International Journal of Production and Operations Management, 2020
Purpose: Social network analysis (SNA) seeks to manage the connections between entities through i... more Purpose: Social network analysis (SNA) seeks to manage the connections between entities through investigating and understanding behaviours and relationships. This study demonstrates the increasing relevance of social network approaches to solving contemporary and looming Operations Management (OM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) problems; including the coordination operations challenges raised by increased connectivity.
Research design/methodology: The systematic literature review approach adopted here examines 63 papers in OM and SCM published between 2000 and 2019. To-date OM reviews on SNA have focused on discussing archetypal supply chains, what differentiates this study is the focus on how value was created in other forms of chains and operations.
Findings: This study reveals that current SNA adoption in OM is dominated by a manufacturing style focus on linear, sequential value creation; with a resulting focus only on sequential interdependence. SNA studies on reciprocally coordinated value creation (e.g. many service and network operations) are shown to have been neglected and are linked to a new agenda on contemporary management issues.
Research implications: Beyond encouraging the use of SNA, this study seeks to reorient SNA approaches towards how contemporary services and networks create value.
Originality/value: Through adopting a unique combination of approaches and frameworks, the study challenges extant work to offer a substantially revised agenda for SNA use in Operations and Supply Chain Management.
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2020
Purpose: Despite growing research interest in cyber security, inter-firm based cyber risk studie... more Purpose: Despite growing research interest in cyber security, inter-firm based cyber risk studies are rare. Therefore, this study investigates cyber risk management in supply chain contexts.
Methodology: Adapting a systematic literature review process, papers from interdisciplinary areas published between 1990 and 2017 were selected. Different typologies, developed for conducting descriptive and thematic analysis were established using data mining techniques to conduct a comprehensive, replicable and transparent review. Findings: The review identifies multiple future research directions for cyber security/resilience in supply chains. A conceptual model is developed, which indicates a strong link between IT, organisational and supply chain security systems. The human/behavioural elements within cyber security risk are found to be critical; however, behavioural risks have attracted less attention due to a perceived bias towards technical (data, application and network) risks. There is a need for raising risk awareness, standardised policies, collaborative strategies and empirical models for creating supply chain cyber-resilience. Research implications: Different type of cyber risks and their points of penetration, propagation levels, consequences and mitigation measures are identified. The conceptual model developed in this study drives an agenda for future research on supply chain cyber security/resilience. Practical implications: A multi-perspective, systematic study provides a holistic guide for practitioners in understanding cyber-physical systems. The cyber risk challenges and the mitigation strategies identified support supply chain managers in making informed decisions. Originality: This is the first systematic literature review on managing cyber risks in supply chains. The review defines supply chain cyber risk and develops a conceptual model for supply chain cyber security systems and an agenda for future studies.
The paper aims to understand buyer-supplier power and dependence scenarios following a risk shari... more The paper aims to understand buyer-supplier power and dependence scenarios following a risk sharing contract. The study develops a supply chain risk sharing contract to mitigate demand uncertainty and price volatility related risks in a globalised business environment. An integer programming model is developed and analysed following an automotive case study to generate insights into buyer-supplier relationships. Multiple buyer-supplier power and dependence scenarios are considered to reflect the possible leverages involved in the decision-making. The situational strength evaluated through buyer-supplier power and dependence illuminates the inherent complexity in contract negotiation. Thus there is an evident need to develop risk sharing contracts for mitigating global risks. The developed relationship framework and risk sharing contract model are expected to help SC managers in better understanding behavioural aspects during contract negotiations. The risk sharing contract model proposed here also contributes to a potentially novel perspective on existing theory in buyer-supplier power and dependence by providing a relational perspective on the dynamics of supply chain design and collaboration.
Smart Pods is the first-ever Royal College of Art (RCA)/ Engineering and Physical Sciences Resear... more Smart Pods is the first-ever Royal College of Art (RCA)/ Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) multi-disciplinary healthcare project. It has grown out of the College's chartered commitment to engage with 'social developments' through design a commitment which ...
Purpose-The aim of the study is to find a sustainable facility location solution for a closed lo... more Purpose-The aim of the study is to find a sustainable facility location solution for a closed loop distribution network in the uncertain environment created by of high levels of product returns from online retailing coupled with growing pressure to reduce carbon emissions.
Design/methodology/approach-A case study approach attempts to optimize the distribution centre location decision for single and double hub scenarios. A hybrid approach combining centre of gravity and mixed integer programming is established for the un-capacitated multiple allocation facility location problem. Empirical data from a major national UK retail distributor network is used to validate the model.
Findings-The paper develops a contemporary model that can take into account multiple factors (e.g. operational and transportation costs and supply chain risks) while improving performance on environmental sustainability.
Practical implications-Based on varying product return rates, Supply Chain Managers can decide whether to choose a single or a double hub solution to meet their needs. The study recommends a two hub facility location approach to mitigate emergent supply chain risks and disruptions.
Originality/value-A two-stage hybrid approach outlines a unique technique to generate candidate locations under 21 st century conditions for new distribution centers.
As a result of continuous outsourcing practices, the development of logistics service providers i... more As a result of continuous outsourcing practices, the development of logistics service providers is receiving increasing attention amongst practitioners and scholars. This paper provides a conceptual framework on how a systems theoretical perspective contributes to the explanation of using third party providers to integrating outsourced logistics activities. Following the high water mark of outsourcing in the 1980s and 1990s, there is now a trend for firms to again consider re-integrating previously outsourced operations and services due to a loss of control and profitability. The integration of the whole system leads to gaining competitive advantage and increases the performance for all partners in the supply chain. To-date there has not been a model that illustrates how the use of systems integrators can contribute to the performance of the whole network. The current literature mainly focuses on the development of logistics service providers and systems integrators from a focal fir...
ABSTRACT Procuring complex performance where both the performance required and the infrastructure... more ABSTRACT Procuring complex performance where both the performance required and the infrastructure to support the requirement are complex, is the current frontier on procurement knowledge. Trends to bundle contracts for products and services together exemplify the challenge. These product-service bundles take the form of contracts for the use of the product (e.g., including long term maintenance and support) rather than just the product as an artefact. Such contracts bind a Prime contractor and the customer into complex long term agreements. Contractual incentive mechanisms have long been used to align the interests of customer and supplier in such projects. This chapter explores the use and role of incentives in complex engineering support environment, drawing on a case study from recent research on availability contracting to support fighter jets. The chapter presents the challenge to the conventional incentive mechanisms inherent in the combination of flexibility and cost control required in contracting for jet fighters availability.
... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/388832. ... more ... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/388832. Title: Real purchasing Deference and discourse at work. Authors: Caldwell, Nigel David University of Bath (United Kingdom). Issue Date: 2001. ...
books over the years, the group run a highly successful annual international conference. What mak... more books over the years, the group run a highly successful annual international conference. What makes a book by two leading figures of the IMP of great interest is that the group has, over time, developed a distinct and European view of supply. (There is an argument that IMP work has been more influential in North America than is often acknowledged.) There is also a little rivalry and more importantly much cross fertilisation between the annual IPSERA and IMP conferences, although in general I would suggest the IMP is far more geared toward marketing perspectives than supply. However to be fair the book reviewed here is firmly targeted at those in purchasing.
One of the key issues in managing inter-organisational relationships is the need for exchanging s... more One of the key issues in managing inter-organisational relationships is the need for exchanging sensitive information and knowledge between customer and supplier. Attempts to conduct this process in practice appear to have taken customer dominance as their basis; the ...
Purpose -The primary aim of this research is to explore buyer-supplier relationships within a ser... more Purpose -The primary aim of this research is to explore buyer-supplier relationships within a service sector context. Design/methodology/approach -To address the primary aim, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilised. A questionnaire was issued to selected buyer and supplier groups in order to determine relationship issues associated with insurance claims. The questionnaire was complemented by a number of semi-structured interviews with buyers and suppliers across each spend category. Findings -The results of this research indicate that there are significant gaps between buyer and supplier expectations concerning how relationships should evolve and that the issues of power and trust will need to be explored in greater depth if relationships are to be optimised. Practical implications -This research is of practical use to service sector companies attempting to examine how to develop effective buyer-supplier relationships. It is of particular use to service buyer operations within the insurance sector, that is moving from the traditional cash compensation approach to a replacement goods approach. Originality/value -Very little has been written about buyer-supplier relationships in the insurance sector and as such this paper provides an insight into issues relating to such relationships within this unique service sector context.
Abstract The environmental consultancy market is, by any measure, expanding. What does the future... more Abstract The environmental consultancy market is, by any measure, expanding. What does the future hold for those entering the market? Using forecasts based on a focus group covering industry, local government and higher education, and information from interviews with user organizations and consultants, a picture of the market trends over the next ten years is built up.
A pizza restaurant must provide product, in the form of the food and drink, and service in the wa... more A pizza restaurant must provide product, in the form of the food and drink, and service in the way this is delivered to the customer. Providing this has distinct operational challenges, but what if the restaurant also provides a home delivery service? The service becomes deployed as the customer is no-longer co-located with the production area. The business challenge is complicated as service needs to be delivered within a geographic region, to time or the pizza will be cold, and within a cost that is not prohibitive. It must also be ...
Public and private organizations are transitioning from buying or selling products to procuring o... more Public and private organizations are transitioning from buying or selling products to procuring or selling complex, long-term integrated solutions consisting of bun-dles of interrelated products and services (Wise and Baumgartner, 1999; Davies et al., 2007). In response to an increasing demand for innovative solutions and a shortage of public funding, governments around the world are increasingly turning to public-private relationships as the principal method for delivering public sector infrastructure and associated services (Broadbent and Laughlin, 2005; Zheng et al., 2008). For instance, the UK has seen a sharp increase in so-called Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Private Finance Initiatives (PFIs) to deliver public sector infrastructure and associated services across sectors such as healthcare, transport and education (Ratcliffe, 2004).
International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 2009
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the coverage of identified topics that represen... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the coverage of identified topics that represent three key themes of change in management practice. These themes, focused on the new interconnected modern business operation, consist of: cross-functional or process-based working, supply ...
The paper reports findings from empirical research conducted across a range of supply networks. T... more The paper reports findings from empirical research conducted across a range of supply networks. Three key research questions are addressed, one at the level of the firm, one at the supply chain level, one at the national level. Risk is seen to take different forms at each level of intervention.
International Journal of Production and Operations Management, 2020
Purpose: Social network analysis (SNA) seeks to manage the connections between entities through i... more Purpose: Social network analysis (SNA) seeks to manage the connections between entities through investigating and understanding behaviours and relationships. This study demonstrates the increasing relevance of social network approaches to solving contemporary and looming Operations Management (OM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) problems; including the coordination operations challenges raised by increased connectivity.
Research design/methodology: The systematic literature review approach adopted here examines 63 papers in OM and SCM published between 2000 and 2019. To-date OM reviews on SNA have focused on discussing archetypal supply chains, what differentiates this study is the focus on how value was created in other forms of chains and operations.
Findings: This study reveals that current SNA adoption in OM is dominated by a manufacturing style focus on linear, sequential value creation; with a resulting focus only on sequential interdependence. SNA studies on reciprocally coordinated value creation (e.g. many service and network operations) are shown to have been neglected and are linked to a new agenda on contemporary management issues.
Research implications: Beyond encouraging the use of SNA, this study seeks to reorient SNA approaches towards how contemporary services and networks create value.
Originality/value: Through adopting a unique combination of approaches and frameworks, the study challenges extant work to offer a substantially revised agenda for SNA use in Operations and Supply Chain Management.
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2020
Purpose: Despite growing research interest in cyber security, inter-firm based cyber risk studie... more Purpose: Despite growing research interest in cyber security, inter-firm based cyber risk studies are rare. Therefore, this study investigates cyber risk management in supply chain contexts.
Methodology: Adapting a systematic literature review process, papers from interdisciplinary areas published between 1990 and 2017 were selected. Different typologies, developed for conducting descriptive and thematic analysis were established using data mining techniques to conduct a comprehensive, replicable and transparent review. Findings: The review identifies multiple future research directions for cyber security/resilience in supply chains. A conceptual model is developed, which indicates a strong link between IT, organisational and supply chain security systems. The human/behavioural elements within cyber security risk are found to be critical; however, behavioural risks have attracted less attention due to a perceived bias towards technical (data, application and network) risks. There is a need for raising risk awareness, standardised policies, collaborative strategies and empirical models for creating supply chain cyber-resilience. Research implications: Different type of cyber risks and their points of penetration, propagation levels, consequences and mitigation measures are identified. The conceptual model developed in this study drives an agenda for future research on supply chain cyber security/resilience. Practical implications: A multi-perspective, systematic study provides a holistic guide for practitioners in understanding cyber-physical systems. The cyber risk challenges and the mitigation strategies identified support supply chain managers in making informed decisions. Originality: This is the first systematic literature review on managing cyber risks in supply chains. The review defines supply chain cyber risk and develops a conceptual model for supply chain cyber security systems and an agenda for future studies.
The paper aims to understand buyer-supplier power and dependence scenarios following a risk shari... more The paper aims to understand buyer-supplier power and dependence scenarios following a risk sharing contract. The study develops a supply chain risk sharing contract to mitigate demand uncertainty and price volatility related risks in a globalised business environment. An integer programming model is developed and analysed following an automotive case study to generate insights into buyer-supplier relationships. Multiple buyer-supplier power and dependence scenarios are considered to reflect the possible leverages involved in the decision-making. The situational strength evaluated through buyer-supplier power and dependence illuminates the inherent complexity in contract negotiation. Thus there is an evident need to develop risk sharing contracts for mitigating global risks. The developed relationship framework and risk sharing contract model are expected to help SC managers in better understanding behavioural aspects during contract negotiations. The risk sharing contract model proposed here also contributes to a potentially novel perspective on existing theory in buyer-supplier power and dependence by providing a relational perspective on the dynamics of supply chain design and collaboration.
Smart Pods is the first-ever Royal College of Art (RCA)/ Engineering and Physical Sciences Resear... more Smart Pods is the first-ever Royal College of Art (RCA)/ Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) multi-disciplinary healthcare project. It has grown out of the College's chartered commitment to engage with 'social developments' through design a commitment which ...
Purpose-The aim of the study is to find a sustainable facility location solution for a closed lo... more Purpose-The aim of the study is to find a sustainable facility location solution for a closed loop distribution network in the uncertain environment created by of high levels of product returns from online retailing coupled with growing pressure to reduce carbon emissions.
Design/methodology/approach-A case study approach attempts to optimize the distribution centre location decision for single and double hub scenarios. A hybrid approach combining centre of gravity and mixed integer programming is established for the un-capacitated multiple allocation facility location problem. Empirical data from a major national UK retail distributor network is used to validate the model.
Findings-The paper develops a contemporary model that can take into account multiple factors (e.g. operational and transportation costs and supply chain risks) while improving performance on environmental sustainability.
Practical implications-Based on varying product return rates, Supply Chain Managers can decide whether to choose a single or a double hub solution to meet their needs. The study recommends a two hub facility location approach to mitigate emergent supply chain risks and disruptions.
Originality/value-A two-stage hybrid approach outlines a unique technique to generate candidate locations under 21 st century conditions for new distribution centers.
As a result of continuous outsourcing practices, the development of logistics service providers i... more As a result of continuous outsourcing practices, the development of logistics service providers is receiving increasing attention amongst practitioners and scholars. This paper provides a conceptual framework on how a systems theoretical perspective contributes to the explanation of using third party providers to integrating outsourced logistics activities. Following the high water mark of outsourcing in the 1980s and 1990s, there is now a trend for firms to again consider re-integrating previously outsourced operations and services due to a loss of control and profitability. The integration of the whole system leads to gaining competitive advantage and increases the performance for all partners in the supply chain. To-date there has not been a model that illustrates how the use of systems integrators can contribute to the performance of the whole network. The current literature mainly focuses on the development of logistics service providers and systems integrators from a focal fir...
ABSTRACT Procuring complex performance where both the performance required and the infrastructure... more ABSTRACT Procuring complex performance where both the performance required and the infrastructure to support the requirement are complex, is the current frontier on procurement knowledge. Trends to bundle contracts for products and services together exemplify the challenge. These product-service bundles take the form of contracts for the use of the product (e.g., including long term maintenance and support) rather than just the product as an artefact. Such contracts bind a Prime contractor and the customer into complex long term agreements. Contractual incentive mechanisms have long been used to align the interests of customer and supplier in such projects. This chapter explores the use and role of incentives in complex engineering support environment, drawing on a case study from recent research on availability contracting to support fighter jets. The chapter presents the challenge to the conventional incentive mechanisms inherent in the combination of flexibility and cost control required in contracting for jet fighters availability.
... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/388832. ... more ... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/388832. Title: Real purchasing Deference and discourse at work. Authors: Caldwell, Nigel David University of Bath (United Kingdom). Issue Date: 2001. ...
books over the years, the group run a highly successful annual international conference. What mak... more books over the years, the group run a highly successful annual international conference. What makes a book by two leading figures of the IMP of great interest is that the group has, over time, developed a distinct and European view of supply. (There is an argument that IMP work has been more influential in North America than is often acknowledged.) There is also a little rivalry and more importantly much cross fertilisation between the annual IPSERA and IMP conferences, although in general I would suggest the IMP is far more geared toward marketing perspectives than supply. However to be fair the book reviewed here is firmly targeted at those in purchasing.
One of the key issues in managing inter-organisational relationships is the need for exchanging s... more One of the key issues in managing inter-organisational relationships is the need for exchanging sensitive information and knowledge between customer and supplier. Attempts to conduct this process in practice appear to have taken customer dominance as their basis; the ...
Purpose -The primary aim of this research is to explore buyer-supplier relationships within a ser... more Purpose -The primary aim of this research is to explore buyer-supplier relationships within a service sector context. Design/methodology/approach -To address the primary aim, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilised. A questionnaire was issued to selected buyer and supplier groups in order to determine relationship issues associated with insurance claims. The questionnaire was complemented by a number of semi-structured interviews with buyers and suppliers across each spend category. Findings -The results of this research indicate that there are significant gaps between buyer and supplier expectations concerning how relationships should evolve and that the issues of power and trust will need to be explored in greater depth if relationships are to be optimised. Practical implications -This research is of practical use to service sector companies attempting to examine how to develop effective buyer-supplier relationships. It is of particular use to service buyer operations within the insurance sector, that is moving from the traditional cash compensation approach to a replacement goods approach. Originality/value -Very little has been written about buyer-supplier relationships in the insurance sector and as such this paper provides an insight into issues relating to such relationships within this unique service sector context.
Abstract The environmental consultancy market is, by any measure, expanding. What does the future... more Abstract The environmental consultancy market is, by any measure, expanding. What does the future hold for those entering the market? Using forecasts based on a focus group covering industry, local government and higher education, and information from interviews with user organizations and consultants, a picture of the market trends over the next ten years is built up.
A pizza restaurant must provide product, in the form of the food and drink, and service in the wa... more A pizza restaurant must provide product, in the form of the food and drink, and service in the way this is delivered to the customer. Providing this has distinct operational challenges, but what if the restaurant also provides a home delivery service? The service becomes deployed as the customer is no-longer co-located with the production area. The business challenge is complicated as service needs to be delivered within a geographic region, to time or the pizza will be cold, and within a cost that is not prohibitive. It must also be ...
Public and private organizations are transitioning from buying or selling products to procuring o... more Public and private organizations are transitioning from buying or selling products to procuring or selling complex, long-term integrated solutions consisting of bun-dles of interrelated products and services (Wise and Baumgartner, 1999; Davies et al., 2007). In response to an increasing demand for innovative solutions and a shortage of public funding, governments around the world are increasingly turning to public-private relationships as the principal method for delivering public sector infrastructure and associated services (Broadbent and Laughlin, 2005; Zheng et al., 2008). For instance, the UK has seen a sharp increase in so-called Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Private Finance Initiatives (PFIs) to deliver public sector infrastructure and associated services across sectors such as healthcare, transport and education (Ratcliffe, 2004).
International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 2009
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the coverage of identified topics that represen... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the coverage of identified topics that represent three key themes of change in management practice. These themes, focused on the new interconnected modern business operation, consist of: cross-functional or process-based working, supply ...
The paper reports findings from empirical research conducted across a range of supply networks. T... more The paper reports findings from empirical research conducted across a range of supply networks. Three key research questions are addressed, one at the level of the firm, one at the supply chain level, one at the national level. Risk is seen to take different forms at each level of intervention.
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Papers by Nigel Caldwell
Research design/methodology: The systematic literature review approach adopted here examines 63 papers in OM and SCM published between 2000 and 2019. To-date OM reviews on SNA have focused on discussing archetypal supply chains, what differentiates this study is the focus on how value was created in other forms of chains and operations.
Findings: This study reveals that current SNA adoption in OM is dominated by a manufacturing style focus on linear, sequential value creation; with a resulting focus only on sequential interdependence. SNA studies on reciprocally coordinated value creation (e.g. many service and network operations) are shown to have been neglected and are linked to a new agenda on contemporary management issues.
Research implications: Beyond encouraging the use of SNA, this study seeks to reorient SNA approaches towards how contemporary services and networks create value.
Originality/value: Through adopting a unique combination of approaches and frameworks, the study challenges extant work to offer a substantially revised agenda for SNA use in Operations and Supply Chain Management.
Methodology: Adapting a systematic literature review process, papers from interdisciplinary areas published between 1990 and 2017 were selected. Different typologies, developed for conducting descriptive and thematic analysis were established using data mining techniques to conduct a comprehensive, replicable and transparent review.
Findings: The review identifies multiple future research directions for cyber security/resilience in supply chains. A conceptual model is developed, which indicates a strong link between IT, organisational and supply chain security systems. The human/behavioural elements within cyber security risk are found to be critical; however, behavioural risks have attracted less attention due to a perceived bias towards technical (data, application and network) risks. There is a need for raising risk awareness, standardised policies, collaborative strategies and empirical models for creating supply chain cyber-resilience.
Research implications: Different type of cyber risks and their points of penetration, propagation levels, consequences and mitigation measures are identified. The conceptual model developed in this study drives an agenda for future research on supply chain cyber security/resilience. Practical implications: A multi-perspective, systematic study provides a holistic guide for practitioners in understanding cyber-physical systems. The cyber risk challenges and the mitigation strategies identified support supply chain managers in making informed decisions. Originality: This is the first systematic literature review on managing cyber risks in supply chains. The review defines supply chain cyber risk and develops a conceptual model for supply chain cyber security systems and an agenda for future studies.
Design/methodology/approach-A case study approach attempts to optimize the distribution centre location decision for single and double hub scenarios. A hybrid approach combining centre of gravity and mixed integer programming is established for the un-capacitated multiple allocation facility location problem. Empirical data from a major national UK retail distributor network is used to validate the model.
Findings-The paper develops a contemporary model that can take into account multiple factors (e.g. operational and transportation costs and supply chain risks) while improving performance on environmental sustainability.
Practical implications-Based on varying product return rates, Supply Chain Managers can decide whether to choose a single or a double hub solution to meet their needs. The study recommends a two hub facility location approach to mitigate emergent supply chain risks and disruptions.
Originality/value-A two-stage hybrid approach outlines a unique technique to generate candidate locations under 21 st century conditions for new distribution centers.
Research design/methodology: The systematic literature review approach adopted here examines 63 papers in OM and SCM published between 2000 and 2019. To-date OM reviews on SNA have focused on discussing archetypal supply chains, what differentiates this study is the focus on how value was created in other forms of chains and operations.
Findings: This study reveals that current SNA adoption in OM is dominated by a manufacturing style focus on linear, sequential value creation; with a resulting focus only on sequential interdependence. SNA studies on reciprocally coordinated value creation (e.g. many service and network operations) are shown to have been neglected and are linked to a new agenda on contemporary management issues.
Research implications: Beyond encouraging the use of SNA, this study seeks to reorient SNA approaches towards how contemporary services and networks create value.
Originality/value: Through adopting a unique combination of approaches and frameworks, the study challenges extant work to offer a substantially revised agenda for SNA use in Operations and Supply Chain Management.
Methodology: Adapting a systematic literature review process, papers from interdisciplinary areas published between 1990 and 2017 were selected. Different typologies, developed for conducting descriptive and thematic analysis were established using data mining techniques to conduct a comprehensive, replicable and transparent review.
Findings: The review identifies multiple future research directions for cyber security/resilience in supply chains. A conceptual model is developed, which indicates a strong link between IT, organisational and supply chain security systems. The human/behavioural elements within cyber security risk are found to be critical; however, behavioural risks have attracted less attention due to a perceived bias towards technical (data, application and network) risks. There is a need for raising risk awareness, standardised policies, collaborative strategies and empirical models for creating supply chain cyber-resilience.
Research implications: Different type of cyber risks and their points of penetration, propagation levels, consequences and mitigation measures are identified. The conceptual model developed in this study drives an agenda for future research on supply chain cyber security/resilience. Practical implications: A multi-perspective, systematic study provides a holistic guide for practitioners in understanding cyber-physical systems. The cyber risk challenges and the mitigation strategies identified support supply chain managers in making informed decisions. Originality: This is the first systematic literature review on managing cyber risks in supply chains. The review defines supply chain cyber risk and develops a conceptual model for supply chain cyber security systems and an agenda for future studies.
Design/methodology/approach-A case study approach attempts to optimize the distribution centre location decision for single and double hub scenarios. A hybrid approach combining centre of gravity and mixed integer programming is established for the un-capacitated multiple allocation facility location problem. Empirical data from a major national UK retail distributor network is used to validate the model.
Findings-The paper develops a contemporary model that can take into account multiple factors (e.g. operational and transportation costs and supply chain risks) while improving performance on environmental sustainability.
Practical implications-Based on varying product return rates, Supply Chain Managers can decide whether to choose a single or a double hub solution to meet their needs. The study recommends a two hub facility location approach to mitigate emergent supply chain risks and disruptions.
Originality/value-A two-stage hybrid approach outlines a unique technique to generate candidate locations under 21 st century conditions for new distribution centers.