This thesis explores the democratisation process in Korea by dividing it into three stages, payin... more This thesis explores the democratisation process in Korea by dividing it into three stages, paying special attention to the local level and the involvement of women. The transition phase lasts from the liberalisation of an authoritarian regime to the introduction of a democratic constitution, 1985 to 1988 in the case of Korea. During the next phase, consolidation, democratic institutions have to established and democracy has This thesis is dedicated to my parents who with their endless support and encouragement enabled me to finish this thesis. Unfortunately my father is not around anymore to see my graduation day. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Professor Reinhard Drifte who had to put up with my chaotic approach to writing a thesis. His advice, encouragement and patience were invaluable. I would like to thank the Korea Foundation for providing the means for staying in Korea for two years, in 1994 for language study in preparation of this thesis and in 1997 for the fieldwork. The fieldwork was made possible by the generous help of Kyonggi Provincial government. Here, vice-Governor Lim Su-bok and Cho Han-yu and Oh Young-hak from the International Trade Office deserve special mentioning, representing the many bureaucrats who took their time to help me understand their work. The research, and especially the postal survey, would have been impossible without the immeasurable help from Kim Jeong-young, friend and Korean teacher. A big thank you to Dionne for always being a friend, for the good times in Korea and for supporting the adventure of this thesis through all the stages from first proposal to final proof reading. I am indebted to David who understands best the implications of working in Korean bureaucracy, for providing data and articles from Korea and for Sundays at the pictures. I must also thank my brother for helping with my many computer problems. Thanks for a great first year to Rosie and the rest. I am also grateful to the Choi family and Jeong Jin-ho and Park Eun-bong for giving me the opportunity to experience Korean family life first hand. I would like to thank all those who helped with the fieldwork, the respondents of my survey, all the individuals in institutes and organisations in Korea who kindly offered their time and advice. Furthermore, I am thankful to Caramel for her assistance with the proof reading, Lee Mi-ye for helping with Korean translations, and all friends and acquaintances who helped in various ways to make this thesis possible and made life in Newcastle and Korea so interesting.
... mujeres en Corea del Sur: Familia, trabajo y politica” [Social change and women's positi... more ... mujeres en Corea del Sur: Familia, trabajo y politica” [Social change and women's position in South Korea: Family, work, and politics], in Mujeres asiáticas: Cambio social y modernidad [Asian women: Social change and modernity], ed. Amelia Sááiz López ... By JAE HO CHUNG. ...
Ⅰ. Role of Parties in a Democracy Ⅱ. Mass-party Model Ⅲ. Elite Party Model Ⅳ. Inner-party Structu... more Ⅰ. Role of Parties in a Democracy Ⅱ. Mass-party Model Ⅲ. Elite Party Model Ⅳ. Inner-party Structures Ⅴ. Party Institutionalisation and Organisation Ⅵ. In Conclusion References 자치행정연구 제3권 제2호, 2011.12, 69-85
With South Korea’s growing prosperity, concerns about public health and environmental risks have ... more With South Korea’s growing prosperity, concerns about public health and environmental risks have gained more attention. In 2008, the proposed resumption of beef imports from the United States was met with large-scale demonstrations as many feared the beef could be contaminated with ‘mad cow disease’. These demonstrations lasted several months and forced the government into a policy change. In 2011, the melt-down in the Fukushima nuclear plant also raised concerns about contaminated food but the protestors did not take to the streets to address such fears or the wider issue of long-term damage to humans and the environment through nuclear contamination. In 2011 and 2012, a number of Korean nuclear power plants also encountered problems, including shut-downs, but again, public reaction was muted and no popular anti-nuclear movement developed. In order to seek explanations for these different reactions, the paper uses frame theory as theoretical framework. Nuclear power as a health ris...
Democratization is a multi-faceted process that includes not only the democratization of institut... more Democratization is a multi-faceted process that includes not only the democratization of institutions but also attitudinal and behavioral changes. While South Korea has made significant progress at the institutional level, quantitative studies show that attitudes are not fully democratized. To further illustrate this lack of attitudinal democratization this study uses qualitative methods to assess attitudinal changes among elite politicians. The paper first establishes the normative arguments of local democracy and places this in the context of the democratization debate. Taking support for democracy at all levels of government as an indicator of commitment to democracy, this study focuses on the parliamentary debate on the Local Government Reorganization Law. The content analysis of the parliamentary debates finds a lack of support for local democracy. The participants mostly focus on greater efficiency in service provision at the expense of citizen participation, directly through ...
In the 1950s, then-USPresident Eisenhower introduced the 'Atoms for Peace' initia... more In the 1950s, then-USPresident Eisenhower introduced the 'Atoms for Peace' initiative to decouple nuclear power from nuclear weapons in both public imagery and policy making processes. Political science literature generally follows this distinction, treating nuclear energy as a civilian domestic issue, while discussing nuclear weapons as military and security issues of international relevance. This paper looks at the nuclear power politics in Finland and South Korea to show the arbitrary nature of this division. Both countries are self-declared non-nuclear weaponsstates, and thus rely on nuclear power to reduce dependency on imports for improved national energy security. National security concerns also influence nuclear research activities in terms of the selection of reactor models and construction companies, as well as the treatment of nuclear waste material. The latter challenges the notion that nuclear energy production is a purely domestic affair. Nuclear waste reprocessing produces weapons-grade material, and thus challenges proliferation agreements and, especially in East Asia, the volatile balance of power. In addition to this realist reading, Finnish nuclear waste policies are often influenced by international environmental norms to seek responsible solutions for neighboring countries, as well as for future generations. Both cases thus highlight the interdependence of 'atoms for peace' and 'atoms for war' and the role of energy security in peace studies.
Nuclear energy continues to be a major component of South Korean energy policy, despite the nucle... more Nuclear energy continues to be a major component of South Korean energy policy, despite the nuclear accident in Fukushima and several incidents in domestic nuclear power plants in 2011. There is growing unease among the Korean public regarding the safety of nuclear energy, but these grievances do not translate into demands for policy changes. This article introduces how different actors and their preferences affected the public agenda related to nuclear energy, comparing the protests against a nuclear waste storage facility in Buan County in 2003 and 2004 with the reactions to the Fukushima accident and domestic incidents in more recent years. Using agenda-setting theory, this article aims to shed light on the dynamics of these events on actors, the decision-making processes and the reasons for the lack of concerted effort by citizens and civic groups to demand changes in the country's energy policies.
PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2006
This paper examines the reasons for the increase in female representation in South Korean politic... more This paper examines the reasons for the increase in female representation in South Korean politics in the early 21st century. It is not a direct outcome of Korea’s democratisation process but a result of attitudinal change as well as the efforts of women’s organisations. The Korean experience shows that female representation in parliaments is not the only way to influence politics and policies on women’s issues. This paper starts with a general discussion of democratic procedures that influence female representation before looking at their application in South Korea. Coinciding with procedural changes, societal transformation paved the way for the advancement of women in the public sphere. Women’s organisations play an important role in promoting gender equality and women’s policies, especially since the late 1990s after they started to engage with the state. Their efforts included the introduction of quotas that allowed more women to enter formal elective politics, more than doubli...
Ecological modernization has become a popular policy choice to mitigate negative effects on the e... more Ecological modernization has become a popular policy choice to mitigate negative effects on the environment. Rather than promoting radical changes, ecological modernization combines economic development with the limitation of environmental damage through technological advances. Such ideas are reflected in emissions trading schemes, which take a market approach to offer incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper compares the development of emissions trading schemes in Australia and South Korea to explore the factors that contribute to the adaptation of ecological modernization policies. The two countries share a dependence on energy-intensive industries for economic growth, but the debate on emission policies is dominated by different actors, offering alternative scenarios for the adaptation of ecological modernization in domestic policies. The role of business interests and civil society as well as priorities on the political agenda also differentiate the two cases, highlighting the role of political networks in the process of ecological modernization and the depth of such policies.
JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government
The internet and social media have been credited with the potential to reinvigorate democracy by ... more The internet and social media have been credited with the potential to reinvigorate democracy by offering new avenues of political participation and communication between citi-zens and politicians. The results of empirical studies, however, call for caution, as many politi-cians refrain from fully exploring the interactive potential of new media. This case study focus-es on the web presence of Korean parliamentarians, using basic statistical analyses to explore the use of ICT as a means of political communication. It finds that Korean parliamentarians are less active online, treating ICT mainly as another channel for information distribution. It is thus concluded that ICT is not revolutionizing politics but reinforcing existing patterns of communi-cation that leave a gap between citizens and representatives. This paper was previously submit-ted to CeDem Asia 2016. The literature review and the methodology section have been expand-ed, and additional statistical data as well as furthe...
21st centry Political Science Review 21 세기정치학회보, 2012
This paper looks at the role of gender mainstreaming in closing the gender gap at Germany univers... more This paper looks at the role of gender mainstreaming in closing the gender gap at Germany universities. Driven by policy-makers at EU and federal level, gender mainstreaming has been introduced to German universities as a means to overcome the still substantial gender gap in academia. The role of different strategic choices, identified previously in the context of gender mainstreaming in development, in the success of gender mainstreaming can also be noted in this context. The integrationist approach aims at bringing women into the mainstream but has limited and slower impact on the gender gap, while an agenda-setting approach focuses on policy-changes and adjustments in the mainstream. A comparison of two universities’ efforts shows the impact of such choices on the increase in the number of female professors. Active and passive resistance slow down the integrative approach while the agenda-setting approach invites discussion on gender equality across the university and thus is more likely to induce change beyond universities in the wider society.
This thesis explores the democratisation process in Korea by dividing it into three stages, payin... more This thesis explores the democratisation process in Korea by dividing it into three stages, paying special attention to the local level and the involvement of women. The transition phase lasts from the liberalisation of an authoritarian regime to the introduction of a democratic constitution, 1985 to 1988 in the case of Korea. During the next phase, consolidation, democratic institutions have to established and democracy has This thesis is dedicated to my parents who with their endless support and encouragement enabled me to finish this thesis. Unfortunately my father is not around anymore to see my graduation day. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Professor Reinhard Drifte who had to put up with my chaotic approach to writing a thesis. His advice, encouragement and patience were invaluable. I would like to thank the Korea Foundation for providing the means for staying in Korea for two years, in 1994 for language study in preparation of this thesis and in 1997 for the fieldwork. The fieldwork was made possible by the generous help of Kyonggi Provincial government. Here, vice-Governor Lim Su-bok and Cho Han-yu and Oh Young-hak from the International Trade Office deserve special mentioning, representing the many bureaucrats who took their time to help me understand their work. The research, and especially the postal survey, would have been impossible without the immeasurable help from Kim Jeong-young, friend and Korean teacher. A big thank you to Dionne for always being a friend, for the good times in Korea and for supporting the adventure of this thesis through all the stages from first proposal to final proof reading. I am indebted to David who understands best the implications of working in Korean bureaucracy, for providing data and articles from Korea and for Sundays at the pictures. I must also thank my brother for helping with my many computer problems. Thanks for a great first year to Rosie and the rest. I am also grateful to the Choi family and Jeong Jin-ho and Park Eun-bong for giving me the opportunity to experience Korean family life first hand. I would like to thank all those who helped with the fieldwork, the respondents of my survey, all the individuals in institutes and organisations in Korea who kindly offered their time and advice. Furthermore, I am thankful to Caramel for her assistance with the proof reading, Lee Mi-ye for helping with Korean translations, and all friends and acquaintances who helped in various ways to make this thesis possible and made life in Newcastle and Korea so interesting.
... mujeres en Corea del Sur: Familia, trabajo y politica” [Social change and women's positi... more ... mujeres en Corea del Sur: Familia, trabajo y politica” [Social change and women's position in South Korea: Family, work, and politics], in Mujeres asiáticas: Cambio social y modernidad [Asian women: Social change and modernity], ed. Amelia Sááiz López ... By JAE HO CHUNG. ...
Ⅰ. Role of Parties in a Democracy Ⅱ. Mass-party Model Ⅲ. Elite Party Model Ⅳ. Inner-party Structu... more Ⅰ. Role of Parties in a Democracy Ⅱ. Mass-party Model Ⅲ. Elite Party Model Ⅳ. Inner-party Structures Ⅴ. Party Institutionalisation and Organisation Ⅵ. In Conclusion References 자치행정연구 제3권 제2호, 2011.12, 69-85
With South Korea’s growing prosperity, concerns about public health and environmental risks have ... more With South Korea’s growing prosperity, concerns about public health and environmental risks have gained more attention. In 2008, the proposed resumption of beef imports from the United States was met with large-scale demonstrations as many feared the beef could be contaminated with ‘mad cow disease’. These demonstrations lasted several months and forced the government into a policy change. In 2011, the melt-down in the Fukushima nuclear plant also raised concerns about contaminated food but the protestors did not take to the streets to address such fears or the wider issue of long-term damage to humans and the environment through nuclear contamination. In 2011 and 2012, a number of Korean nuclear power plants also encountered problems, including shut-downs, but again, public reaction was muted and no popular anti-nuclear movement developed. In order to seek explanations for these different reactions, the paper uses frame theory as theoretical framework. Nuclear power as a health ris...
Democratization is a multi-faceted process that includes not only the democratization of institut... more Democratization is a multi-faceted process that includes not only the democratization of institutions but also attitudinal and behavioral changes. While South Korea has made significant progress at the institutional level, quantitative studies show that attitudes are not fully democratized. To further illustrate this lack of attitudinal democratization this study uses qualitative methods to assess attitudinal changes among elite politicians. The paper first establishes the normative arguments of local democracy and places this in the context of the democratization debate. Taking support for democracy at all levels of government as an indicator of commitment to democracy, this study focuses on the parliamentary debate on the Local Government Reorganization Law. The content analysis of the parliamentary debates finds a lack of support for local democracy. The participants mostly focus on greater efficiency in service provision at the expense of citizen participation, directly through ...
In the 1950s, then-USPresident Eisenhower introduced the 'Atoms for Peace' initia... more In the 1950s, then-USPresident Eisenhower introduced the 'Atoms for Peace' initiative to decouple nuclear power from nuclear weapons in both public imagery and policy making processes. Political science literature generally follows this distinction, treating nuclear energy as a civilian domestic issue, while discussing nuclear weapons as military and security issues of international relevance. This paper looks at the nuclear power politics in Finland and South Korea to show the arbitrary nature of this division. Both countries are self-declared non-nuclear weaponsstates, and thus rely on nuclear power to reduce dependency on imports for improved national energy security. National security concerns also influence nuclear research activities in terms of the selection of reactor models and construction companies, as well as the treatment of nuclear waste material. The latter challenges the notion that nuclear energy production is a purely domestic affair. Nuclear waste reprocessing produces weapons-grade material, and thus challenges proliferation agreements and, especially in East Asia, the volatile balance of power. In addition to this realist reading, Finnish nuclear waste policies are often influenced by international environmental norms to seek responsible solutions for neighboring countries, as well as for future generations. Both cases thus highlight the interdependence of 'atoms for peace' and 'atoms for war' and the role of energy security in peace studies.
Nuclear energy continues to be a major component of South Korean energy policy, despite the nucle... more Nuclear energy continues to be a major component of South Korean energy policy, despite the nuclear accident in Fukushima and several incidents in domestic nuclear power plants in 2011. There is growing unease among the Korean public regarding the safety of nuclear energy, but these grievances do not translate into demands for policy changes. This article introduces how different actors and their preferences affected the public agenda related to nuclear energy, comparing the protests against a nuclear waste storage facility in Buan County in 2003 and 2004 with the reactions to the Fukushima accident and domestic incidents in more recent years. Using agenda-setting theory, this article aims to shed light on the dynamics of these events on actors, the decision-making processes and the reasons for the lack of concerted effort by citizens and civic groups to demand changes in the country's energy policies.
PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2006
This paper examines the reasons for the increase in female representation in South Korean politic... more This paper examines the reasons for the increase in female representation in South Korean politics in the early 21st century. It is not a direct outcome of Korea’s democratisation process but a result of attitudinal change as well as the efforts of women’s organisations. The Korean experience shows that female representation in parliaments is not the only way to influence politics and policies on women’s issues. This paper starts with a general discussion of democratic procedures that influence female representation before looking at their application in South Korea. Coinciding with procedural changes, societal transformation paved the way for the advancement of women in the public sphere. Women’s organisations play an important role in promoting gender equality and women’s policies, especially since the late 1990s after they started to engage with the state. Their efforts included the introduction of quotas that allowed more women to enter formal elective politics, more than doubli...
Ecological modernization has become a popular policy choice to mitigate negative effects on the e... more Ecological modernization has become a popular policy choice to mitigate negative effects on the environment. Rather than promoting radical changes, ecological modernization combines economic development with the limitation of environmental damage through technological advances. Such ideas are reflected in emissions trading schemes, which take a market approach to offer incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper compares the development of emissions trading schemes in Australia and South Korea to explore the factors that contribute to the adaptation of ecological modernization policies. The two countries share a dependence on energy-intensive industries for economic growth, but the debate on emission policies is dominated by different actors, offering alternative scenarios for the adaptation of ecological modernization in domestic policies. The role of business interests and civil society as well as priorities on the political agenda also differentiate the two cases, highlighting the role of political networks in the process of ecological modernization and the depth of such policies.
JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government
The internet and social media have been credited with the potential to reinvigorate democracy by ... more The internet and social media have been credited with the potential to reinvigorate democracy by offering new avenues of political participation and communication between citi-zens and politicians. The results of empirical studies, however, call for caution, as many politi-cians refrain from fully exploring the interactive potential of new media. This case study focus-es on the web presence of Korean parliamentarians, using basic statistical analyses to explore the use of ICT as a means of political communication. It finds that Korean parliamentarians are less active online, treating ICT mainly as another channel for information distribution. It is thus concluded that ICT is not revolutionizing politics but reinforcing existing patterns of communi-cation that leave a gap between citizens and representatives. This paper was previously submit-ted to CeDem Asia 2016. The literature review and the methodology section have been expand-ed, and additional statistical data as well as furthe...
21st centry Political Science Review 21 세기정치학회보, 2012
This paper looks at the role of gender mainstreaming in closing the gender gap at Germany univers... more This paper looks at the role of gender mainstreaming in closing the gender gap at Germany universities. Driven by policy-makers at EU and federal level, gender mainstreaming has been introduced to German universities as a means to overcome the still substantial gender gap in academia. The role of different strategic choices, identified previously in the context of gender mainstreaming in development, in the success of gender mainstreaming can also be noted in this context. The integrationist approach aims at bringing women into the mainstream but has limited and slower impact on the gender gap, while an agenda-setting approach focuses on policy-changes and adjustments in the mainstream. A comparison of two universities’ efforts shows the impact of such choices on the increase in the number of female professors. Active and passive resistance slow down the integrative approach while the agenda-setting approach invites discussion on gender equality across the university and thus is more likely to induce change beyond universities in the wider society.
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