dạn và cấu tạo của cơ thể. Mỗi một tổ mối được xem là một đơn vị sống hoặc một xã hội riêng biệt. Tùy vào mỗi loài mà một tổ mối có thể có vài trăm con, có khi lên đến vài chục triệu con mối. Theo khoa học giám định, trên thế giới có đến 27.000 loài mối, và riêng tại Việt Nam có khoảng 80 loài mối. Mỗi loài mối có sự khác nhau về hình thái, số lượng cá thể, cấu trúc xây dựng tổ,…nhưng đều có điểm chung là tất cả các loài mối đều sống theo bầy đàn và có phân chia nhiệm vụ rõ ràng.

A recent study sheds new light on the visual cues used by Drosophila to regulate flight altitude. The striking similarity with previously identified steering mechanisms provides a coherent basis for novel models of vision-based flight control in insects and robots.

Recombinant fusion protein technology allows specific insecticidal protein and peptide toxins to display activity in orally-delivered biopesticides. The spider venom peptide d-amaurobitoxin-PI1a, which targets insect voltage-gated sodium channels, was fused to the "carrier" snowdrop lectin (GNA) to confer oral toxicity.

Ninety four corn inbred lines selected from International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) in Mexico were evaluated for levels of silk maysin in 2001 and 2002. Damage by major ear-feeding insects [i.e., corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say); southern green stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)], and common smut [Ustilago maydis DC (Corda)] infection on these inbred lines were evaluated in 2005 and 2006 under subtropical conditions at Tifton, GA. Ten inbred lines possessing good agronomic traits were also resistant to the corn earworm. The correlation between ear-feeding insect damage or smut infection and three phenotypic traits (silk maysin level, husk extension, and husk tightness of corn ears) was also examined. Corn earworm and stink bug damage was negatively correlated to husk extension, but not to either silk maysin levels or husk tightness. In combination with the best agronomic trait ratings that show the least corn earworm and stink bug damage, lowest smut infection rate, and good insect-resistant phenotypic traits (i.e., high maysin and good husk coverage and husk tightness), 10 best inbred lines (CML90, CML92, CML94, CML99, CML104, CML108, CML114, CML128, CML137, and CML373) were identiÞed from the 94 lines examined. These selected inbred lines will be used for further examination of their resistance mechanisms and development of new corn germplasm that confers multiple ear-colonizing pest resistance.