Glycine receptor
The glycine receptor, or GlyR, is the receptor for the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. GlyR is an ionotropic receptor that produces its effects through chloride current. It is one of the most widely distributed inhibitory receptors in the central nervous system and has important roles in a variety of physiological processes, especially in mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem.[1]
The receptor can be activated by a range of simple amino acids including glycine, β-alanine and taurine, and can be selectively blocked by the high-affinity competitive antagonist strychnine.[2] Caffeine is a competitive antagonist of GlyR.[3]
Gephyrin has been shown to be necessary for GlyR clustering at inhibitory synapses.[4][5] GlyR is known to colocalize with the GABAA receptor on some hippocampal neurons.[4] Nevertheless, some exceptions can occur in the central nervous system where the GlyR α1 subunit and gephyrin, its anchoring protein, are not found in dorsal root ganglion neurons despite the presence of GABAA receptors. [6]
Contents
Arrangement of subunits
Strychnine-sensitive GlyRs are members of a family of ligand-gated ion channels. Receptors of this family are arranged as five subunits surrounding a central pore, with each subunit composed of four α helical transmembrane segments.[7] There are presently four known isoforms of the α-subunit (α1-4) of GlyR that are essential to bind ligands (GLRA1, GLRA2, GLRA3, GLRA4) and a single β-subunit (GLRB).
The adult form of the GlyR is the heteromeric α1β receptor, which is believed to have a stoichiometry (proportion) of three α1 subunits and two β subunits [8] or four α1 subunits and one β subunit.[9] The α-subunits are also able to form functional homo-pentameric receptors in heterologous expression systems in African clawed frog's oocytes or mammalian cell lines,[9] and the α1 homomeric receptor is essential for studies of channel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.[10]
Glycine receptors in diseases
Disruption of GlyR surface expression or reduced ability of expressed GlyRs to conduct chloride ions results in the rare neurological disorder, hyperekplexia. The disorder is characterized by an exaggerated response to unexpected stimuli which is followed by a temporary but complete muscular rigidity often resulting in an unprotected fall. Chronic injuries as a result of the falls are symptomatic of the disorder.[1] A mutation in GLRA1 is responsible for some cases of stiff person syndrome.[11]
Ligands
Agonists
- β-Alanine
- D-Alanine
- D-Serine
- Glycine
- Hypotaurine
- L-Alanine
- L-Proline
- L-Serine
- Milacemide
- Quisqualamine
- Sarcosine
- Taurine
PAMs
Antagonists
References
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- ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) STIFF-PERSON SYNDROME; SPS -184850
External links
- Glycine Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
