Traces of Changes and Processes in Archaeological Objects, 2024
Инокультурные инфильтрации в эпоху бронзы и раннего
железного века в Туве // Следы явлений и ... more Инокультурные инфильтрации в эпоху бронзы и раннего железного века в Туве // Следы явлений и процессов в археологических памятниках: Материалы международной научной конференции (Пятигорск, 8-10 апреля 2024 г.). Ставрополь, 2024. Traces of Changes and Processes in Archaeological Objects: Proceedings of the International Conference (Pyatigorsk, April 8-10, 2024)
Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, 2023
КИЛУНОВСКАЯ М. Е., ЛЕУС П. М., СЕМЕНОВ ВЛ. А., СЕМЕНОВ А. В. КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ АРХЕОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ... more КИЛУНОВСКАЯ М. Е., ЛЕУС П. М., СЕМЕНОВ ВЛ. А., СЕМЕНОВ А. В. КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ АРХЕОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕДИЦИЯ В ЗОНЕ ЗАТОПЛЕНИЯ ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА САЯНО-ШУШЕНСКОЙ ГЭС В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА: ОСНОВНЫЕ ИТОГИ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ KILUNOVSKAYA M. E., LEUS P. M., SEMENOV VL. A., SEMENOV A. V. COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITION IN THE INUNDATION ZONE OF THE SAYAN-SHUSHENSKOE HYDRAULIC POWER STATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA: MAIN RESULTS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
"SINGING ARROWS OF MAODUN". XIONGNU FROM OBSCURITY TO EMPIRE, 2023
Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus
"The main marks of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva"
Thanks to... more Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus
"The main marks of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva"
Thanks to the excavations of the burial grounds of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin, it became possible to identify features characteristic of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva. These are elements of the funeral rite and clothing complex that appeared here together with the Xiongnu and disappear after their departure. The combination of features allows us to date the Xiongnu era in Tuva to the 2nd–1st centuries BC.
"SINGING ARROWS OF MAODUN". XIONGNU FROM OBSCURITY TO EMPIRE, 2023
Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus, Varvara S. Busova, Olga V. Andreeva
"Wooden “birch bark... more Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus, Varvara S. Busova, Olga V. Andreeva
"Wooden “birch bark container”: Casket from the Terezin cemetery in Tuva"
Excavations of the Ala-Tey 1 and Teresin burial sites in Central Tuva yielded numerous findings from the Hunnu era and helped refine the dating of this historical period. The collection of discoveries includes characteristic items such
as openwork bronzes, jet buckles, ceramics, ornaments, and weapons. However, organic materials have not been well preserved
due to the impact of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Reservoir. Nevertheless, a well-preserved “birch bark container”-casket was found in one of the burials at the Terezin burial site, containing a bronze mirror, a wooden comb, and a pouch-amulet. The casket was made of wood, with walls fastened with overlapping straps and decorated with carved ornamentation, including wavy
and geometric patterns. This article is dedicated to a detailed examination of this rare discovery.
The Bow and Arrows of the Xiongnu era in Tuva / Лук и Стрелы эпохи хунну в Туве // Мультидисципли... more The Bow and Arrows of the Xiongnu era in Tuva / Лук и Стрелы эпохи хунну в Туве // Мультидисциплинарные исследования в археологии. № 2, 2022. Владивосток. С. 103-118 / Multidisciplinary Research in Archaeology. Nr.2, 2022. Vladivostok https://www.mra-ihae.ru/index.php/contents-of-the-magazine/2022/2021-2
Погребения с черепами лошадей в хуннское время в Туве // Евразия в Энеолите - Раннем Средневековь... more Погребения с черепами лошадей в хуннское время в Туве // Евразия в Энеолите - Раннем Средневековье. Санкт-Петербург, 2022. Аннотация: В некоторых погребениях хунну на могильнике Ала-Тей 1 в Туве встречается редкий элемент погребального обряда, когда в ногах погребенных (мужчин и женщин) был положен череп лошади, в двух случаях взнузданный. Эта традиция является для Тувы новой и, очевидно, связана с обычаями населения, пришедшего сюда в ходе экспансии хунну.
Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission, 2022
Kilunovskaya M., Leus, P. Burials with Openwork Belt Plaques of the Xiongnu Period from Tuva // C... more Kilunovskaya M., Leus, P. Burials with Openwork Belt Plaques of the Xiongnu Period from Tuva // Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission // Schriften zur Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 19. Wiesbaden, 2022.
Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М.
Женское погребение с коралловыми сережками
из могильника хунну... more Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М.
Женское погребение с коралловыми сережками
из могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 в Туве
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M.
Female grave with coral earrings from Xiongnu
burial ground Ala-Tei 1 in Tuva
______
В женском погребении могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 на дне Саяно-Шушенского водохранилища были найдены золотые серьги с подвесками из веточек коралла. Будучи изначально ценными и хрупкими изделиями, такие находки чрезвычайно редки. Несколько золотых сережек с коралловыми подвесками известны в захоронениях чирикрабатской культуры в нижнем течении Сырдарьи. Можно предположить, что эта редкая находка попала в Туву с запада по одному из маршрутов Шелкового пути, через Среднюю Азию, оазисы Восточного Туркестана, северное приграничье ханьского Китая и Монголию.
________
In Xiongnu female burial ground Ala-Tei 1 at the bottom of the Sayan-Shushenskoe Reservoir, gold earrings with pendants made of coral twigs were found. Being initially valuable and fragile products, such 耀nds are extremely rare. Several gold earrings with coral pendants are known in the Chirikrabat culture graves in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. It can be assumed that this rare 耀nd came to Tuva from the West along one of the Silk Road routes, through Central Asia, oases of East Turkestan, the northern border of Han China and Mongolia.
Representations of yaks in the art of the Xiongnu, 2022
Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М. Изображение яка в искусстве хунну
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Re... more Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М. Изображение яка в искусстве хунну Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Representations of yaks in the art of the Xiongnu // Археологические вести, 34. Archaeological News, 34, 2022
Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М.
Датировка могильников эпохи хунну Ала-Тей 1 и Терезин в Туве // Нау... more Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М. Датировка могильников эпохи хунну Ала-Тей 1 и Терезин в Туве // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан. Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Dating of burial grounds of the Xiongnu Era Ala-Tey 1 and Terezin in Tuva // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
Ковалева О. В., Амзараков П. Б., Леус П. М.
Спасательные раскопки курганного
могильника Абакан-7... more Ковалева О. В., Амзараков П. Б., Леус П. М. Спасательные раскопки курганного могильника Абакан-7 в 2018 году // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан. Kovaleva O. V., Amzarakov P. B., Leus P. M. Rescue excavations of Abakan-7 burial mound in 2018 // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
THE CREATOR OF CULTURE. MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE HUMAN SPIRITUAL SPACE IN THE LIGHT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY, 2021
Bone plaques/buckles of the Xiongnu period in Tuva
M. E. Kilunovskaya, P. M. Leus
In the 2nd cen... more Bone plaques/buckles of the Xiongnu period in Tuva M. E. Kilunovskaya, P. M. Leus
In the 2nd century BC, the territory of modern Tuva fell under the in㌳uence of the Xiongnu. Archaeological sites of the Scythian type disappear and a change of archaeological cultures occurs. In Tuva, burials of a new type emerge with entirely new funerary inventory. These graves are distinguished as the Ulug-Khem archaeo logical culture. The burials of this type and ob- jects from them have direct parallels at sites of the Xiongnu in neighbouring regions, i. e. in Mongolia, Transbaykalia, etc. In burials of the Xiongnu period in Tuva, bone plaques/buckles of two types are fairly frequently found. One of these types, the most widely distributed, appears already in the late Scythian period. It is near- ly trapezoid buckles fixed to the belt through two round holes. At the other side, usually there are an elongated hole for the strap and a round one for the pin. In late Scythian burials, they fairly often are found in pairs while in the Xiongnu period they are single examples. The presence of buckles of this kind used by the late Scythians and Xiongnu in Tuva possibly indi- cates cultural borrowings and a brief period of a poly- cultural character of the region at a denite historical stage. Some other buckles are unique for Tuva. One is rectangular and decorated with an X-shaped design of small iron tacks. Possibly it repeats the rectangular buckles from Siberian jet occasionally decorated in the same style. Another buckle is of a specic narrow rec- tangular shape and is covered with engravings. Its rare parallels are known from the Xiongnu Ivolga archae- ological site in Transbaykalia and burials of the Xiong- nu in Mongolia. The design itself may have originated from subjects and images of the Chinese artistic tradi- tion, known, e. g., on silk textiles and carved nephrite ornaments. Another group of parallels is found in Middle Asia. They are slightly longer and decorated with highly artistic engravings with scenes of hunting and battles.
Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China, 2021
Бронзовые ажурные пряжки-пластины Саяно-Алтая. Bronze openworks buckles-plates from the Sayan-Alt... more Бронзовые ажурные пряжки-пластины Саяно-Алтая. Bronze openworks buckles-plates from the Sayan-Altai //Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China: Transactions of the XIth International Conference. Abakan, 2021. Древние культуры Монголии, Южной Сибири и Северного Китая. Материалы XI Международной научной конференции. Абакан, 2021
Археологические памятники Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 2021
Изображение яка в искусстве хунну. Yak in the Xiongnu Art. // Археологические
памятники Южной Си... more Изображение яка в искусстве хунну. Yak in the Xiongnu Art. // Археологические памятники Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии: от появления первых скотоводов до эпохи сложения государственных образований. Санкт-Петербург, 2021.
Аннотация. Статья посвящена редкому типу археологических находок — большим гравированным и
инкру... more Аннотация. Статья посвящена редкому типу археологических находок — большим гравированным и инкрустированным пряжкам из сибирского гагата, найденным в памятниках эпохи хунну на обширной тер- ритории от Манчжурии до Нижнего Поволжья. Центром их возникновения и распространения, вероятно, был север Внутренней Азии, откуда происходит сам материал пряжек — богхед, или сибирский гагат. Его основные известные месторождения сосредоточены в Иркутском угольном бассейне. Annotation. vis paper is devoted to a rare type of archaeological Ends, i. e. large buckles from Siberian jet with engraving and incrustation found at sites of the Xiongnu period over a broad territory from Manchuria to the Lower Volga region. ve centre of their origin and distribution was probably in the north of Inner Asia which was the proveni- ence of the material itself for making the buckles — boghead coal or Siberian jet. Its main deposits are concentrated in the Irkutsk coalEelds.
М.Е.Килуновская, Н.А.Лазаревская,
П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской... more М.Е.Килуновская, Н.А.Лазаревская, П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской Археологической Экспедиции //Археологические открытия. 2017 год. М.: Институт археологии РАН, 2019. //Discoveries of the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition 2017 //Archaeologocal discoveries. 2017. Moscow, 2019
ИСКУССТВО ДРЕВНЕГО ТЕКСТИЛЯ / THE ART OF ANCIENT TEXTILES, 2019
Бусова В.С., Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М., Орфинская О.В. Шёлк в контексте погребального обряда мо... more Бусова В.С., Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М., Орфинская О.В. Шёлк в контексте погребального обряда могильника Ала-Тей 2 в Туве / V. S. Busova, М. E. Kilunovskaya, P. М. Leus, O. V. Orfinskaya. SILK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BURIAL RITE OF THE ALA-TEI 2 BURIAL GROUND IN TUVA // ИСКУССТВО ДРЕВНЕГО ТЕКСТИЛЯ / THE ART OF ANCIENT TEXTILES. ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND EAST ASIA. VOLUME 7. 2019
Large openwork buckles, decorated in animal or geometric style, are one of the brightest examples... more Large openwork buckles, decorated in animal or geometric style, are one of the brightest examples of decorative art of Central Asia nomads of the Xiongnu period. They are mainly made of bronze, but there are also known highly artistic golden examples with inlay. A large number of such buckles are represented by chance findings or comes from predatory excavations in Siberia and Central Asia. In this regard, such materials originating from archaeological complexes in regions where such products were not previously known are particularly important. During regular archaeological excavations of the Tuvan archaeological expedition of the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the shores of Sayan- Shushenskoe reservoir there was a large collection of openwork belt buckles of the Xiongnu period gathered from undisturbed tombs of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin. Among them there are presented absolutely unique and having analogues in the neighboring territories of Inner Asia. Some buckles from Tuva correspond to the samples found in the Minusinsk basin, others to Transbaikalian, Mongolian and Chinese types, that, in turn, are unknown in the Minusinsk basin. The territory of Tuva is thus a kind of link between the regions of Inner Asia, that appeared at this time in the sphere of influence of the Xiongnu and the sphere of spread of their cultural and artistic traditions. The article introduces a preliminary catalog of buckles found until now in order to put them into scientific circulation before the full publication of materials of burial grounds, excavations of which are still not completed yet
Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М. Знаки-Тамги улуг-хемской культуры II-I вв до н.э. в Туве // M. Kiluno... more Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М. Знаки-Тамги улуг-хемской культуры II-I вв до н.э. в Туве // M. Kilunovskaya y P. Leus Tamga-shaped symbols of the Ulug-Khem culture II-I cc BC in Tuva
Traces of Changes and Processes in Archaeological Objects, 2024
Инокультурные инфильтрации в эпоху бронзы и раннего
железного века в Туве // Следы явлений и ... more Инокультурные инфильтрации в эпоху бронзы и раннего железного века в Туве // Следы явлений и процессов в археологических памятниках: Материалы международной научной конференции (Пятигорск, 8-10 апреля 2024 г.). Ставрополь, 2024. Traces of Changes and Processes in Archaeological Objects: Proceedings of the International Conference (Pyatigorsk, April 8-10, 2024)
Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, 2023
КИЛУНОВСКАЯ М. Е., ЛЕУС П. М., СЕМЕНОВ ВЛ. А., СЕМЕНОВ А. В. КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ АРХЕОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ... more КИЛУНОВСКАЯ М. Е., ЛЕУС П. М., СЕМЕНОВ ВЛ. А., СЕМЕНОВ А. В. КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ АРХЕОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕДИЦИЯ В ЗОНЕ ЗАТОПЛЕНИЯ ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА САЯНО-ШУШЕНСКОЙ ГЭС В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА: ОСНОВНЫЕ ИТОГИ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ KILUNOVSKAYA M. E., LEUS P. M., SEMENOV VL. A., SEMENOV A. V. COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITION IN THE INUNDATION ZONE OF THE SAYAN-SHUSHENSKOE HYDRAULIC POWER STATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA: MAIN RESULTS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
"SINGING ARROWS OF MAODUN". XIONGNU FROM OBSCURITY TO EMPIRE, 2023
Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus
"The main marks of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva"
Thanks to... more Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus
"The main marks of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva"
Thanks to the excavations of the burial grounds of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin, it became possible to identify features characteristic of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva. These are elements of the funeral rite and clothing complex that appeared here together with the Xiongnu and disappear after their departure. The combination of features allows us to date the Xiongnu era in Tuva to the 2nd–1st centuries BC.
"SINGING ARROWS OF MAODUN". XIONGNU FROM OBSCURITY TO EMPIRE, 2023
Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus, Varvara S. Busova, Olga V. Andreeva
"Wooden “birch bark... more Marina E. Kilunovskaya, Pavel M. Leus, Varvara S. Busova, Olga V. Andreeva
"Wooden “birch bark container”: Casket from the Terezin cemetery in Tuva"
Excavations of the Ala-Tey 1 and Teresin burial sites in Central Tuva yielded numerous findings from the Hunnu era and helped refine the dating of this historical period. The collection of discoveries includes characteristic items such
as openwork bronzes, jet buckles, ceramics, ornaments, and weapons. However, organic materials have not been well preserved
due to the impact of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Reservoir. Nevertheless, a well-preserved “birch bark container”-casket was found in one of the burials at the Terezin burial site, containing a bronze mirror, a wooden comb, and a pouch-amulet. The casket was made of wood, with walls fastened with overlapping straps and decorated with carved ornamentation, including wavy
and geometric patterns. This article is dedicated to a detailed examination of this rare discovery.
The Bow and Arrows of the Xiongnu era in Tuva / Лук и Стрелы эпохи хунну в Туве // Мультидисципли... more The Bow and Arrows of the Xiongnu era in Tuva / Лук и Стрелы эпохи хунну в Туве // Мультидисциплинарные исследования в археологии. № 2, 2022. Владивосток. С. 103-118 / Multidisciplinary Research in Archaeology. Nr.2, 2022. Vladivostok https://www.mra-ihae.ru/index.php/contents-of-the-magazine/2022/2021-2
Погребения с черепами лошадей в хуннское время в Туве // Евразия в Энеолите - Раннем Средневековь... more Погребения с черепами лошадей в хуннское время в Туве // Евразия в Энеолите - Раннем Средневековье. Санкт-Петербург, 2022. Аннотация: В некоторых погребениях хунну на могильнике Ала-Тей 1 в Туве встречается редкий элемент погребального обряда, когда в ногах погребенных (мужчин и женщин) был положен череп лошади, в двух случаях взнузданный. Эта традиция является для Тувы новой и, очевидно, связана с обычаями населения, пришедшего сюда в ходе экспансии хунну.
Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission, 2022
Kilunovskaya M., Leus, P. Burials with Openwork Belt Plaques of the Xiongnu Period from Tuva // C... more Kilunovskaya M., Leus, P. Burials with Openwork Belt Plaques of the Xiongnu Period from Tuva // Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission // Schriften zur Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 19. Wiesbaden, 2022.
Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М.
Женское погребение с коралловыми сережками
из могильника хунну... more Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М.
Женское погребение с коралловыми сережками
из могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 в Туве
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M.
Female grave with coral earrings from Xiongnu
burial ground Ala-Tei 1 in Tuva
______
В женском погребении могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 на дне Саяно-Шушенского водохранилища были найдены золотые серьги с подвесками из веточек коралла. Будучи изначально ценными и хрупкими изделиями, такие находки чрезвычайно редки. Несколько золотых сережек с коралловыми подвесками известны в захоронениях чирикрабатской культуры в нижнем течении Сырдарьи. Можно предположить, что эта редкая находка попала в Туву с запада по одному из маршрутов Шелкового пути, через Среднюю Азию, оазисы Восточного Туркестана, северное приграничье ханьского Китая и Монголию.
________
In Xiongnu female burial ground Ala-Tei 1 at the bottom of the Sayan-Shushenskoe Reservoir, gold earrings with pendants made of coral twigs were found. Being initially valuable and fragile products, such 耀nds are extremely rare. Several gold earrings with coral pendants are known in the Chirikrabat culture graves in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. It can be assumed that this rare 耀nd came to Tuva from the West along one of the Silk Road routes, through Central Asia, oases of East Turkestan, the northern border of Han China and Mongolia.
Representations of yaks in the art of the Xiongnu, 2022
Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М. Изображение яка в искусстве хунну
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Re... more Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М. Изображение яка в искусстве хунну Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Representations of yaks in the art of the Xiongnu // Археологические вести, 34. Archaeological News, 34, 2022
Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М.
Датировка могильников эпохи хунну Ала-Тей 1 и Терезин в Туве // Нау... more Килуновская М. Е., Леус П. М. Датировка могильников эпохи хунну Ала-Тей 1 и Терезин в Туве // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан. Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Dating of burial grounds of the Xiongnu Era Ala-Tey 1 and Terezin in Tuva // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
Ковалева О. В., Амзараков П. Б., Леус П. М.
Спасательные раскопки курганного
могильника Абакан-7... more Ковалева О. В., Амзараков П. Б., Леус П. М. Спасательные раскопки курганного могильника Абакан-7 в 2018 году // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан. Kovaleva O. V., Amzarakov P. B., Leus P. M. Rescue excavations of Abakan-7 burial mound in 2018 // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
THE CREATOR OF CULTURE. MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE HUMAN SPIRITUAL SPACE IN THE LIGHT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY, 2021
Bone plaques/buckles of the Xiongnu period in Tuva
M. E. Kilunovskaya, P. M. Leus
In the 2nd cen... more Bone plaques/buckles of the Xiongnu period in Tuva M. E. Kilunovskaya, P. M. Leus
In the 2nd century BC, the territory of modern Tuva fell under the in㌳uence of the Xiongnu. Archaeological sites of the Scythian type disappear and a change of archaeological cultures occurs. In Tuva, burials of a new type emerge with entirely new funerary inventory. These graves are distinguished as the Ulug-Khem archaeo logical culture. The burials of this type and ob- jects from them have direct parallels at sites of the Xiongnu in neighbouring regions, i. e. in Mongolia, Transbaykalia, etc. In burials of the Xiongnu period in Tuva, bone plaques/buckles of two types are fairly frequently found. One of these types, the most widely distributed, appears already in the late Scythian period. It is near- ly trapezoid buckles fixed to the belt through two round holes. At the other side, usually there are an elongated hole for the strap and a round one for the pin. In late Scythian burials, they fairly often are found in pairs while in the Xiongnu period they are single examples. The presence of buckles of this kind used by the late Scythians and Xiongnu in Tuva possibly indi- cates cultural borrowings and a brief period of a poly- cultural character of the region at a denite historical stage. Some other buckles are unique for Tuva. One is rectangular and decorated with an X-shaped design of small iron tacks. Possibly it repeats the rectangular buckles from Siberian jet occasionally decorated in the same style. Another buckle is of a specic narrow rec- tangular shape and is covered with engravings. Its rare parallels are known from the Xiongnu Ivolga archae- ological site in Transbaykalia and burials of the Xiong- nu in Mongolia. The design itself may have originated from subjects and images of the Chinese artistic tradi- tion, known, e. g., on silk textiles and carved nephrite ornaments. Another group of parallels is found in Middle Asia. They are slightly longer and decorated with highly artistic engravings with scenes of hunting and battles.
Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China, 2021
Бронзовые ажурные пряжки-пластины Саяно-Алтая. Bronze openworks buckles-plates from the Sayan-Alt... more Бронзовые ажурные пряжки-пластины Саяно-Алтая. Bronze openworks buckles-plates from the Sayan-Altai //Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China: Transactions of the XIth International Conference. Abakan, 2021. Древние культуры Монголии, Южной Сибири и Северного Китая. Материалы XI Международной научной конференции. Абакан, 2021
Археологические памятники Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 2021
Изображение яка в искусстве хунну. Yak in the Xiongnu Art. // Археологические
памятники Южной Си... more Изображение яка в искусстве хунну. Yak in the Xiongnu Art. // Археологические памятники Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии: от появления первых скотоводов до эпохи сложения государственных образований. Санкт-Петербург, 2021.
Аннотация. Статья посвящена редкому типу археологических находок — большим гравированным и
инкру... more Аннотация. Статья посвящена редкому типу археологических находок — большим гравированным и инкрустированным пряжкам из сибирского гагата, найденным в памятниках эпохи хунну на обширной тер- ритории от Манчжурии до Нижнего Поволжья. Центром их возникновения и распространения, вероятно, был север Внутренней Азии, откуда происходит сам материал пряжек — богхед, или сибирский гагат. Его основные известные месторождения сосредоточены в Иркутском угольном бассейне. Annotation. vis paper is devoted to a rare type of archaeological Ends, i. e. large buckles from Siberian jet with engraving and incrustation found at sites of the Xiongnu period over a broad territory from Manchuria to the Lower Volga region. ve centre of their origin and distribution was probably in the north of Inner Asia which was the proveni- ence of the material itself for making the buckles — boghead coal or Siberian jet. Its main deposits are concentrated in the Irkutsk coalEelds.
М.Е.Килуновская, Н.А.Лазаревская,
П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской... more М.Е.Килуновская, Н.А.Лазаревская, П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской Археологической Экспедиции //Археологические открытия. 2017 год. М.: Институт археологии РАН, 2019. //Discoveries of the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition 2017 //Archaeologocal discoveries. 2017. Moscow, 2019
ИСКУССТВО ДРЕВНЕГО ТЕКСТИЛЯ / THE ART OF ANCIENT TEXTILES, 2019
Бусова В.С., Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М., Орфинская О.В. Шёлк в контексте погребального обряда мо... more Бусова В.С., Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М., Орфинская О.В. Шёлк в контексте погребального обряда могильника Ала-Тей 2 в Туве / V. S. Busova, М. E. Kilunovskaya, P. М. Leus, O. V. Orfinskaya. SILK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BURIAL RITE OF THE ALA-TEI 2 BURIAL GROUND IN TUVA // ИСКУССТВО ДРЕВНЕГО ТЕКСТИЛЯ / THE ART OF ANCIENT TEXTILES. ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND EAST ASIA. VOLUME 7. 2019
Large openwork buckles, decorated in animal or geometric style, are one of the brightest examples... more Large openwork buckles, decorated in animal or geometric style, are one of the brightest examples of decorative art of Central Asia nomads of the Xiongnu period. They are mainly made of bronze, but there are also known highly artistic golden examples with inlay. A large number of such buckles are represented by chance findings or comes from predatory excavations in Siberia and Central Asia. In this regard, such materials originating from archaeological complexes in regions where such products were not previously known are particularly important. During regular archaeological excavations of the Tuvan archaeological expedition of the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the shores of Sayan- Shushenskoe reservoir there was a large collection of openwork belt buckles of the Xiongnu period gathered from undisturbed tombs of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin. Among them there are presented absolutely unique and having analogues in the neighboring territories of Inner Asia. Some buckles from Tuva correspond to the samples found in the Minusinsk basin, others to Transbaikalian, Mongolian and Chinese types, that, in turn, are unknown in the Minusinsk basin. The territory of Tuva is thus a kind of link between the regions of Inner Asia, that appeared at this time in the sphere of influence of the Xiongnu and the sphere of spread of their cultural and artistic traditions. The article introduces a preliminary catalog of buckles found until now in order to put them into scientific circulation before the full publication of materials of burial grounds, excavations of which are still not completed yet
Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М. Знаки-Тамги улуг-хемской культуры II-I вв до н.э. в Туве // M. Kiluno... more Килуновская М.Е., Леус П.М. Знаки-Тамги улуг-хемской культуры II-I вв до н.э. в Туве // M. Kilunovskaya y P. Leus Tamga-shaped symbols of the Ulug-Khem culture II-I cc BC in Tuva
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Papers by Pavel Leus
железного века в Туве // Следы явлений и процессов в археологических памятниках: Материалы международной научной конференции (Пятигорск, 8-10 апреля 2024 г.). Ставрополь, 2024.
Traces of Changes and Processes in Archaeological Objects:
Proceedings of the International Conference (Pyatigorsk, April 8-10, 2024)
KILUNOVSKAYA M. E., LEUS P. M., SEMENOV VL. A., SEMENOV A. V. COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITION IN THE INUNDATION ZONE OF THE SAYAN-SHUSHENSKOE HYDRAULIC POWER STATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA: MAIN RESULTS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
"The main marks of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva"
Thanks to the excavations of the burial grounds of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin, it became possible to identify features
characteristic of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva. These are elements of the funeral rite and clothing complex that appeared here
together with the Xiongnu and disappear after their departure. The combination of features allows us to date the Xiongnu era
in Tuva to the 2nd–1st centuries BC.
"Wooden “birch bark container”: Casket from the Terezin cemetery in Tuva"
Excavations of the Ala-Tey 1 and Teresin burial sites in Central Tuva yielded numerous findings from the Hunnu era and helped refine the dating of this historical period. The collection of discoveries includes characteristic items such
as openwork bronzes, jet buckles, ceramics, ornaments, and weapons. However, organic materials have not been well preserved
due to the impact of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Reservoir. Nevertheless, a well-preserved “birch bark container”-casket was found in one of the burials at the Terezin burial site, containing a bronze mirror, a wooden comb, and a pouch-amulet. The casket was made of wood, with walls fastened with overlapping straps and decorated with carved ornamentation, including wavy
and geometric patterns. This article is dedicated to a detailed examination of this rare discovery.
https://www.mra-ihae.ru/index.php/contents-of-the-magazine/2022/2021-2
Аннотация: В некоторых погребениях хунну на могильнике Ала-Тей 1 в Туве встречается редкий элемент
погребального обряда, когда в ногах погребенных (мужчин и женщин) был положен череп лошади, в двух случаях взнузданный. Эта традиция является для Тувы новой и, очевидно, связана с обычаями населения, пришедшего сюда в ходе экспансии хунну.
Женское погребение с коралловыми сережками
из могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 в Туве
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M.
Female grave with coral earrings from Xiongnu
burial ground Ala-Tei 1 in Tuva
______
В женском погребении могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 на дне Саяно-Шушенского водохранилища были найдены золотые серьги с подвесками из веточек коралла. Будучи изначально ценными и хрупкими изделиями, такие находки чрезвычайно редки. Несколько золотых сережек с коралловыми подвесками известны в захоронениях чирикрабатской культуры в нижнем течении Сырдарьи. Можно предположить, что эта редкая находка попала в Туву с запада по одному из маршрутов Шелкового пути, через Среднюю Азию, оазисы Восточного Туркестана, северное приграничье ханьского Китая и Монголию.
________
In Xiongnu female burial ground Ala-Tei 1 at the bottom of the Sayan-Shushenskoe Reservoir, gold earrings with pendants made of coral twigs were found. Being initially valuable and fragile products, such 耀nds are extremely rare. Several gold earrings with coral pendants are known in the Chirikrabat culture graves in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. It can be assumed that this rare 耀nd came to Tuva from the West along one of the Silk Road routes, through Central Asia, oases of East Turkestan, the northern border of Han China and Mongolia.
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Representations of yaks in the art of the Xiongnu // Археологические вести, 34. Archaeological News, 34, 2022
Датировка могильников эпохи хунну Ала-Тей 1 и Терезин в Туве // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан.
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M.
Dating of burial grounds of the Xiongnu Era Ala-Tey 1 and Terezin in Tuva // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
Спасательные раскопки курганного
могильника Абакан-7 в 2018 году // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан.
Kovaleva O. V., Amzarakov P. B., Leus P. M. Rescue excavations of Abakan-7 burial mound in 2018 // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
M. E. Kilunovskaya, P. M. Leus
In the 2nd century BC, the territory of modern Tuva
fell under the in㌳uence of the Xiongnu. Archaeological
sites of the Scythian type disappear and a change of
archaeological cultures occurs. In Tuva, burials of a new
type emerge with entirely new funerary inventory.
These graves are distinguished as the Ulug-Khem
archaeo logical culture. The burials of this type and ob-
jects from them have direct parallels at sites of the
Xiongnu in neighbouring regions, i. e. in Mongolia,
Transbaykalia, etc.
In burials of the Xiongnu period in Tuva, bone
plaques/buckles of two types are fairly frequently
found. One of these types, the most widely distributed,
appears already in the late Scythian period. It is near-
ly trapezoid buckles fixed to the belt through two
round holes. At the other side, usually there are an
elongated hole for the strap and a round one for the
pin. In late Scythian burials, they fairly often are found
in pairs while in the Xiongnu period they are single
examples. The presence of buckles of this kind used by
the late Scythians and Xiongnu in Tuva possibly indi-
cates cultural borrowings and a brief period of a poly-
cultural character of the region at a denite historical
stage. Some other buckles are unique for Tuva. One is
rectangular and decorated with an X-shaped design of
small iron tacks. Possibly it repeats the rectangular
buckles from Siberian jet occasionally decorated in the
same style. Another buckle is of a specic narrow rec-
tangular shape and is covered with engravings. Its rare
parallels are known from the Xiongnu Ivolga archae-
ological site in Transbaykalia and burials of the Xiong-
nu in Mongolia. The design itself may have originated
from subjects and images of the Chinese artistic tradi-
tion, known, e. g., on silk textiles and carved nephrite
ornaments. Another group of parallels is found in
Middle Asia. They are slightly longer and decorated
with highly artistic engravings with scenes of hunting
and battles.
Древние культуры Монголии, Южной Сибири и Северного Китая.
Материалы XI Международной научной конференции. Абакан, 2021
памятники Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии: от появления первых скотоводов
до эпохи сложения государственных образований. Санкт-Петербург, 2021.
инкрустированным пряжкам из сибирского гагата, найденным в памятниках эпохи хунну на обширной тер-
ритории от Манчжурии до Нижнего Поволжья. Центром их возникновения и распространения, вероятно,
был север Внутренней Азии, откуда происходит сам материал пряжек — богхед, или сибирский гагат. Его
основные известные месторождения сосредоточены в Иркутском угольном бассейне.
Annotation. vis paper is devoted to a rare type of archaeological Ends, i. e. large buckles from Siberian jet with
engraving and incrustation found at sites of the Xiongnu period over a broad territory from Manchuria to the Lower
Volga region. ve centre of their origin and distribution was probably in the north of Inner Asia which was the proveni-
ence of the material itself for making the buckles — boghead coal or Siberian jet. Its main deposits are concentrated in
the Irkutsk coalEelds.
П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской Археологической Экспедиции //Археологические открытия. 2018 год.
М.: Институт археологии РАН, 2020. //Discoveries of the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition 2018 //Archaeologocal discoveries. 2018. Moscow, 2020
П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской Археологической Экспедиции //Археологические открытия. 2017 год.
М.: Институт археологии РАН, 2019. //Discoveries of the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition 2017 //Archaeologocal discoveries. 2017. Moscow, 2019
SILK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BURIAL RITE OF THE ALA-TEI 2 BURIAL GROUND
IN TUVA
// ИСКУССТВО ДРЕВНЕГО ТЕКСТИЛЯ / THE ART OF ANCIENT TEXTILES. ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND EAST ASIA.
VOLUME 7. 2019
decorative art of Central Asia nomads of the Xiongnu period. They are mainly made of bronze, but there are
also known highly artistic golden examples with inlay. A large number of such buckles are represented by
chance findings or comes from predatory excavations in Siberia and Central Asia. In this regard, such materials
originating from archaeological complexes in regions where such products were not previously known are
particularly important. During regular archaeological excavations of the Tuvan archaeological expedition of
the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the shores of Sayan-
Shushenskoe reservoir there was a large collection of openwork belt buckles of the Xiongnu period gathered
from undisturbed tombs of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin. Among them there are presented absolutely unique and
having analogues in the neighboring territories of Inner Asia. Some buckles from Tuva correspond to the
samples found in the Minusinsk basin, others to Transbaikalian, Mongolian and Chinese types, that, in turn, are
unknown in the Minusinsk basin. The territory of Tuva is thus a kind of link between the regions of Inner Asia,
that appeared at this time in the sphere of influence of the Xiongnu and the sphere of spread of their cultural
and artistic traditions. The article introduces a preliminary catalog of buckles found until now in order to put
them into scientific circulation before the full publication of materials of burial grounds, excavations of which
are still not completed yet
железного века в Туве // Следы явлений и процессов в археологических памятниках: Материалы международной научной конференции (Пятигорск, 8-10 апреля 2024 г.). Ставрополь, 2024.
Traces of Changes and Processes in Archaeological Objects:
Proceedings of the International Conference (Pyatigorsk, April 8-10, 2024)
KILUNOVSKAYA M. E., LEUS P. M., SEMENOV VL. A., SEMENOV A. V. COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITION IN THE INUNDATION ZONE OF THE SAYAN-SHUSHENSKOE HYDRAULIC POWER STATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA: MAIN RESULTS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
"The main marks of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva"
Thanks to the excavations of the burial grounds of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin, it became possible to identify features
characteristic of the Xiongnu culture in Tuva. These are elements of the funeral rite and clothing complex that appeared here
together with the Xiongnu and disappear after their departure. The combination of features allows us to date the Xiongnu era
in Tuva to the 2nd–1st centuries BC.
"Wooden “birch bark container”: Casket from the Terezin cemetery in Tuva"
Excavations of the Ala-Tey 1 and Teresin burial sites in Central Tuva yielded numerous findings from the Hunnu era and helped refine the dating of this historical period. The collection of discoveries includes characteristic items such
as openwork bronzes, jet buckles, ceramics, ornaments, and weapons. However, organic materials have not been well preserved
due to the impact of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Reservoir. Nevertheless, a well-preserved “birch bark container”-casket was found in one of the burials at the Terezin burial site, containing a bronze mirror, a wooden comb, and a pouch-amulet. The casket was made of wood, with walls fastened with overlapping straps and decorated with carved ornamentation, including wavy
and geometric patterns. This article is dedicated to a detailed examination of this rare discovery.
https://www.mra-ihae.ru/index.php/contents-of-the-magazine/2022/2021-2
Аннотация: В некоторых погребениях хунну на могильнике Ала-Тей 1 в Туве встречается редкий элемент
погребального обряда, когда в ногах погребенных (мужчин и женщин) был положен череп лошади, в двух случаях взнузданный. Эта традиция является для Тувы новой и, очевидно, связана с обычаями населения, пришедшего сюда в ходе экспансии хунну.
Женское погребение с коралловыми сережками
из могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 в Туве
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M.
Female grave with coral earrings from Xiongnu
burial ground Ala-Tei 1 in Tuva
______
В женском погребении могильника хунну Ала-Тей 1 на дне Саяно-Шушенского водохранилища были найдены золотые серьги с подвесками из веточек коралла. Будучи изначально ценными и хрупкими изделиями, такие находки чрезвычайно редки. Несколько золотых сережек с коралловыми подвесками известны в захоронениях чирикрабатской культуры в нижнем течении Сырдарьи. Можно предположить, что эта редкая находка попала в Туву с запада по одному из маршрутов Шелкового пути, через Среднюю Азию, оазисы Восточного Туркестана, северное приграничье ханьского Китая и Монголию.
________
In Xiongnu female burial ground Ala-Tei 1 at the bottom of the Sayan-Shushenskoe Reservoir, gold earrings with pendants made of coral twigs were found. Being initially valuable and fragile products, such 耀nds are extremely rare. Several gold earrings with coral pendants are known in the Chirikrabat culture graves in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. It can be assumed that this rare 耀nd came to Tuva from the West along one of the Silk Road routes, through Central Asia, oases of East Turkestan, the northern border of Han China and Mongolia.
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M. Representations of yaks in the art of the Xiongnu // Археологические вести, 34. Archaeological News, 34, 2022
Датировка могильников эпохи хунну Ала-Тей 1 и Терезин в Туве // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан.
Kilunovskaya M. E., Leus P. M.
Dating of burial grounds of the Xiongnu Era Ala-Tey 1 and Terezin in Tuva // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
Спасательные раскопки курганного
могильника Абакан-7 в 2018 году // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая №1 (29) 2021. Абакан.
Kovaleva O. V., Amzarakov P. B., Leus P. M. Rescue excavations of Abakan-7 burial mound in 2018 // Sayan-Altai scientific review. 1( 29) 2021. Abakan.
M. E. Kilunovskaya, P. M. Leus
In the 2nd century BC, the territory of modern Tuva
fell under the in㌳uence of the Xiongnu. Archaeological
sites of the Scythian type disappear and a change of
archaeological cultures occurs. In Tuva, burials of a new
type emerge with entirely new funerary inventory.
These graves are distinguished as the Ulug-Khem
archaeo logical culture. The burials of this type and ob-
jects from them have direct parallels at sites of the
Xiongnu in neighbouring regions, i. e. in Mongolia,
Transbaykalia, etc.
In burials of the Xiongnu period in Tuva, bone
plaques/buckles of two types are fairly frequently
found. One of these types, the most widely distributed,
appears already in the late Scythian period. It is near-
ly trapezoid buckles fixed to the belt through two
round holes. At the other side, usually there are an
elongated hole for the strap and a round one for the
pin. In late Scythian burials, they fairly often are found
in pairs while in the Xiongnu period they are single
examples. The presence of buckles of this kind used by
the late Scythians and Xiongnu in Tuva possibly indi-
cates cultural borrowings and a brief period of a poly-
cultural character of the region at a denite historical
stage. Some other buckles are unique for Tuva. One is
rectangular and decorated with an X-shaped design of
small iron tacks. Possibly it repeats the rectangular
buckles from Siberian jet occasionally decorated in the
same style. Another buckle is of a specic narrow rec-
tangular shape and is covered with engravings. Its rare
parallels are known from the Xiongnu Ivolga archae-
ological site in Transbaykalia and burials of the Xiong-
nu in Mongolia. The design itself may have originated
from subjects and images of the Chinese artistic tradi-
tion, known, e. g., on silk textiles and carved nephrite
ornaments. Another group of parallels is found in
Middle Asia. They are slightly longer and decorated
with highly artistic engravings with scenes of hunting
and battles.
Древние культуры Монголии, Южной Сибири и Северного Китая.
Материалы XI Международной научной конференции. Абакан, 2021
памятники Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии: от появления первых скотоводов
до эпохи сложения государственных образований. Санкт-Петербург, 2021.
инкрустированным пряжкам из сибирского гагата, найденным в памятниках эпохи хунну на обширной тер-
ритории от Манчжурии до Нижнего Поволжья. Центром их возникновения и распространения, вероятно,
был север Внутренней Азии, откуда происходит сам материал пряжек — богхед, или сибирский гагат. Его
основные известные месторождения сосредоточены в Иркутском угольном бассейне.
Annotation. vis paper is devoted to a rare type of archaeological Ends, i. e. large buckles from Siberian jet with
engraving and incrustation found at sites of the Xiongnu period over a broad territory from Manchuria to the Lower
Volga region. ve centre of their origin and distribution was probably in the north of Inner Asia which was the proveni-
ence of the material itself for making the buckles — boghead coal or Siberian jet. Its main deposits are concentrated in
the Irkutsk coalEelds.
П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской Археологической Экспедиции //Археологические открытия. 2018 год.
М.: Институт археологии РАН, 2020. //Discoveries of the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition 2018 //Archaeologocal discoveries. 2018. Moscow, 2020
П.М.Леус, А.В.Семенов, Вл.А.Семенов. - Исследования Тувинской Археологической Экспедиции //Археологические открытия. 2017 год.
М.: Институт археологии РАН, 2019. //Discoveries of the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition 2017 //Archaeologocal discoveries. 2017. Moscow, 2019
SILK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BURIAL RITE OF THE ALA-TEI 2 BURIAL GROUND
IN TUVA
// ИСКУССТВО ДРЕВНЕГО ТЕКСТИЛЯ / THE ART OF ANCIENT TEXTILES. ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND EAST ASIA.
VOLUME 7. 2019
decorative art of Central Asia nomads of the Xiongnu period. They are mainly made of bronze, but there are
also known highly artistic golden examples with inlay. A large number of such buckles are represented by
chance findings or comes from predatory excavations in Siberia and Central Asia. In this regard, such materials
originating from archaeological complexes in regions where such products were not previously known are
particularly important. During regular archaeological excavations of the Tuvan archaeological expedition of
the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the shores of Sayan-
Shushenskoe reservoir there was a large collection of openwork belt buckles of the Xiongnu period gathered
from undisturbed tombs of Ala-Tei 1 and Terezin. Among them there are presented absolutely unique and
having analogues in the neighboring territories of Inner Asia. Some buckles from Tuva correspond to the
samples found in the Minusinsk basin, others to Transbaikalian, Mongolian and Chinese types, that, in turn, are
unknown in the Minusinsk basin. The territory of Tuva is thus a kind of link between the regions of Inner Asia,
that appeared at this time in the sphere of influence of the Xiongnu and the sphere of spread of their cultural
and artistic traditions. The article introduces a preliminary catalog of buckles found until now in order to put
them into scientific circulation before the full publication of materials of burial grounds, excavations of which
are still not completed yet