Inotrope

Not to be confused with ionotropic.

An inotrope (etymology and pronunciation) is an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.

The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various drugs that affect the strength of contraction of heart muscle (myocardial contractility). However, it can also refer to pathological conditions. For example, enlarged heart muscle (ventricular hypertrophy) can increase inotropic state, whereas dead heart muscle (myocardial infarction) can decrease it.

Cardiac inotropes

Both positive and negative inotropes are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. The choice of agent depends largely on specific pharmacological effects of individual agents with respect to the condition. One of the most important factors affecting inotropic state is the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Positive inotropes usually increase this level, while negative inotropes decrease it. However, not all positive and negative drugs affect calcium release, and, among those that do, the mechanism for manipulating the calcium level can differ from drug to drug.

Positive inotropic agents

Positive inotropic agents increase myocardial contractility, and are used to support cardiac function in conditions such as decompensated congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, etc.

Examples of positive inotropic agents include:

• Amiodarone
• Berberine
• Calcium
• Calcium sensitisers
  • Levosimendan
• Cardiac myosin activators
  • Omecamtiv
• Catecholamines
  • Dopamine
  • Dobutamine
  • Dopexamine
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
• Angiotensin II
• Digoxin
• Digitalis
• Eicosanoids
  • Prostaglandins
• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
  • Enoximone
  • Milrinone
  • Amrinone
  • Theophylline
• Glucagon
• Insulin

Negative inotropic agents

Negative inotropic agents decrease myocardial contractility, and are used to decrease cardiac workload in conditions such as angina. While negative inotropism may precipitate or exacerbate heart failure, certain beta blockers (e.g. carvedilol, bisoprolol and metoprolol) have been believed to reduce morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure. Quite recently, however, the effectiveness of beta blockers has come under renewed critical scientific scrutiny.

• Beta blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
  • Diltiazem
  • Verapamil
  • Clevidipine

Class IA antiarrhythmics such as

• Quinidine
• Procainamide
• disopyramide

Class IC antiarrhythmics such as

• Flecainide

Etymology and pronunciation

The word is ISV via New Latin, from Greek in-, fibre or sinew, plus -trope, turning or moving. The prevalent pronunciations are /ˈaɪnoʊtroʊp/ and /ˈɪnoʊtroʊp/, with /ˈiːnoʊtroʊp/ being less common.

See also

• Pressors
• Bathmotropic
• Dromotropic