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Leif Woidtke

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Phone: +49 35891 46-2817
Address: Hochschule der Sächsischen Polizei (FH)
Abt. 2 Studium/Forschung
Studienbereich 5 Einsatzmanagement/Führungswissenschaften

Friedensstraße 120
02929 Rothenburg/O.L.

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Flinders University of South Australia

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Papers by Leif Woidtke

Response to the comment on our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” (Woidtke et al., 2018)

Forensic Science International, 2021

Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing

Forensic Science International, 2018

Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal invest... more Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal investigations and in searching for missing persons. Still, it is unclear which components of human scent released into the environment contribute to successful searches of individuals. In this study, saliva and axillary sweat samples were taken from a total of 190 people. Additionally, DNA was extracted from whole blood of seven different people and used as an odour sample as well. Overall 675 tests (trails) were performed during a period of 18 months. The ability to track individuals with the odour samples mentioned above was examined with seven dogs, four of which were specially-trained dogs (mantrailer) from the Saxony Police. Results indicated that specially-trained police dogs can track a person with an average success rate of 82% and correctly identify the absence of an odour track with an average success rate of 97% under various conditions. Private rescue dogs were less successful with an average success rate of 65% and 75% respectively. These data suggest that the potential error rate of a well-trained handler team is low and can be a useful tool for law enforcement personnel. Saliva, as a reference odour source, was found to be particularly suitable for the search. The results of the study suggest that the components contained in axillary sweat, saliva and DNA extracted from whole blood are sufficient, serving as a key stimulus for individualized searches.

Commentary on “Mantrailing as evidence in court?” Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep., 3 (2021), 100204

Forensic Science International: Reports, Jul 1, 2023

Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a sc... more Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a scientifically based explanation for mantrailing [1]. In this context, he also discuss the use of the results of mantrailing operations as evidence in court. However, some additions to Goss&#39;s comments about known studies and, by inference, aspects of using the results of mantrailing operations in criminal proceedings are appropriate.

The use of mantrailing dogs in police and judicial context, future directions, limits and possibilitiesa review

by Leif Woidtke, Udo Gansloßer, and F. Crispino

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2022

Note to our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” [ ]

Forensic Science International, Aug 1, 2020

The use of mantrailing dogs in police and judicial context, future directions, limits and possibilities – A law review

by Leif Woidtke and Udo Gansloßer

Forensic Science International: Synergy, Oct 4, 2023

The extraordinary capabilities of the canine nose are increasingly being used by law enforcement ... more The extraordinary capabilities of the canine nose are increasingly being used by law enforcement agencies in many countries to solve and reconstruct crimes. As a result, this type of forensic evidence can be and is still being challenged in the courts. So far, only a few publications have addressed the jurisprudence concerning mantrailing. We provide an overview of the jurisprudence in Germany and the USA, as well as insights from France. Relevant databases were searched, and 201 verdicts from Germany and 801 verdicts from the USA were analyzed. As a result, 16 published verdicts on the topic of mantrailing were found for Germany, and 44 verdicts since 2010 were found for the USA. The use of mantrailers and human scent discrimination dogs is employed in the investigative process in all three countries. The results derived from these methods are admissible as evidence in court, albeit not as sole evidence.

Commentary on “Mantrailing as evidence in court?” Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep., 3 (2021), 100204

Forensic Science International: Reports, 2023

Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a sc... more Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a scientifically based explanation for mantrailing [1]. In this context, he also discuss the use of the results of mantrailing operations as evidence in court. However, some additions to Goss's comments about known studies and, by inference, aspects of using the results of mantrailing operations in criminal proceedings are appropriate.

Woidtke Commentary on Mantrailing as evidence in court

Commentary on “Mantrailing as evidence in court?” Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep., 3 (2021), 100204, 2023

Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a sc... more Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a scientifically based explanation for mantrailing [1]. In this context, he also discuss the use of the results of mantrailing operations as evidence in court. However, some additions to Goss's comments about known studies and, by inference, aspects of using the results of mantrailing operations in criminal proceedings are appropriate.

Mantrailing, findings from science and jurisprudence - implications for casework Mantrailing, Erkenntnisse aus Wissenschaft und Rechtsprechung – Implikationen für die Fallarbeit

der kriminalist, 2022

In the meantime, 13 years have passed since the topic of mantrailing was first addressed in the m... more In the meantime, 13 years have passed since the topic of mantrailing was first addressed in the magazine "der kriminalist". In the 4/2009 issue, human scent was described as a valuable trace for identifying perpetrators, but it was also pointed out that dogs are currently the only "devices" for making this trace perceptible to the investigator. In the same issue, another article describes the possibilities and limitations of using mantrailers for searching missing persons and law enforcement. A follow-up article in 2011 describes the use of mantrailers on the basis of concrete cases. That was a decade ago. In the meantime, almost all state police forces deploying mantrailers. However, it is no secret that there are different opinions within the service dog sector regarding the performance spectrum of mantrailers. Interestingly, this debate is not found among the "users". The applying practitioners, namely the investigating criminal police officers, are grateful for any investigative support. Against this background, the current state of knowledge on relevant issues regarding the use of mantrailers will be presented below.

Mittlerweile sind 13 Jahre vergangen, seit das Thema Mantrailing erstmals in der Zeitschrift "der kriminalist" aufgegriffen wurde. In der Ausgabe 4/2009 wurde der menschliche Geruch als wertvolle Spur zur Identifizierung von Tätern beschrieben, aber auch darauf hingewiesen, dass Hunde derzeit die einzigen "Hilfsmittel" sind, um diese Spur für den Ermittler wahrnehmbar zu machen. In der gleichen Ausgabe werden in einem weiteren Artikel die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes von Mantrailern bei der Suche nach vermissten Personen und bei der Strafverfolgung beschrieben. Ein Folgeartikel aus dem Jahr 2011 beschreibt den Einsatz von Mantrailern anhand von konkreten Fällen. Das war vor einem Jahrzehnt. Inzwischen setzen fast alle Landespolizeien Mantrailer ein. Es ist jedoch kein Geheimnis, dass es innerhalb der Diensthundewelt unterschiedliche Meinungen über das Leistungsspektrum von Mantrailern gibt. Interessanterweise findet sich diese Debatte nicht bei den "Anwendern". Die anwendenden Praktiker, nämlich die ermittelnden Kriminalpolizisten, sind dankbar für jede Ermittlungshilfe. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Folgenden der aktuelle Wissensstand zu relevanten Fragen des Einsatzes von Mantrailern (mit Fokus auf Deutschland) dargestellt.

Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing

Forensic science international, 2018

Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal invest... more Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal investigations and in searching for missing persons. Still, it is unclear which components of human scent released into the environment contribute to successful searches of individuals. In this study, saliva and axillary sweat samples were taken from a total of 190 people. Additionally, DNA was extracted from whole blood of seven different people and used as an odour sample as well. Overall 675 tests (trails) were performed during a period of 18 months. The ability to track individuals with the odour samples mentioned above was examined with seven dogs, four of which were specially-trained dogs (mantrailer) from the Saxony Police. Results indicated that specially-trained police dogs can track a person with an average success rate of 82% and correctly identify the absence of an odour track with an average success rate of 97% under various conditions. Private rescue dogs were less successful wit...

Response to the comment on our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” (Woidtke et al., 2018)

Forensic Science International

Note to our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” (Woidtke et al., 2018)

Forensic Science International

Scent lineups compared across eleven countries: looking for the future of a controversial forensic technique

by Leif Woidtke and John Ensminger

Forensic Science International

Scent lineups compared across eleven countries: looking for the future of a controversial forensic technique

Forensic Science International

Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing

Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal invest... more Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal investigations and in searching for missing
persons. Still, it is unclear which components of human scent released
into the environment contribute to successful searches of individuals. In
this study, saliva and axillary sweat samples were taken from a total of
190 people. Addi-tionally, DNA was extracted from whole blood of seven
different people and used as an odour sample as well. Overall 675 tests
(trails) were performed during a period of 18 months.
The ability to track individuals with the odour samples mentioned above
was examined with seven dogs, four of which were specially-trained Dogs (mantrailer) from the Saxony Police. Results indicated that speciallytrained police dogs can track a person with an average success rate of 82% and correctly identify the absence of an odour track with an average success rate of 97% under various conditions. Private rescue dogs were less successful with an average success rate of 65% and 75% respectively.
These data suggest that the potential error rate of a well-trained handler team is low and can be a useful tool for law enforcement personnel. Saliva, as a reference odour source, was found to be particularly suitable for the search. The results of the study suggest that the components contained in axillary sweat, saliva and DNA extracted
from whole blood are sufficient, serving as a key stimulus for individualized searches.

MANTRAILING AT THE POLICE OF SAXONY

Mantrailing is a new kind of searching, performed by canines. It is based on the assumption that ... more Mantrailing is a new kind of searching, performed by canines. It is based on the assumption that dogs perceive an unique odour image from every single person. This assumption has developed out of varied practical experiences. More specifically, mantrailing is the search for, and track of, the individual odour of humans by specially trained canines. The purpose is to locate and indicate the sought person. The concept " trailing " has to be distinguished by the concept " tracking ". In the strict sense of the term tracking the dog should follow footstep to footstep. The trailing dog is oriented to the rafts of scent which may have fallen to ground along the person's route. The distribution of this rafts is influenced by environmental conditions, such as wind, so that these also can be in a certain distance of the footprint. This allows the trailing canine to move from the actual step to an outer region of rafts and back again.[1] The canine that is trained to search and trail the unique odour image of human is called " mantrailer " .

Books by Leif Woidtke

2016 Woidtke Mantrailing Fakten und Fiktionen.pdf

Was ist Mantrailing? Mit dem Begriff Mantrailing wird eine spezielle Sucharbeit von Hunden nach ... more Was ist Mantrailing? Mit dem Begriff Mantrailing wird eine spezielle Sucharbeit von Hunden nach Personen bezeichnet. Dabei beruht Man-trailing auf der aus vielfältiger Praxiserfahrung gewonnenen Annahme, dass jeder Mensch ein einmaliges Geruchsbild für den Hund darstellt. Ausgehend von Erkenntissen über den menschlichen Individualgeruch erfolgt eine Sach-standsdarstellung zu Fähigkeiten von Hunden bei der Suche nach Personen und der Geruchsdifferenzierung. Im Weiteren wird auf die Integration des Mantrai-lings in das Diensthundewesen der sächsischen Polizei fokussiert. Ergänzende Ausführungen geben einen Überblick über mögliche Rechtsgrundlagen zum Einsatz der Hunde. Anhand von Praxisbeispielen wird die diesbezügliche Recht-sprechung in Deutschland dargestellt. Schließlich werden einsatzrelevante Fra-gen, wie z. B. bis zu welchem Alter eine Spur verfolgt werden kann, anhand des wissenschaftlichen Sachstandes untersucht. Mit diesem Band Nr. 83 legt die Hochschule der Sächsischen Polizei (FH) im Rahmen ihrer polizeiwissenschaftlichen Schriftenreihe „Rothenburger Beiträge“ erstmals eine wissenschaftliche Betrachtung im Sachzusammenhang mit dem Diensthundewesen vor. Der vorliegende Band setzt den Schwerpunkt auf Fra-gestellungen und Probleme die sich im Kontext mit der Ausbildung und dem Einsatz von Mantrailern im Rahmen der Gefahrenabwehr und bei der Strafverfolgung ergeben. Der vorliegende Band wendet sich insbesondere an Kriminalisten und Juristen sowie an Interessierte zur Thematik Mantrailing.

Response to the comment on our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” (Woidtke et al., 2018)

Forensic Science International, 2021

Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing

Forensic Science International, 2018

Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal invest... more Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal investigations and in searching for missing persons. Still, it is unclear which components of human scent released into the environment contribute to successful searches of individuals. In this study, saliva and axillary sweat samples were taken from a total of 190 people. Additionally, DNA was extracted from whole blood of seven different people and used as an odour sample as well. Overall 675 tests (trails) were performed during a period of 18 months. The ability to track individuals with the odour samples mentioned above was examined with seven dogs, four of which were specially-trained dogs (mantrailer) from the Saxony Police. Results indicated that specially-trained police dogs can track a person with an average success rate of 82% and correctly identify the absence of an odour track with an average success rate of 97% under various conditions. Private rescue dogs were less successful with an average success rate of 65% and 75% respectively. These data suggest that the potential error rate of a well-trained handler team is low and can be a useful tool for law enforcement personnel. Saliva, as a reference odour source, was found to be particularly suitable for the search. The results of the study suggest that the components contained in axillary sweat, saliva and DNA extracted from whole blood are sufficient, serving as a key stimulus for individualized searches.

Commentary on “Mantrailing as evidence in court?” Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep., 3 (2021), 100204

Forensic Science International: Reports, Jul 1, 2023

Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a sc... more Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a scientifically based explanation for mantrailing [1]. In this context, he also discuss the use of the results of mantrailing operations as evidence in court. However, some additions to Goss&#39;s comments about known studies and, by inference, aspects of using the results of mantrailing operations in criminal proceedings are appropriate.

The use of mantrailing dogs in police and judicial context, future directions, limits and possibilitiesa review

by Leif Woidtke, Udo Gansloßer, and F. Crispino

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2022

Note to our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” [ ]

Forensic Science International, Aug 1, 2020

The use of mantrailing dogs in police and judicial context, future directions, limits and possibilities – A law review

by Leif Woidtke and Udo Gansloßer

Forensic Science International: Synergy, Oct 4, 2023

The extraordinary capabilities of the canine nose are increasingly being used by law enforcement ... more The extraordinary capabilities of the canine nose are increasingly being used by law enforcement agencies in many countries to solve and reconstruct crimes. As a result, this type of forensic evidence can be and is still being challenged in the courts. So far, only a few publications have addressed the jurisprudence concerning mantrailing. We provide an overview of the jurisprudence in Germany and the USA, as well as insights from France. Relevant databases were searched, and 201 verdicts from Germany and 801 verdicts from the USA were analyzed. As a result, 16 published verdicts on the topic of mantrailing were found for Germany, and 44 verdicts since 2010 were found for the USA. The use of mantrailers and human scent discrimination dogs is employed in the investigative process in all three countries. The results derived from these methods are admissible as evidence in court, albeit not as sole evidence.

Commentary on “Mantrailing as evidence in court?” Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep., 3 (2021), 100204

Forensic Science International: Reports, 2023

Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a sc... more Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a scientifically based explanation for mantrailing [1]. In this context, he also discuss the use of the results of mantrailing operations as evidence in court. However, some additions to Goss's comments about known studies and, by inference, aspects of using the results of mantrailing operations in criminal proceedings are appropriate.

Woidtke Commentary on Mantrailing as evidence in court

Commentary on “Mantrailing as evidence in court?” Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep., 3 (2021), 100204, 2023

Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a sc... more Goss provides a commentary on mantrailing as evidence in court and presents his thoughts for a scientifically based explanation for mantrailing [1]. In this context, he also discuss the use of the results of mantrailing operations as evidence in court. However, some additions to Goss's comments about known studies and, by inference, aspects of using the results of mantrailing operations in criminal proceedings are appropriate.

Mantrailing, findings from science and jurisprudence - implications for casework Mantrailing, Erkenntnisse aus Wissenschaft und Rechtsprechung – Implikationen für die Fallarbeit

der kriminalist, 2022

In the meantime, 13 years have passed since the topic of mantrailing was first addressed in the m... more In the meantime, 13 years have passed since the topic of mantrailing was first addressed in the magazine "der kriminalist". In the 4/2009 issue, human scent was described as a valuable trace for identifying perpetrators, but it was also pointed out that dogs are currently the only "devices" for making this trace perceptible to the investigator. In the same issue, another article describes the possibilities and limitations of using mantrailers for searching missing persons and law enforcement. A follow-up article in 2011 describes the use of mantrailers on the basis of concrete cases. That was a decade ago. In the meantime, almost all state police forces deploying mantrailers. However, it is no secret that there are different opinions within the service dog sector regarding the performance spectrum of mantrailers. Interestingly, this debate is not found among the "users". The applying practitioners, namely the investigating criminal police officers, are grateful for any investigative support. Against this background, the current state of knowledge on relevant issues regarding the use of mantrailers will be presented below.

Mittlerweile sind 13 Jahre vergangen, seit das Thema Mantrailing erstmals in der Zeitschrift "der kriminalist" aufgegriffen wurde. In der Ausgabe 4/2009 wurde der menschliche Geruch als wertvolle Spur zur Identifizierung von Tätern beschrieben, aber auch darauf hingewiesen, dass Hunde derzeit die einzigen "Hilfsmittel" sind, um diese Spur für den Ermittler wahrnehmbar zu machen. In der gleichen Ausgabe werden in einem weiteren Artikel die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes von Mantrailern bei der Suche nach vermissten Personen und bei der Strafverfolgung beschrieben. Ein Folgeartikel aus dem Jahr 2011 beschreibt den Einsatz von Mantrailern anhand von konkreten Fällen. Das war vor einem Jahrzehnt. Inzwischen setzen fast alle Landespolizeien Mantrailer ein. Es ist jedoch kein Geheimnis, dass es innerhalb der Diensthundewelt unterschiedliche Meinungen über das Leistungsspektrum von Mantrailern gibt. Interessanterweise findet sich diese Debatte nicht bei den "Anwendern". Die anwendenden Praktiker, nämlich die ermittelnden Kriminalpolizisten, sind dankbar für jede Ermittlungshilfe. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Folgenden der aktuelle Wissensstand zu relevanten Fragen des Einsatzes von Mantrailern (mit Fokus auf Deutschland) dargestellt.

Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing

Forensic science international, 2018

Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal invest... more Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal investigations and in searching for missing persons. Still, it is unclear which components of human scent released into the environment contribute to successful searches of individuals. In this study, saliva and axillary sweat samples were taken from a total of 190 people. Additionally, DNA was extracted from whole blood of seven different people and used as an odour sample as well. Overall 675 tests (trails) were performed during a period of 18 months. The ability to track individuals with the odour samples mentioned above was examined with seven dogs, four of which were specially-trained dogs (mantrailer) from the Saxony Police. Results indicated that specially-trained police dogs can track a person with an average success rate of 82% and correctly identify the absence of an odour track with an average success rate of 97% under various conditions. Private rescue dogs were less successful wit...

Response to the comment on our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” (Woidtke et al., 2018)

Forensic Science International

Note to our publication “Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing” (Woidtke et al., 2018)

Forensic Science International

Scent lineups compared across eleven countries: looking for the future of a controversial forensic technique

by Leif Woidtke and John Ensminger

Forensic Science International

Scent lineups compared across eleven countries: looking for the future of a controversial forensic technique

Forensic Science International

Individual human scent as a forensic identifier using mantrailing

Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal invest... more Specially trained dogs have long been used by law enforcement agencies to help in criminal investigations and in searching for missing
persons. Still, it is unclear which components of human scent released
into the environment contribute to successful searches of individuals. In
this study, saliva and axillary sweat samples were taken from a total of
190 people. Addi-tionally, DNA was extracted from whole blood of seven
different people and used as an odour sample as well. Overall 675 tests
(trails) were performed during a period of 18 months.
The ability to track individuals with the odour samples mentioned above
was examined with seven dogs, four of which were specially-trained Dogs (mantrailer) from the Saxony Police. Results indicated that speciallytrained police dogs can track a person with an average success rate of 82% and correctly identify the absence of an odour track with an average success rate of 97% under various conditions. Private rescue dogs were less successful with an average success rate of 65% and 75% respectively.
These data suggest that the potential error rate of a well-trained handler team is low and can be a useful tool for law enforcement personnel. Saliva, as a reference odour source, was found to be particularly suitable for the search. The results of the study suggest that the components contained in axillary sweat, saliva and DNA extracted
from whole blood are sufficient, serving as a key stimulus for individualized searches.

MANTRAILING AT THE POLICE OF SAXONY

Mantrailing is a new kind of searching, performed by canines. It is based on the assumption that ... more Mantrailing is a new kind of searching, performed by canines. It is based on the assumption that dogs perceive an unique odour image from every single person. This assumption has developed out of varied practical experiences. More specifically, mantrailing is the search for, and track of, the individual odour of humans by specially trained canines. The purpose is to locate and indicate the sought person. The concept " trailing " has to be distinguished by the concept " tracking ". In the strict sense of the term tracking the dog should follow footstep to footstep. The trailing dog is oriented to the rafts of scent which may have fallen to ground along the person's route. The distribution of this rafts is influenced by environmental conditions, such as wind, so that these also can be in a certain distance of the footprint. This allows the trailing canine to move from the actual step to an outer region of rafts and back again.[1] The canine that is trained to search and trail the unique odour image of human is called " mantrailer " .

2016 Woidtke Mantrailing Fakten und Fiktionen.pdf

Was ist Mantrailing? Mit dem Begriff Mantrailing wird eine spezielle Sucharbeit von Hunden nach ... more Was ist Mantrailing? Mit dem Begriff Mantrailing wird eine spezielle Sucharbeit von Hunden nach Personen bezeichnet. Dabei beruht Man-trailing auf der aus vielfältiger Praxiserfahrung gewonnenen Annahme, dass jeder Mensch ein einmaliges Geruchsbild für den Hund darstellt. Ausgehend von Erkenntissen über den menschlichen Individualgeruch erfolgt eine Sach-standsdarstellung zu Fähigkeiten von Hunden bei der Suche nach Personen und der Geruchsdifferenzierung. Im Weiteren wird auf die Integration des Mantrai-lings in das Diensthundewesen der sächsischen Polizei fokussiert. Ergänzende Ausführungen geben einen Überblick über mögliche Rechtsgrundlagen zum Einsatz der Hunde. Anhand von Praxisbeispielen wird die diesbezügliche Recht-sprechung in Deutschland dargestellt. Schließlich werden einsatzrelevante Fra-gen, wie z. B. bis zu welchem Alter eine Spur verfolgt werden kann, anhand des wissenschaftlichen Sachstandes untersucht. Mit diesem Band Nr. 83 legt die Hochschule der Sächsischen Polizei (FH) im Rahmen ihrer polizeiwissenschaftlichen Schriftenreihe „Rothenburger Beiträge“ erstmals eine wissenschaftliche Betrachtung im Sachzusammenhang mit dem Diensthundewesen vor. Der vorliegende Band setzt den Schwerpunkt auf Fra-gestellungen und Probleme die sich im Kontext mit der Ausbildung und dem Einsatz von Mantrailern im Rahmen der Gefahrenabwehr und bei der Strafverfolgung ergeben. Der vorliegende Band wendet sich insbesondere an Kriminalisten und Juristen sowie an Interessierte zur Thematik Mantrailing.