2016 Japanese House of Councillors election

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2016 Japanese House of Councillors election
← 2013 10 July 2016 2019 →
121 of the 242 seats in the House of Councillors
122 seats needed for a majority
Turnout 54.7% Increase 2.6%
  First party Second party Third party
  130x130px 130x130px 130x130px
Leader Shinzō Abe Katsuya Okada Natsuo Yamaguchi
Party Liberal Democratic Democratic Party (Japan, 2016) Kōmeitō
Leader since 26 September 2012 14 December 2014 8 September 2009
Last election 115 seats, 34.68% – 20 seats, 14.22%
Seats after 120 49 25
Seat change Increase 5 New Increase 5
Popular vote 20,114,788 11,751,015 7,572,960
Percentage 35.91% 20.98% 13.52%
Swing Increase 1.23pp New Decrease 0.70pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
  Kazuo Shii cropped.jpg 130x130px 130x130px
Leader Kazuo Shii Ichirō Matsui Kyoko Nakayama
Party Communist Nippon Ishin no Kai Party for Japanese Kokoro
Leader since 24 November 2000 12 December 2015 21 December 2015
Last election 11 seats, 9.68% – –
Seats after 14 12 3
Seat change Increase 3 New New
Popular vote 6,016,245 5,153,684 734,024
Percentage 10.74% 9.20% 1.31%
Swing Increase 1.06pp New New
  Seventh party Eighth party
  130x130px 130x130px
Leader Tadatomo Yoshida Ichirō Ozawa
Party Social Democratic People's Life
Leader since 14 October 2013 25 January 2013
Last election 3 seats, 2.36% 2 seats, 1.77%
Seats after 2 2
Seat change Decrease 1 Steady
Popular vote 1,536,239 1,067,301
Percentage 2.74% 1.91%
Swing Increase 0.38pp Increase 0.14pp
400px
Constituency and proportional representation (bottom right) election result
President of the House of Councillors before election

Masaaki Yamazaki
Liberal Democratic

 Elected President of the House of Councillors

Masaaki Yamazaki
Liberal Democratic

House of Councillors elections were held in Japan on Sunday 10 July 2016 to elect 121 of the 242 members of the House of Councillors, the upper house of the National Diet, for a term of six years. As a result of the election, the Liberal Democratic Party–Komeito coalition gained ten seats for a total of 145 (60% of all seats in the house), the largest coalition achieved since the size of the house was set at 242 seats.[1]

76 members were elected by single non-transferable vote (SNTV) and first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting in 45 multi- and single-member prefectural electoral districts; for the first time, there were two combined (gōku) single-member districts consisting of two prefectures each, Tottori-Shimane and Tokushima-Kōchi. This change and several other reapportionments were part of an electoral reform law passed by the Diet in July 2015 designed to reduce the maximum ratio of malapportionment in the House of Councillors below 3.[2][3] The nationwide district which elects 48 members by D'Hondt proportional representation with most open lists remained unchanged.

The elections were the first national election after the 2015 change to the Public Offices Election Act, which allowed people from 18 years of age to vote in national, prefectural and municipal elections and in referendums. The legal voting age prior to the change was 20.[4]

Background

The term of members elected in the 2010 regular election (including those elected in subsequent by-elections or as runners-up) ends on July 25, 2016. Under the "Public Offices Election Act" (kōshoku-senkyo-hō), the regular election must be held within 30 days before that date, or under certain conditions if the Diet is in session or scheduled to open at that time, between 24 and 30 days after the closure of the session and thus potentially somewhat after the actual end of term.[5] The election date was July 10 with the deadline for nominations and the start of legal campaigning 18 days before the election (i.e. June 22).[6]

Prior to the election, the Liberal Democratic Party and its coalition partner Komeito controlled a two-thirds super-majority of seats in the House of Representatives but did not control a similar super-majority of seats in the House of Councillors, necessary to initiate amendments of the Constitution of Japan.[7] In order to deny a super-majority to the LDP and other pro-amendment parties, the parties opposed to amending the constitution (Democratic Party, Japanese Communist Party, Social Democratic Party and People's Life Party) agreed to field a single candidate in each single-seat district, leading to a number of one-on-one races between the LDP and an opposition candidate (most of which the LDP ultimately won).[8] Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, historically a vocal proponent of constitutional revision, generally avoided discussing the constitution during the campaign, instead focusing on his "Abenomics" economic policies.[9]

On the eve of the election, Gerald Curtis described the race as "one of the dullest in recent memory," pointing out that "never in Japan's postwar history has the political opposition been as enfeebled as it is now... That's why widespread public disappointment with the government's economic policies hasn't hurt Mr. Abe politically. The prevailing sentiment is that he has done better than his predecessors, and replacing him with another LDP leader, let alone an opposition coalition government, would only make matters worse—especially now that the global economy is in turmoil."[10]

Pre-election composition

As of the official announcement (kōji, the candidate registration deadline and when the campaign starts) on 22 June (count by Yomiuri Shimbun):[11]

↓
37 59 8 2 1 9 50 11 65
O not up Main opposition seats up RO RO up V K up LDP seats up K LDP seats not up

In the class of members facing re-election, the ruling coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Kōmeitō had a combined 60 of 121 seats, slightly short of a majority (as of June 2016).[12] The main opposition Democratic Party held 47 seats.[12] As the coalition held 77 seats not being contested at this election, they only needed to retain 44 seats in the election to maintain their majority in the House. The LDP, which held 117 seats alone, had to gain five seats to reach a majority of its own and make the coalition with Kōmeitō unnecessary. In the other direction, the governing coalition would have to lose 16 seats or more to forfeit its overall majority in the House of Councillors and face a technically divided Diet. However, as independents and minor opposition groups might be willing to support the government on a regular basis without inclusion in the cabinet, the losses required to face an actual divided Diet may have been much higher. If the Diet were divided after the election, the coalition's two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives could still override the House of Councillors and pass legislation, but certain Diet decisions, notably the approval of certain nominations by the cabinet such as public safety commission members or Bank of Japan governor, would require the cooperation of at least part of the opposition or an expansion of the ruling coalition.

Among the members facing re-election were House of Councillors President Masaaki Yamazaki (LDP, Fukui), Vice President Azuma Koshiishi (DPJ, Yamanashi), Justice Minister Mitsuhide Iwaki (LDP, Fukushima) and Okinawa and Science Minister Aiko Shimajiri (LDP, Okinawa).

Policy effects

The election gave a two-thirds super-majority in the upper house to the four parties in favor of constitutional revision. After the election, Abe publicly acknowledged that constitutional revision would be "not so easy" and said "I expect the discussion will be deepened." The Chinese government voiced concern about the result, while South Korean newspaper Munhwa Ilbo opined that the election results "opened the door for a Japan that can go to war."[9]

Abe announced a major economic stimulus package following the election, leading to a spike in the Japanese stock markets.[13]

District reapportionment

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See also: List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan

The following districts saw a change in their representation within the House at this election. One set of reforms were introduced in 2012 and first took effect at the 2013 election; the districts affected by the 2015 reforms are shaded.

District Magnitude Notes
Hokkaidō 3 Increased from 2
Miyagi 1 Decreased from 2
Fukushima 1 2 incumbents in outgoing class (reapportioned in 2012)
Tokyo 6 Increased from 5
Kanagawa 4 3 incumbents in outgoing class (reapportioned in 2012)
Niigata 1 Decreased from 2
Nagano 1 Decreased from 2
Gifu 1 2 incumbents in outgoing class (reapportioned in 2012)
Aichi 4 Increased from 3
Osaka 4 3 incumbents in outgoing class (reapportioned in 2012)
Hyogo 3 Increased from 2
Tottori-Shimane 1 Created from the merger of the single-member Tottori and Shimane districts
Tokushima-Kōchi 1 Created from the merger of the single-member Tokushima and Kochi districts
Fukuoka 3 Increased from 2

Opinion polls

Seat projections

Date by Ruling
Coalition		 Ruling
Coal.
total		 Opposition Source
LDP KM DP JCP IFO SDP PLP PJK NRP Oth. Ind.
July 5–6 Asahi 56 14 70 30 7 8 1 0 0 0 0 5 [14]
July 3–5 Kyodo & Tokyo 58 14 72 27 10 6 1 0 0 0 0 5 [15]
July 3–5 Kyodo 60 14 74 27 9 6 1 0 0 0 0 4 [16]
[17]
July 3–5 Nikkei 49–65 10–15 59–80 19–38 7–15 4–8 0–1 0–1 0 0 2–7 [18]
July 3–5 Yomiuri - - - - - - - - - - - - [19]
July 1–3 Sankei & FNN 59 12 71 28 10 7 1 0 0 0 0 4 [20]
July 1–3 Dwango & Line 55 14 69 27 10 8 1 1 0 0 0 5 [21]
July 1–3 Jiji - - - - - - - - - - - - [22]
June 22 – July 3 Yahoo! 61 10 71 26 11 8 5 [23]
June 22–23 Asahi 57 14 71 30 8 7 1 0 0 0 0 4 [24][25]
June 22–23 Mainichi 58–65 12–14 70–79 22–31 7–12 5–8 0–1 0 0 0 0 2–3 [26][27]
June 22–23 Kyodo - - - - - - - - - - - - [28][29]
June 22–23 Nikkei - - - - - - - - - - - - [30]
June 22–23 Yomiuri - - - - - - - - - - - - [31]
June 4–21 Yahoo! 57 11 68 24 16 10 3 [23]
June 17–19 Dwango & Line 57 14 71 25 10 8 1 1 0 0 0 5 [21]

Cabinet approval / disapproval ratings

File:2nd and 3rd Abe Cabinet Approval Disapproval Ratings.png
Approval (blue) and Disapproval (red) Ratings for Second and Third Abe Cabinet

Results

A record 28 women won seats in the compared to 26 in 2007 and 22 in 2013.[32] Among them, actress Junko Mihara won a seat representing Kanagawa Prefecture for the LDP.[33]

Yoshimi Watanabe, former leader of Your Party, returned to the Diet in this election, winning a seat as part of Osaka Ishin no Kai.[34] Justice minister Mitsuhide Iwaki lost his seat in Fukushima Prefecture to an opposition-supported candidate.[35] Aiko Shimajiri, state minister for Okinawan affairs, lost her seat to former Ginowan, Okinawa mayor Yoichi Iha, a critic of the US military presence in Okinawa supported by a coalition of opposition parties. This was viewed by some analysts as a setback for the proposed relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma.[35][36] Former Olympic volleyball player Kentaro Asahi won a seat representing the Tokyo at-large district for the LDP.[37] On the same day, journalist Satoshi Mitazono defeated incumbent Yuichiro Ito in a gubernatorial election in Kagoshima Prefecture. Mitazono campaigned on a platform focused on suspension of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant.[38]

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By electoral district

Abbreviations and translations used in this table for (nominating – endorsing) parties:

District Magnitude Incumbents Winners & runner-up [+incumbents if lower] with vote share (/votes for PR members) Gains & losses by party
Hokkaidō[39] 3 (+1) Gaku Hasegawa (L)
Eri Tokunaga (D)		 Gaku Hasegawa (L – K) 25.5%
Eri Tokunaga (D) 22.0%
Yoshio Hachiro (D) 19.3%
Katsuhiro Kakiki (L – K, NPD) 19.0%		 D +1
Aomori[40] 1 Tsutomu Yamazaki (L) Masayo Tanabu (D – S) 49.2%
Tsutomu Yamazaki (L – K) 47.9%		 L -1
D +1
Iwate[41] 1 Ryō Shuhama (D) Eiji Kidoguchi (I – D, C, S, PLP) 53.3%
Shin'ichi Tanaka (L – K) 41.0%		 D -1
I (opposition) +1
Miyagi[42] 1 (-1) Yutaka Kumagai (L)
Mitsuru Sakurai (D)		 Mitsuru Sakurai (D – C, S, PLP) 51.1%
Yutaka Kumagai (L – K) 47.0%		 L -1
Akita[43] 1 Hiroo Ishii (L) Hiroo Ishii (L – K) 53.9%
Daigo Matsuura (D – C, S) 44.0%
Yamagata[44] 1 Kōichi Kishi (L) Yasue Funayama (I – D, S) 59.0%
Kaoru Tsukino (L – K) 38.3%		 L -1
I (opposition) +1
Fukushima[45] 1 (-1) Teruhiko Mashiko (D)
Mitsuhide Iwaki (L)		 Teruhiko Mashiko (D – S) 50.5%
Mitsuhide Iwaki (L – K) 47.2%		 L -1
Ibaraki[46] 2 Hiroshi Okada (L)
Akira Gunji (D)		 Hiroshi Okada (L – K) 50.3%
Akira Gunji (D) 25.3%
Kyōko Kobayashi (C) 9.4%
Tochigi[47] 1 Michiko Ueno (L) Michiko Ueno (L – K) 58.9%
Takao Tanobe (I – D, C, S, PLP) 38.3%
Gunma[48] 1 Hirofumi Nakasone (L) Hirofumi Nakasone (L – K) 66.0%
Keinin Horikoshi (D – C, S) 31.1%
Saitama[49] 3 Masakazu Sekiguchi (L)
Makoto Nishida (K)
Motohiro Ōno (D)		 Masakazu Sekiguchi (L) 29.2%
Motohiro Ōno (D – PLP) 22.0%
Makoto Nishida (K – L) 20.9%
Gaku Itō (C – PLP) 15.8%
Chiba[50] 3 Hiroyuki Konishi (D)
Kuniko Inoguchi (L)
Ken'ichi Mizuno (D)		 Kuniko Inoguchi (L – K) 29.2%
Taiichirō Motoe (L – K) 22.1%
Hiroyuki Konishi (D) 18.1%
Fumiko Asano (C) 13.5%
Ken'ichi Mizuno (D) 12.1%		 D -1
L +1
Tokyo[51] 6 (+1) Renhō (D)
Toshiko Takeya (K)
Masaharu Nakagawa (L)
Toshio Ogawa (D)
Kōta Matsuda (AEJ)		 Renhō (D) 18.0%
Masaharu Nakagawa (L) 14.2%
Toshiko Takeya (K) 12.4%
Taku Yamazoe (C) 10.7%
Kentarō Asahi (L) 10.4%
Toshio Ogawa (D) 8.2%
Yasuo Tanaka (Osaka Ishin) 7.5%
...
Kazuyuki Hamada[nb 1] (I) 0.5%		 AEJ -1
L +1
C +1
Kanagawa[52] 4 (+1) Akio Koizumi (L)
Kenji Nakanishi (I)
Yōichi Kaneko (D)		 Junko Mihara (L) 24.5%
Nobuhiro Miura (K – L) 15.3%
Yūichi Mayama (D – PLP) 14.2%
Kenji Nakanishi (I – L)[nb 2] 12.8%
Yuka Asaka (C – PLP) 11.9%
Yōichi Kaneko (D – PLP) 10.9%		 K +1
I (government) joins L
Niigata[53] 1 (-1) Naoki Tanaka (D)
Yaichi Nakahara (L)		 Yūko Mori (I – D, C, S, PLP) 49.0%
Yaichi Nakahara (L – K) 48.8%		 L -1
D -1
I (opposition) +1
Toyama[54] 1 Kōtarō Nogami (L) Kōtarō Nogami (L – K) 69.2%
Etsuko Dōyō (I – D, C, S, PLP) 27.4%
Ishikawa[55] 1 Naoki Okada (L) Naoki Okada (L – K) 61.7%
Miki Shibata (I – D, C, S, PLP) 36.0%
Fukui[56] 1 Masaaki Yamazaki (L) Masaaki Yamazaki (L – K) 60.1%
Tatsuhiro Yokoyama (I – D, S) 36.3%
Yamanashi[57] 1 Azuma Koshiishi (D) Yuka Miyazawa (D – C, S) 43.0%
Tsuyoshi Takano (L – K) 37.8%
Nagano[58] 1 (-1) Kenta Wakabayashi (L)
Toshimi Kitazawa (D)		 Hideya Sugio (D – C, S) 52.5%
Kenta Wakabayashi (L – K) 45.7%		 L -1
Gifu[59] 1 (-1) Takeyuki Watanabe (L)
Yoshiharu Komiyama (D)		 Takeyuki Watanabe (L – K) 55.8%
Yoshiharu Komiyama (D – C, S, PLP) 40.9%		 D -1
Shizuoka[60] 2 Shigeki Iwai (L)
Yūji Fujimoto (D)		 Shigeki Iwai (L – K) 44.3%
Sachiko Hirayama (D – S) 41.0%
Chika Suzuki (C) 10.2%
Aichi[61] 4 (+1) Mashito Fujikawa (L)
Yoshitaka Saitō (D)
Misako Yasui (D)		 Masahito Fujikawa (L) 29.3%
Yoshitaka Saitō (D) 17.5%
Ryūji Satomi (K – L) 16.2%
Takae Itō (D) 15.8%
Hatsumi Suyama (C) 9.2%		 K +1
Mie[62] 1 Hirokazu Shiba (D) Hirokazu Shiba (D) 49.7%
Sachiko Yamamoto (L – K) 47.5%
Shiga[63] 1 Kumiko Hayashi (D) Takashi Koyari (L – K) 52.2%
Kumiko Hayashi (D – C, S) 45.8%		 D -1
L +1
Kyoto[64] 2 Tetsurō Fukuyama (D)
Satoshi Ninoyu (L)		 Satoshi Ninoyu (L – K) 40.0%
Tetsurō Fukuyama (D – S) 36.9%
Toshitaka Ōkawara (C) 20.0%
Osaka[65] 4 (+1) Issei Kitagawa (L)
Tomoyuki Odachi (D)
Hirotaka Ishikawa (K)		 Rui Matsukawa (L) 20.4%
Hitoshi Asada (Osaka Ishin) 19.5%
Hirotaka Ishikawa (K) 18.2%
Kaori Takagi (Osaka Ishin) 17.9%
Yui Watanabe (C – PLP) 12.2%
Tomoyuki Odachi (D – PLP) 9.3%		 D -1
Osaka Ishin +2
Hyōgo[66] 3 (+1) Shinsuke Suematsu (L)
Shun'ichi Mizuoka (D)		 Shinsuke Suematsu (L) 26.3%
Takae Itō (L – K) 22.2%
Daisuke Katayama (Osaka Ishin) 21.8%
Shun'ichi Mizuoka (D) 17.2%		 D -1
L +1
Osaka Ishin +1
Nara[67] 1 Kiyoshige Maekawa (D) Kei Satō (L – K) 45.5%
Kiyoshige Makawa (D – C, S, PLP) 33.7%		 D -1
L +1
Wakayama[68] 1 Yōsuke Tsuruho (L) Yōsuke Tsuruho (L – K) 69.2%
Takanobu Yura (I – C, S, PLP) 26.1%
Tottori-Shimane[69] 1 (-1 combined) From Tottori: Kazuyuki Hamada (I)
From Shimane: Kazuhiko Aoki (L)		 Kazuhiko Aoki (L – K) 62.7%
Hirohiko Fukushima (I – D, C, S, PLP) 34.7%		 I -1
Okayama[70] 1 Satsuki Eda (D) Kimi Onoda (L – K) 55.6%
Kentarō Kuroishi (D - C, S) 41.9%		 D -1
L +1
Hiroshima[71] 2 Yōichi Miyazawa (L)
Minoru Yanagida (D)		 Yōichi Miyazawa (L – K) 49.8%
Minoru Yanagida (D – S) 23.1%
Kana Haioka (Osaka Ishin) 13.8%
Yamaguchi[72] 1 Kiyoshi Ejima (L) Kiyoshi Ejima (L – K) 64.0%
Atsushi Kōketsu (I – D, C, S) 29.8%
Tokushima-Kōchi[73] 1 (-1 combined) From Tokushima: Yūsuke Nakanishi (L)
From Kōchi: Hajime Hirota (D)		 Yūsuke Nakanishi (L) 54.1%
Sō Ōnishi (I – D, C, S) 42.9%		 D -1
Kagawa[74] 1 Yoshihiko Isozaki (L) Yoshihiko Isozaki (L – K) 65.1%
Ken'ichi Tanabe (C – S, PLP) 26.1%
Ehime[75] 1 Junzō Yamamoto (L) Junzō Yamamoto (L – K) 49.6%
Takako Nagae (I – D, S) 48.3%
Fukuoka[76] 3 (+1) Satoshi Ōie (L)
Tsutomu Ōkubo (D)		 Yukihito Koga (D) 30.7%
Satoshi Ōie (L) 29.3%
Hiromi Takase (K – L) 21.4%
Masako Shibata (C) 9.0%		 K +1
Saga[77] 1 Takamaro Fukuoka (L) Takamaro Fukuoka (L – K) 65.6%
Tetsuji Nakamura (D – S) 31.3%
Nagasaki[78] 1 Genjirō Kaneko (L) Genjirō Kaneko (L – K) 52.9%
Hideko Nishioka (D – S, PLP) 44.9%
Kumamoto[79] 1 Yoshifumi Matsumura (L) Yoshifumi Matsumura (L – K) 59.1%
Hiromi Abe (I – D, C, S) 36.1%
Ōita[80] 1 Shin'ya Adachi (D) Shin'ya Adachi (D) 48.1
Harutomo Koshō (L – K) 47.9%
Miyazaki[81] 1 Shinpei Matsushita (L) Shinpei Matsushita (L – K) 62.0%
Yōji Yomiyama (I – D, S) 33.5%
Kagoshima[82] 1 Tetsurō Nomura (L) Tetsurō Nomura (L – K) 59.0%
Kazumi Shimomachi (I – D, C, S) 29.2%
Okinawa[83] 1 Aiko Shimajiri (L) Yōichi Iha (I) 57.8%
Aiko Shimajiri (L - K) 40.6%		 L -1
I (opposition) +1
National 48 (pre-election by parliamentary group, not by party)[nb 3]
D 18
L 12
K 6
C 3
Osaka Ishin 2
S 2
AEJ 1
PLP 1
NRP 1
I 2)		 L 35.9% of proportional votes→19 seats:[84]
Masayuki Tokushige 521,060
Shigeharu Aoyama 481,890
Satsuki Katayama 393,382
Satoshi Nakanishi 392,433
Eriko Imai 319,359
Toshiyuki Adachi 293,735
Eriko Yamatani 249,844
Shin'ya Fujiki 236,119
Hanako Jimi 210,562
Kanehiko Shindō 182,467
Emiko Takagai 177,810
Hiroshi Yamada 149,833
Toshiyuki Fujii 142,132
Masashi Adachi 139,110
Takashi Uto 137,993
Katsumi Ogawa 130,101
Yoshifumi Miyajima 122,833
Toshiei Mizuochi 114,485
Shūkō Sonoda 101,154
Isao Takeuchi 87,578
...
Tsuneo Horiuchi 84,597		 (change from last election 2010)
L +7
D (from DPJ) -5
K +1
C +2
Osaka Ishin (new +4)
S -1
PLP (new +1)
NRP -1
Kokoro (from Sunrise) -1
YP (defunct, now D/OIshin/Kokoro/L/I) -7
D 21.0% of proportional votes→11 seats:[85]
Masao Kobayashi 270,285
Makoto Hamaguchi 266,623
Wakako Yata 215,823
Yoshifu Arita 205,884
Nakanori Kawai 196,023
Shōji Nanba 191,823
Takashi Esaki 184,187
Masayoshi Nataniya 176,683
Michihiro Ishibashi 171,486
Kenzō Fujisue 143,188
Shinkun Haku 138,813
Kaoru Tashiro 113,571
...
Naoki Tanaka 86,596
Takumi Shibata 73,166
...
Takeshi Maeda 59,853
Jirō Ono 46,213
Masami Nishimura 38,899
K 13.5% of proportional votes→7 seats:[86]
Hiroaki Nagasawa 942,266
Kōzō Akino 612,068
Shin'ichi Yokoyama 606,889
Seishi Kumano 605,223
Masaaki Taniai 478,174
Masayoshi Hamada 388,477
Masaru Miyazaki 18,571
Shinji Takeuchi 7,489
C 10.7% of proportional votes→5 seats:[87]
Tadayoshi Ichida 77,348
Tomoko Tamura 49,113
Mikishi Daimon 33,078
Tomo Iwabuchi 31,099
Ryōsuke Takeda 23,938
Tomoko Okuda 23,680
Osaka Ishin 9.2% of proportional votes→4 seats:[88]
Toranosuke Katayama 194,902
Yoshimi Watanabe 143,343
Mitsuko Ishii 68,147
Akira Ishii 50,073
Tsuyoshi Gibu 43,679
S 2.7% of proportional votes→1 seat:[89]
Mizuho Fukushima 254,956
Tadatomo Yoshida 153,197
PLP 1.9% of proportional votes→1 seat:[90]
Ai Aoki 109,050
Yumiko Himei 16,116
Incumbents on other party lists without seat:
Kokoro (1,3%): none[91]
SSN (1.2%): none[92]
NRP (1.0%): Tarō Yamada, Hiroyuki Arai[93]
Angry voice of the people (0.8%): none[94]
HRP (0.7%): none[95]
  1. ↑ incumbent from Tottori
  2. ↑ retroactively nominated by the LDP on election night
  3. ↑ seats up 2016 from House of Councillors website as of June 2016

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ The Japan Times, July 28, 2015: Upper House districts set for shake-up after electoral reform laws pass Diet
  3. ↑ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, August 5, 2015: Changes to House of Councillors electoral districts, Summary (Japanese)
  4. ↑ Asahi Shimbun, June 17, 2015: http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASH6J41T7H6JUTFK001.html １８歳選挙権、成立　来夏の参院選から適用へ
  5. ↑ e-gov legal database: 公職選挙法 Archived 2016-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, chapter 5 (election dates), article 32 (regular elections)
  6. ↑ Jiji Press, May 1, 2016: 参院選７月１０日投開票＝同日選は見送り－首相方針
  7. ↑ Will Japanese Change Their Constitution?, CFR.org, July 7, 2016.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Yomiuri Shimbun: [www.yomiuri.co.jp/election/sangiin/2016/ 2016 election results]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 House of Councillors: Members by caucus, class, parallel election segment and gender (Japanese) Archived 2016-04-07 at the Wayback Machine The governing coalition's number included President of the House Masaaki Yamazaki, who sat as an independent. The Democratic Party's number included Vice President Azuma Koshiishi and "Shin-Ryokufukai" members.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Hokkaidō
  40. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Aomori
  41. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Iwate
  42. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Miyagi
  43. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Akita
  44. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Yamagata
  45. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Fukushima
  46. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Ibaraki
  47. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Tochigi
  48. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Gunma
  49. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Saitama
  50. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Chiba
  51. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Tokyo Archived 2016-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Kanagawa
  53. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Niigata
  54. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Toyama
  55. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Ishikawa
  56. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Fukui
  57. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Yamanashi
  58. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Nagano
  59. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Gifu
  60. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Shizuoka
  61. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Aichi
  62. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Mie
  63. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Shiga
  64. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Kyōto
  65. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Ōsaka Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Hyōgo Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Nara
  68. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Wakayama
  69. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Tottori-Shimane Archived 2018-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Okayama
  71. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Hiroshima
  72. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Yamaguchi
  73. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Tokushima-Kōchi
  74. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Kagawa
  75. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Ehime
  76. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Fukuoka
  77. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Saga
  78. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Nagasaki
  79. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Kumamoto
  80. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Ōita
  81. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Miyazaki
  82. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Kagoshima
  83. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: Okinawa
  84. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, LDP Archived 2018-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, DP Archived 2018-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
  86. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Kōmeitō Archived 2017-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, JCP Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Ōsaka ishin no kai Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, SDP
  90. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Seikatsu no tō Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Nippon no kokoro o taisetsu ni suru tō Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Shiji seitō nashi Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Shintō kaikaku Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  94. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Kokumin ikari no koe Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ Yomiuri Online, 2016 election results: proportional election, Kōfukujitsugentō Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine

External links

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