Bu makalede, İstanbul'da Fatih ilçesi (tarihsel olarak "Suriçi" bölgesine karşılık gelen alan) iç... more Bu makalede, İstanbul'da Fatih ilçesi (tarihsel olarak "Suriçi" bölgesine karşılık gelen alan) içinde, Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık üslubunda yapılmış olan eğitim yapılarının incelenmesi; mimari ve sanat tarihi açısından bu yapıların ortak yönlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, İstanbul'un Fatih ilçesi sınırları içerisindeki "Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık" üslubundaki eğitim yapıları, Osmanlı dönemi (1908-1923) ve Cumhuriyet dönemi (1923-) olmak üzere iki alt başlık altında ele alınmıştır. Tespit edilen toplam 19 yapı, çeşitli plan tiplerine sahiptirler. Çoğunlukla "U" plan şemasına sahip olan yapılar arasında az sayıda dikdörtgen ve "E" planlı yapılar da yer almaktadır. Fatih Suriçi bölgesinde, Birinci Ulusal Mimari üslubundaki okullar içinde, bir "Tip proje" uygulamasının sonucu olarak planlandığı anlaşılan bir seri yapı ile de karşılaşmaktayız. Genel hatları ile "U" plana sahip olmakla birlikte, giriş aksında, arka bahçeye bakan tek katlı, sekizgen planlı, çok amaçlı bir salona sahip olan bu yapılar, daha önceki diğer "U" planlı yapılardan çok amaçlı bu mekânın varlığı ile ayrılmaktadır. İstanbul Fatih'teki eğitim yapılarının cephelerinde, içinde bulundukları Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık üslubuna özgü; sivri kemerler, çatı konsolları, geniş ahşap saçaklar, çini dekorasyon ve birçok süsleme öğesi yer almaktadır. Plan simetrisinin cephelere yansıdığı bu yapılarda, Selçuklu ya da Osmanlı bezeme ve mimari öğelerinin ise, özellikle 1930'lara kadarki ilk dönem örneklerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir Sonuç olarak, incelenen okul binalarında kullanılan plan tasarımlarının dönemin Batı Avrupa ve Amerika örnekleri ile paralel düzeyde olduğu, yine bu kapsamda incelenen örneklerde uygulanan tip projenin sadece İstanbul'daki okul yapılarında görüldüğü ilk kez bu çalışmayla ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca üslubun genel eğilimine uygun olarak Cumhuriyet dönemi okullarının daha yalın örnekler olduğu, diğer bir önemli tespit olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
İstanbul Fatih’te Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Üslubundaki Eğitim Yapıları, 2023
This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of
the First Nation... more This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of the First National Architecture in Istanbul’s Fatih district (historically referred as "the Suriçi region") as its main subject and aims to evaluate the commonaspects of these structures in terms of history of art architecture. The study analyzes the examples are under two headings: Ottoman period examples (1910-1922) and the Republican Era examples (1923-1940). The examples, were built between 1910-1940, and have different types of floorplans, most of them have a “U-shaped floorplan”, while a few have a rectangular or “E-shaped floorplan”. A series of buildings that seem to have been planned as a result of a standard project are encountered among the examples. This buildings have a single-storied, octagonal, multi-purpose hall along the entrance axis overlooking the back garden. These schools are distinguished from other previous U- shaped schools by the presence of this multipurpose hall. The facades of the educational buildings have pointed arches, roof consoles, wide wooden eaves, tile decorations and many ornaments, all being distinctive to the First National Architecture style. The buildings from the Early Republican Era, especially those built by the 1930s, are found the have less concentrations of Seljuk or Ottoman decorative and architectural elements. As a result, this study has revealed for the first time that the plan designs used in the examined school buildings were in parallel the Western European and American examples of the period, and that a specific type of “standard project had been” applied to the educational school buildings in Istanbul. Another important finding is that the educational building from the Republican Era are simpler examples, in terms of ornamentation, which is in line with the general tendency of the First National Architecture style. Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı / Journal of Art History, 2023
This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of the First Nation... more This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of the First National Architecture in Istanbul’s Fatih district (historically referred as "the Suriçi region") as its main subject and aims to evaluate the commonaspects of these structures in terms of history of art architecture. The study analyzes the examples are under two headings: Ottoman period examples (1910-1922) and the Republican Era examples (1923-1940). The examples, were built between 1910-1940, and have different types of floorplans, most of them have a “U-shaped floorplan”, while a few have a rectangular or “E-shaped floorplan”. A series of buildings that seem to have been planned as a result of a standard project are encountered among the examples. This buildings have a single-storied, octagonal, multi-purpose hall along the entrance axis overlooking the back garden. These schools are distinguished from other previous U- shaped schools by the presence of this multipurpose hall. The facades of the educational buildings have pointed arches, roof consoles, wide wooden eaves, tile decorations and many ornaments, all being distinctive to the First National Architecture style. The buildings from the Early Republican Era, especially those built by the 1930s, are found the have less concentrations of Seljuk or Ottoman decorative and architectural elements. As a result, this study has revealed for the first time that the plan designs used in the examined school buildings were in parallel the Western European and American examples of the period, and that a specific type of “standard project had been” applied to the educational school buildings in Istanbul. Another important finding is that the educational building from the Republican Era are simpler examples, in terms of ornamentation, which is in line with the general tendency
of the First National Architecture style.
Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002Thesis (PhD) -- İstan... more Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2002Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’daki Sinan camilerine ait mekân ve düşey taşıyıcı ölçüleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu ölçülerle temellendirilen tez çalışması, belli bir mimari kültürün, belli bir dönemini ifade eden başkent yapılarında, mekân ile serbest düşey taşıyıcılar arasındaki boyut ilişkisi üzerine, bir tür oran arayışıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Tez çalışması kapsamında yer alan yirmibir yapı, iç mekân ve dış mekân olmak üzere, iki ana bölümde incelenmiştir. İç mekânda, yapının ana strüktürü ve üç boyutlu iç mekân kuruluşu, özellikle ana kubbe altında oluşan orta hacim, yan sahınlar, iç galeriler ve mahfiller, tek tek ele alınmıştır. Dış mekân ise, başta son cemaat yeri olmak üzere, dış revak, avlu ve dış yan sofalar olarak alt başlıklar halinde incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda belli bir oran düzeninden söz edebilmek için, t...
16. yüzyıl boyunca Mimar Sinan ekolünün ortaya koyduğu anıtsal cami yapılarında uy... more 16. yüzyıl boyunca Mimar Sinan ekolünün ortaya koyduğu anıtsal cami yapılarında uygulanan ana plan şemaları arasında, en önemlilerinden biri karedir. Sinan, Lüleburgaz Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Camii’nde bu kare plan yorumunu, hiç yüzey alanı kaybetmeden ve işlevsel unsurlara hacimsel bütünlük içinde algılanabilen ölçüler vererek uygulamıştır. İç mekanda, kubbeyi taşıyan derin kemerler altında oluşan hacimler, iki katlı mahfil düzenlemesiyle orta mekanla bütünleşmekte ve dört köşede yer alan payeleri üst bitimlerinde birbirlerine bağlayarak ana strüktüre doğrudan katılmaktadırlar. Böyle bir yorumun, başkentten uzak bir menzil külliyesinin en önemli yapısı olan bu camide, İstanbul’daki anıtsal mimari örneklerde olduğu gibi, aynı titizlikle uygulanması, Lüleburgaz Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Camii’nin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.Th...
Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (in... more Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (insa tarihi 1731) ve uzerinde yer alan hayvan figurlerinin kokeni bu yazinin konusunu olusturmaktadir. Susleme programi acisindan oldukca zengin olan yapi, hayvan figurlu konsol taslari ile ozel bir oneme sahiptir. Bu figurler Turk kulturunde, Islamiyet oncesinden gunumuze kadar uzanan dini sembolizm ile iliskilendirilebilir. Eski Turk inanclarinda hayvanlara ozel bir anlam verildigi ve Turk sanatinda butun hayvan figurlerinin mitolojik ve sembolik birer anlamlari oldugu bilinmektedir. Anadolu Selcuklu mimarisinin farkli orneklerinde karsimiza cikan hayvan figurlerinin de bu inanislarin bir yansimasi oldugu kabul edilir. Kullanilis sekilleri ve sembolize ettikleri anlamlar bakimindan I. Mahmud Kemeri’ndeki figurler, Anadolu Selcuklu mimarligindaki orneklerle iliskilendirilebilir ve bu gelenegin gec bir yansimasi olarak degerlendirilebilir.
Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (in... more Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (insa tarihi 1731) ve uzerinde yer alan hayvan figurlerinin kokeni bu yazinin konusunu olusturmaktadir. Susleme programi acisindan oldukca zengin olan yapi, hayvan figurlu konsol taslari ile ozel bir oneme sahiptir. Bu figurler Turk kulturunde, Islamiyet oncesinden gunumuze kadar uzanan dini sembolizm ile iliskilendirilebilir. Eski Turk inanclarinda hayvanlara ozel bir anlam verildigi ve Turk sanatinda butun hayvan figurlerinin mitolojik ve sembolik birer anlamlari oldugu bilinmektedir. Anadolu Selcuklu mimarisinin farkli orneklerinde karsimiza cikan hayvan figurlerinin de bu inanislarin bir yansimasi oldugu kabul edilir. Kullanilis sekilleri ve sembolize ettikleri anlamlar bakimindan I. Mahmud Kemeri’ndeki figurler, Anadolu Selcuklu mimarligindaki orneklerle iliskilendirilebilir ve bu gelenegin gec bir yansimasi olarak degerlendirilebilir.
Western architectural styles are introduced to the Ottoman architecture gradually starting with t... more Western architectural styles are introduced to the Ottoman architecture gradually starting with the beginning of the 18th century. These styles were accepted by the Ottoman society rapidly after the second half of the 18th century and the Western patterns were widely used in art and architecture. The most distinctive influence is observed on the water structures such as fountains and water conveyance structures. Ottomans welcomed the relationship of water and Baroque forms in their culture. The Sultan Mahmud II Dam dating to 1839 is one of the three dams that were constructed in the Taksim water conveyance system that supplies water to the region where the non-Muslim Ottoman population and Westerns lived. This dam is the largest dam of the system and bears the most decorative curved Baroque forms. Although this dam was constructed very far away from the city within the Belgrade Forest its design and construction competes with the contemporary buildings in the city.
... Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi'nde tamamlanmış olan &... more ... Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi'nde tamamlanmış olan "İstanbul'daki Sinan Camilerinde mekan ile serbest düşey taşıyıcılar arasındaki boyut ilişkisi" adlı doktora tezinden hazırlanmıştır Makale metni 05.02.2003 ... Şükrü SÖNMEZER*, Semra ÖGEL ...
Önemli imparatorluklara başkent olan İstanbul şehrinin sürekli aldığı göçlerle büyüyen yapısı, şe... more Önemli imparatorluklara başkent olan İstanbul şehrinin sürekli aldığı göçlerle büyüyen yapısı, şehircilikle ilgili birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bunların başında gelen ve toplumun en önemli ihtiyacı olan su problemine karşı her dönemde farklı çözüm arayışlarına gidilmiştir. Özellikle Osmanlı döneminde sürekli ve hızlı biçimde artan nüfus karşısında bir yandan eski suyolları ve yapıları onarılırken, bir yandan da yeni su kaynakları bulunarak, birçok yeni hattan şehre su sağlanmıştır. Özellikle II. Abdülhamit döneminde inşa edilen Hamidiye suyolu, buna iyi bir örnek oluşturur. Çalışma konusu olan Hamidiye Su Kulesi, bu hattın üzerinde yer alan ve gerek mimarî özellikleri gerekse işlevselliği açısından önemli bir yapı olmasına karşın şimdiye kadar üzerinde pek durulmamış, konu ile ilgili kaynaklarda sadece adı ile yetinilmiştir. Günümüzde Levent Sanayi Mahallesi içinde, sık ve bozulmuş bir yapı dokusu arasında sıkışıp kalmış, ancak yine de varlığını koruyabilmiş olan bu yap...
Turkish Studies Social Sciences Volume 13/18, 2018
ÖZET Suyolları ve suyollarını oluşturan mimari eserler, şehre su sağlayan teknik yapılar olmanın ... more ÖZET Suyolları ve suyollarını oluşturan mimari eserler, şehre su sağlayan teknik yapılar olmanın dışında kısmen de olsa dönemin mimari ve sanatsal anlayışını yansıtan, aynı zamanda kentle bütünleşmiş, sosyal hayattaki değişim sürecinin izlenebildiği birer mimari değerdir. Bu yazının amacı, suyolu yapı tiplerini ayrı ayrı ele alıp tanıtmak, özgün işlevleriyle, kültürel miras değerlerini ortaya koymak, sonuç olarak bir imar sisteminin parçası olan bu yapıların bütüncül olarak konservasyonlarının yapılarak gelecek nesillere aktarılması için bir temel oluşturmaktır. İstanbul'da, Osmanlı döneminin ilk suyolu tesisi 1453'de başlanan ve ileriki yıllarda genişletilen Halkalı suyoludur. Zaman içerisinde artan su ihtiyacı nedeniyle Kırkçeşme, Taksim ve son olarak da 1899-1902 yılları arasında, Sultan II. Abdülhamid tarafından yaptırılan Hamidiye Suyolu inşa edilmiştir. Bu hatların görünür izleri, ayakta kalabilmiş olan bazı anıtsal üst yapı örnekleridir; "bentler", "havuzlar", "su kemerleri", "su terazileri" ve "maksemler" de bu yazının konusunu oluşturmaktadır.
SUMMARY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACE AND FREE STANDING SUPPORTS AT SINAN’S MOSQUES IN ISTANBUL... more SUMMARY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACE AND FREE STANDING SUPPORTS AT SINAN’S MOSQUES IN ISTANBUL
Several studies have questioned and presented Sinan and his style. Yet those works dealing with Sinan’s mosques remain mostly somewhat incomplete since works based on concrete data are rather limited. The present study combines the free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques and the classification of their measurements. The research underlines the ratio in the relationship of space and free standing supports at selected mosques of the architect in Istanbul. In accordance with this purpose, the relationship between ratio and structure is exposed in order to reveal a specific ratio order in the constructions. The documentation of twenty-one constructions constituted the basis of the present study. The constructions were classified in two groups considering interior and exterior spaces. In the interior, the main structure and especially its three-dimensional internal structure; the central volume, platforms, interior galleries and loggias were separately studied. In the exterior space, first and foremost the portico, and then the exterior arcade, courtyard and exterior benches were examined. The spaces of the constructions and their free standing supports, as well as covering elements were described in a three-dimensional manner by providing measurements. Detailed tables were prepared to depict measurements of each construction. In order to compare the dimensions of these supports visually, scaled drawing tables were prepared and supported by plans with measurements of spaces. The ratios of interior space, portico, dome, arch and free standing supports which are located in the courtyard have been evaluated. In addition, the relationship between the diameter and height of drum of the dome in the interior space has been assessed. In the conclusion, the constructions that were grouped according to their structures and planning are compared with each other. It has been noticed that the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques in Istanbul was “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. These values can be considered as quantitative proofs on a common dimension relation in Sinan’s mosques in terms of dome, arch and supports. The mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports, as well as the single unit, single domed and multi unit, multi domed mosques illustrate closer ratios and represent a specific group due to closeness to the established ratios of “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. In addition, it is possible to mention a different ratio system among the heights for domes, arches, supports, especially for mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports. For this reason, mosques with six and eight supports are closer to each other than mosques with four supports, which have different ratio values. As a result, it can be stated that the slight deviation/difference between planning and practice at Sinan’s mosques can be accepted as normal. Furthermore the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports was displayed with numerical values which clearly serve to reveal the relationship between structure and ratio in Sinan’s constructions.
Istanbul, the capital city of several major empires, has had many urban problems related to the c... more Istanbul, the capital city of several major empires, has had many urban problems related to the continuous immigrations throughout the history. Various solutions have been sought in different periods in response to the critical water problem which has always been a need for the citizens. During the Ottoman Period, to compensate for the water need of the continuously fast-growing population, water was conveyed through water lines, either by repairing the old water supply systems and structures, or by finding new water sources and constructing new water lines. Hamidiye Waterway, built mainly during the Sultan Abdulhamid II Period, is a good example of this. The Hamidiye Water Tower, the subject matter of this study, has not been stressed enough or has had just its name mentioned in the literature in spite of its importance from the view point of both its architectural properties and also its functionality. This structure, now situated in Levent Sanayi Mahallesi, crammed among the closely packed and distorted residences, yet preserving its existence, is a remarkable example which possesses all the significant characteristics of the style of the period with its architecture, and clues of the water engineering of the period with its functionality. In this study, the Hamidiye Water Tower has been discussed with its above mentioned properties, hence; on one hand, its function and its operating system in the defined water line have been presented in detail, on the other hand, its architectural characteristics have been emphasized and its architectural style has been interpreted in relation with the other structures of the period.
Key Words: Ottoman Architecture, the Sultan Abdulhamit II Period, Waterway, Water Tower, Lule
Bu makalede, İstanbul'da Fatih ilçesi (tarihsel olarak "Suriçi" bölgesine karşılık gelen alan) iç... more Bu makalede, İstanbul'da Fatih ilçesi (tarihsel olarak "Suriçi" bölgesine karşılık gelen alan) içinde, Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık üslubunda yapılmış olan eğitim yapılarının incelenmesi; mimari ve sanat tarihi açısından bu yapıların ortak yönlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, İstanbul'un Fatih ilçesi sınırları içerisindeki "Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık" üslubundaki eğitim yapıları, Osmanlı dönemi (1908-1923) ve Cumhuriyet dönemi (1923-) olmak üzere iki alt başlık altında ele alınmıştır. Tespit edilen toplam 19 yapı, çeşitli plan tiplerine sahiptirler. Çoğunlukla "U" plan şemasına sahip olan yapılar arasında az sayıda dikdörtgen ve "E" planlı yapılar da yer almaktadır. Fatih Suriçi bölgesinde, Birinci Ulusal Mimari üslubundaki okullar içinde, bir "Tip proje" uygulamasının sonucu olarak planlandığı anlaşılan bir seri yapı ile de karşılaşmaktayız. Genel hatları ile "U" plana sahip olmakla birlikte, giriş aksında, arka bahçeye bakan tek katlı, sekizgen planlı, çok amaçlı bir salona sahip olan bu yapılar, daha önceki diğer "U" planlı yapılardan çok amaçlı bu mekânın varlığı ile ayrılmaktadır. İstanbul Fatih'teki eğitim yapılarının cephelerinde, içinde bulundukları Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık üslubuna özgü; sivri kemerler, çatı konsolları, geniş ahşap saçaklar, çini dekorasyon ve birçok süsleme öğesi yer almaktadır. Plan simetrisinin cephelere yansıdığı bu yapılarda, Selçuklu ya da Osmanlı bezeme ve mimari öğelerinin ise, özellikle 1930'lara kadarki ilk dönem örneklerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir Sonuç olarak, incelenen okul binalarında kullanılan plan tasarımlarının dönemin Batı Avrupa ve Amerika örnekleri ile paralel düzeyde olduğu, yine bu kapsamda incelenen örneklerde uygulanan tip projenin sadece İstanbul'daki okul yapılarında görüldüğü ilk kez bu çalışmayla ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca üslubun genel eğilimine uygun olarak Cumhuriyet dönemi okullarının daha yalın örnekler olduğu, diğer bir önemli tespit olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
İstanbul Fatih’te Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Üslubundaki Eğitim Yapıları, 2023
This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of
the First Nation... more This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of the First National Architecture in Istanbul’s Fatih district (historically referred as "the Suriçi region") as its main subject and aims to evaluate the commonaspects of these structures in terms of history of art architecture. The study analyzes the examples are under two headings: Ottoman period examples (1910-1922) and the Republican Era examples (1923-1940). The examples, were built between 1910-1940, and have different types of floorplans, most of them have a “U-shaped floorplan”, while a few have a rectangular or “E-shaped floorplan”. A series of buildings that seem to have been planned as a result of a standard project are encountered among the examples. This buildings have a single-storied, octagonal, multi-purpose hall along the entrance axis overlooking the back garden. These schools are distinguished from other previous U- shaped schools by the presence of this multipurpose hall. The facades of the educational buildings have pointed arches, roof consoles, wide wooden eaves, tile decorations and many ornaments, all being distinctive to the First National Architecture style. The buildings from the Early Republican Era, especially those built by the 1930s, are found the have less concentrations of Seljuk or Ottoman decorative and architectural elements. As a result, this study has revealed for the first time that the plan designs used in the examined school buildings were in parallel the Western European and American examples of the period, and that a specific type of “standard project had been” applied to the educational school buildings in Istanbul. Another important finding is that the educational building from the Republican Era are simpler examples, in terms of ornamentation, which is in line with the general tendency of the First National Architecture style. Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı / Journal of Art History, 2023
This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of the First Nation... more This article, the main subject is examines educational buildings in the style of the First National Architecture in Istanbul’s Fatih district (historically referred as "the Suriçi region") as its main subject and aims to evaluate the commonaspects of these structures in terms of history of art architecture. The study analyzes the examples are under two headings: Ottoman period examples (1910-1922) and the Republican Era examples (1923-1940). The examples, were built between 1910-1940, and have different types of floorplans, most of them have a “U-shaped floorplan”, while a few have a rectangular or “E-shaped floorplan”. A series of buildings that seem to have been planned as a result of a standard project are encountered among the examples. This buildings have a single-storied, octagonal, multi-purpose hall along the entrance axis overlooking the back garden. These schools are distinguished from other previous U- shaped schools by the presence of this multipurpose hall. The facades of the educational buildings have pointed arches, roof consoles, wide wooden eaves, tile decorations and many ornaments, all being distinctive to the First National Architecture style. The buildings from the Early Republican Era, especially those built by the 1930s, are found the have less concentrations of Seljuk or Ottoman decorative and architectural elements. As a result, this study has revealed for the first time that the plan designs used in the examined school buildings were in parallel the Western European and American examples of the period, and that a specific type of “standard project had been” applied to the educational school buildings in Istanbul. Another important finding is that the educational building from the Republican Era are simpler examples, in terms of ornamentation, which is in line with the general tendency
of the First National Architecture style.
Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002Thesis (PhD) -- İstan... more Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2002Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’daki Sinan camilerine ait mekân ve düşey taşıyıcı ölçüleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu ölçülerle temellendirilen tez çalışması, belli bir mimari kültürün, belli bir dönemini ifade eden başkent yapılarında, mekân ile serbest düşey taşıyıcılar arasındaki boyut ilişkisi üzerine, bir tür oran arayışıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Tez çalışması kapsamında yer alan yirmibir yapı, iç mekân ve dış mekân olmak üzere, iki ana bölümde incelenmiştir. İç mekânda, yapının ana strüktürü ve üç boyutlu iç mekân kuruluşu, özellikle ana kubbe altında oluşan orta hacim, yan sahınlar, iç galeriler ve mahfiller, tek tek ele alınmıştır. Dış mekân ise, başta son cemaat yeri olmak üzere, dış revak, avlu ve dış yan sofalar olarak alt başlıklar halinde incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda belli bir oran düzeninden söz edebilmek için, t...
16. yüzyıl boyunca Mimar Sinan ekolünün ortaya koyduğu anıtsal cami yapılarında uy... more 16. yüzyıl boyunca Mimar Sinan ekolünün ortaya koyduğu anıtsal cami yapılarında uygulanan ana plan şemaları arasında, en önemlilerinden biri karedir. Sinan, Lüleburgaz Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Camii’nde bu kare plan yorumunu, hiç yüzey alanı kaybetmeden ve işlevsel unsurlara hacimsel bütünlük içinde algılanabilen ölçüler vererek uygulamıştır. İç mekanda, kubbeyi taşıyan derin kemerler altında oluşan hacimler, iki katlı mahfil düzenlemesiyle orta mekanla bütünleşmekte ve dört köşede yer alan payeleri üst bitimlerinde birbirlerine bağlayarak ana strüktüre doğrudan katılmaktadırlar. Böyle bir yorumun, başkentten uzak bir menzil külliyesinin en önemli yapısı olan bu camide, İstanbul’daki anıtsal mimari örneklerde olduğu gibi, aynı titizlikle uygulanması, Lüleburgaz Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Camii’nin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.Th...
Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (in... more Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (insa tarihi 1731) ve uzerinde yer alan hayvan figurlerinin kokeni bu yazinin konusunu olusturmaktadir. Susleme programi acisindan oldukca zengin olan yapi, hayvan figurlu konsol taslari ile ozel bir oneme sahiptir. Bu figurler Turk kulturunde, Islamiyet oncesinden gunumuze kadar uzanan dini sembolizm ile iliskilendirilebilir. Eski Turk inanclarinda hayvanlara ozel bir anlam verildigi ve Turk sanatinda butun hayvan figurlerinin mitolojik ve sembolik birer anlamlari oldugu bilinmektedir. Anadolu Selcuklu mimarisinin farkli orneklerinde karsimiza cikan hayvan figurlerinin de bu inanislarin bir yansimasi oldugu kabul edilir. Kullanilis sekilleri ve sembolize ettikleri anlamlar bakimindan I. Mahmud Kemeri’ndeki figurler, Anadolu Selcuklu mimarligindaki orneklerle iliskilendirilebilir ve bu gelenegin gec bir yansimasi olarak degerlendirilebilir.
Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (in... more Onsekizinci yuzyilin ortalarinda I. Mahmud (1730 – 1754) tarafindan insa ettirilen su kemeri (insa tarihi 1731) ve uzerinde yer alan hayvan figurlerinin kokeni bu yazinin konusunu olusturmaktadir. Susleme programi acisindan oldukca zengin olan yapi, hayvan figurlu konsol taslari ile ozel bir oneme sahiptir. Bu figurler Turk kulturunde, Islamiyet oncesinden gunumuze kadar uzanan dini sembolizm ile iliskilendirilebilir. Eski Turk inanclarinda hayvanlara ozel bir anlam verildigi ve Turk sanatinda butun hayvan figurlerinin mitolojik ve sembolik birer anlamlari oldugu bilinmektedir. Anadolu Selcuklu mimarisinin farkli orneklerinde karsimiza cikan hayvan figurlerinin de bu inanislarin bir yansimasi oldugu kabul edilir. Kullanilis sekilleri ve sembolize ettikleri anlamlar bakimindan I. Mahmud Kemeri’ndeki figurler, Anadolu Selcuklu mimarligindaki orneklerle iliskilendirilebilir ve bu gelenegin gec bir yansimasi olarak degerlendirilebilir.
Western architectural styles are introduced to the Ottoman architecture gradually starting with t... more Western architectural styles are introduced to the Ottoman architecture gradually starting with the beginning of the 18th century. These styles were accepted by the Ottoman society rapidly after the second half of the 18th century and the Western patterns were widely used in art and architecture. The most distinctive influence is observed on the water structures such as fountains and water conveyance structures. Ottomans welcomed the relationship of water and Baroque forms in their culture. The Sultan Mahmud II Dam dating to 1839 is one of the three dams that were constructed in the Taksim water conveyance system that supplies water to the region where the non-Muslim Ottoman population and Westerns lived. This dam is the largest dam of the system and bears the most decorative curved Baroque forms. Although this dam was constructed very far away from the city within the Belgrade Forest its design and construction competes with the contemporary buildings in the city.
... Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi'nde tamamlanmış olan &... more ... Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi'nde tamamlanmış olan "İstanbul'daki Sinan Camilerinde mekan ile serbest düşey taşıyıcılar arasındaki boyut ilişkisi" adlı doktora tezinden hazırlanmıştır Makale metni 05.02.2003 ... Şükrü SÖNMEZER*, Semra ÖGEL ...
Önemli imparatorluklara başkent olan İstanbul şehrinin sürekli aldığı göçlerle büyüyen yapısı, şe... more Önemli imparatorluklara başkent olan İstanbul şehrinin sürekli aldığı göçlerle büyüyen yapısı, şehircilikle ilgili birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bunların başında gelen ve toplumun en önemli ihtiyacı olan su problemine karşı her dönemde farklı çözüm arayışlarına gidilmiştir. Özellikle Osmanlı döneminde sürekli ve hızlı biçimde artan nüfus karşısında bir yandan eski suyolları ve yapıları onarılırken, bir yandan da yeni su kaynakları bulunarak, birçok yeni hattan şehre su sağlanmıştır. Özellikle II. Abdülhamit döneminde inşa edilen Hamidiye suyolu, buna iyi bir örnek oluşturur. Çalışma konusu olan Hamidiye Su Kulesi, bu hattın üzerinde yer alan ve gerek mimarî özellikleri gerekse işlevselliği açısından önemli bir yapı olmasına karşın şimdiye kadar üzerinde pek durulmamış, konu ile ilgili kaynaklarda sadece adı ile yetinilmiştir. Günümüzde Levent Sanayi Mahallesi içinde, sık ve bozulmuş bir yapı dokusu arasında sıkışıp kalmış, ancak yine de varlığını koruyabilmiş olan bu yap...
Turkish Studies Social Sciences Volume 13/18, 2018
ÖZET Suyolları ve suyollarını oluşturan mimari eserler, şehre su sağlayan teknik yapılar olmanın ... more ÖZET Suyolları ve suyollarını oluşturan mimari eserler, şehre su sağlayan teknik yapılar olmanın dışında kısmen de olsa dönemin mimari ve sanatsal anlayışını yansıtan, aynı zamanda kentle bütünleşmiş, sosyal hayattaki değişim sürecinin izlenebildiği birer mimari değerdir. Bu yazının amacı, suyolu yapı tiplerini ayrı ayrı ele alıp tanıtmak, özgün işlevleriyle, kültürel miras değerlerini ortaya koymak, sonuç olarak bir imar sisteminin parçası olan bu yapıların bütüncül olarak konservasyonlarının yapılarak gelecek nesillere aktarılması için bir temel oluşturmaktır. İstanbul'da, Osmanlı döneminin ilk suyolu tesisi 1453'de başlanan ve ileriki yıllarda genişletilen Halkalı suyoludur. Zaman içerisinde artan su ihtiyacı nedeniyle Kırkçeşme, Taksim ve son olarak da 1899-1902 yılları arasında, Sultan II. Abdülhamid tarafından yaptırılan Hamidiye Suyolu inşa edilmiştir. Bu hatların görünür izleri, ayakta kalabilmiş olan bazı anıtsal üst yapı örnekleridir; "bentler", "havuzlar", "su kemerleri", "su terazileri" ve "maksemler" de bu yazının konusunu oluşturmaktadır.
SUMMARY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACE AND FREE STANDING SUPPORTS AT SINAN’S MOSQUES IN ISTANBUL... more SUMMARY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACE AND FREE STANDING SUPPORTS AT SINAN’S MOSQUES IN ISTANBUL
Several studies have questioned and presented Sinan and his style. Yet those works dealing with Sinan’s mosques remain mostly somewhat incomplete since works based on concrete data are rather limited. The present study combines the free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques and the classification of their measurements. The research underlines the ratio in the relationship of space and free standing supports at selected mosques of the architect in Istanbul. In accordance with this purpose, the relationship between ratio and structure is exposed in order to reveal a specific ratio order in the constructions. The documentation of twenty-one constructions constituted the basis of the present study. The constructions were classified in two groups considering interior and exterior spaces. In the interior, the main structure and especially its three-dimensional internal structure; the central volume, platforms, interior galleries and loggias were separately studied. In the exterior space, first and foremost the portico, and then the exterior arcade, courtyard and exterior benches were examined. The spaces of the constructions and their free standing supports, as well as covering elements were described in a three-dimensional manner by providing measurements. Detailed tables were prepared to depict measurements of each construction. In order to compare the dimensions of these supports visually, scaled drawing tables were prepared and supported by plans with measurements of spaces. The ratios of interior space, portico, dome, arch and free standing supports which are located in the courtyard have been evaluated. In addition, the relationship between the diameter and height of drum of the dome in the interior space has been assessed. In the conclusion, the constructions that were grouped according to their structures and planning are compared with each other. It has been noticed that the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques in Istanbul was “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. These values can be considered as quantitative proofs on a common dimension relation in Sinan’s mosques in terms of dome, arch and supports. The mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports, as well as the single unit, single domed and multi unit, multi domed mosques illustrate closer ratios and represent a specific group due to closeness to the established ratios of “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. In addition, it is possible to mention a different ratio system among the heights for domes, arches, supports, especially for mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports. For this reason, mosques with six and eight supports are closer to each other than mosques with four supports, which have different ratio values. As a result, it can be stated that the slight deviation/difference between planning and practice at Sinan’s mosques can be accepted as normal. Furthermore the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports was displayed with numerical values which clearly serve to reveal the relationship between structure and ratio in Sinan’s constructions.
Istanbul, the capital city of several major empires, has had many urban problems related to the c... more Istanbul, the capital city of several major empires, has had many urban problems related to the continuous immigrations throughout the history. Various solutions have been sought in different periods in response to the critical water problem which has always been a need for the citizens. During the Ottoman Period, to compensate for the water need of the continuously fast-growing population, water was conveyed through water lines, either by repairing the old water supply systems and structures, or by finding new water sources and constructing new water lines. Hamidiye Waterway, built mainly during the Sultan Abdulhamid II Period, is a good example of this. The Hamidiye Water Tower, the subject matter of this study, has not been stressed enough or has had just its name mentioned in the literature in spite of its importance from the view point of both its architectural properties and also its functionality. This structure, now situated in Levent Sanayi Mahallesi, crammed among the closely packed and distorted residences, yet preserving its existence, is a remarkable example which possesses all the significant characteristics of the style of the period with its architecture, and clues of the water engineering of the period with its functionality. In this study, the Hamidiye Water Tower has been discussed with its above mentioned properties, hence; on one hand, its function and its operating system in the defined water line have been presented in detail, on the other hand, its architectural characteristics have been emphasized and its architectural style has been interpreted in relation with the other structures of the period.
Key Words: Ottoman Architecture, the Sultan Abdulhamit II Period, Waterway, Water Tower, Lule
Gebze Çoban Mustafa Paşa Külliyesi: Mimari, Bezeme ve Malzeme Özellikleri, 2021
Mimari tasarımı, taş bezemeleri ve yapılarının bazılarının Mimar Sinan'ın eserlerinin bulunduğu y... more Mimari tasarımı, taş bezemeleri ve yapılarının bazılarının Mimar Sinan'ın eserlerinin bulunduğu yazmalarda yer alması nedeniyle Gebze Çoban Mustafa Paşa Külliyesi Osmanlı mimarlık tarihinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu nedenle, birçok Osmanlı mimarlığı ve sanatı alanındaki eserlerde külliye, özellikle de camiinden söz edilmektedir. Bu yayınlarda genellikle külliye, camiin mimarisi ve camideki taş bezeme ayrı ayrı makaleler halinde incelenmiş veya tümüne kısaca değinilmiştir. Bu çalışmada mimarlık tarihi, sanat tarihi ve jeoloji mühendisliği doğal taşlar konusunda uzman üç araştırmacı akademisyen tarafından aradan geçen zaman içindeki bilgi birikimi ve yakın zamanda yayınlanan Çoban Mustafa Paşa vakfiyesinde yer alan külliye yapıları bilgileri doğrultusunda külliye yapılarının mimari ve bezeme özellikleri, külliye yapılarında kullanılan doğal taşların türleri, getirildikleri taş ocakları ve devşirme taş kullanımı ile külliyenin Osmanlı mimarisi bağlamında yeniden değerlendirilmesi yapılırken önceki yayınlarla külliyenin tespit edilen son durumu karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda, külliye ve yapıları hakkında mevcut bilgilerin dışında yeni bilgi ve yorumlarla farklı bir bakış açısı sunmaya çalışan bu eserin, konuyla ilgili akademik çalışmalara önemli bir katkı sağlayacağı inancındayız.
Uploads
Papers by Şükrü Sönmezer
the First National Architecture in Istanbul’s Fatih district (historically referred
as "the Suriçi region") as its main subject and aims to evaluate the commonaspects of these structures in terms of history of art architecture. The study analyzes the examples are under two
headings: Ottoman period examples (1910-1922) and the Republican Era examples (1923-1940). The examples,
were built between 1910-1940, and have different types of floorplans, most of them have a “U-shaped floorplan”,
while a few have a rectangular or “E-shaped floorplan”. A series of buildings that seem to have been planned as a
result of a standard project are encountered among the examples. This buildings have a single-storied, octagonal,
multi-purpose hall along the entrance axis overlooking the back garden. These schools are distinguished from other
previous U- shaped schools by the presence of this multipurpose hall. The facades of the educational buildings have
pointed arches, roof consoles, wide wooden eaves, tile decorations and many ornaments, all being distinctive to the
First National Architecture style. The buildings from the Early Republican Era, especially those built by the 1930s,
are found the have less concentrations of Seljuk or Ottoman decorative and architectural elements. As a result, this
study has revealed for the first time that the plan designs used in the examined school buildings were in parallel
the Western European and American examples of the period, and that a specific type of “standard project had been”
applied to the educational school buildings in Istanbul. Another important finding is that the educational building
from the Republican Era are simpler examples, in terms of ornamentation, which is in line with the general tendency
of the First National Architecture style.
Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
of the First National Architecture style.
Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
Several studies have questioned and presented Sinan and his style. Yet those works dealing with Sinan’s mosques remain mostly somewhat incomplete since works based on concrete data are rather limited. The present study combines the free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques and the classification
of their measurements. The research underlines the ratio in the
relationship of space and free standing supports at selected mosques of the architect in Istanbul. In accordance with this purpose, the relationship between ratio and structure is exposed in order to reveal a specific ratio order in the constructions.
The documentation of twenty-one constructions constituted the basis of the present study. The constructions were classified in two groups considering interior and exterior spaces. In the interior, the main structure and especially its three-dimensional internal structure; the central volume, platforms, interior galleries and loggias were separately studied. In the exterior
space, first and foremost the portico, and then the exterior arcade, courtyard and exterior benches were examined.
The spaces of the constructions and their free standing supports, as well as covering elements were described in a three-dimensional manner by providing measurements. Detailed tables were prepared to depict measurements
of each construction. In order to compare the dimensions of these supports visually, scaled drawing tables were prepared and supported by plans with measurements of spaces.
The ratios of interior space, portico, dome, arch and free standing supports which are located in the courtyard have been evaluated. In addition, the relationship between the diameter and height of drum of the dome in the interior space has been assessed.
In the conclusion, the constructions that were grouped according to their structures and planning are compared with each other. It has been noticed that the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques in Istanbul was “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. These values can be considered as quantitative proofs on a common dimension relation in Sinan’s mosques in terms of dome, arch and supports. The mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports, as well as the single unit, single domed and multi unit, multi domed mosques illustrate closer ratios and represent a specific group due to closeness to the established ratios of “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. In addition, it is possible to mention a different ratio system among the heights for domes, arches, supports, especially for mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports. For this reason, mosques with six and eight supports are closer to each other than mosques with four supports, which have different ratio values.
As a result, it can be stated that the slight deviation/difference between planning and practice at Sinan’s mosques can be accepted as normal. Furthermore the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports was displayed with numerical values which clearly serve to reveal the relationship between structure and ratio in Sinan’s constructions.
Key Words: Ottoman Architecture, the Sultan Abdulhamit II Period, Waterway, Water Tower, Lule
the First National Architecture in Istanbul’s Fatih district (historically referred
as "the Suriçi region") as its main subject and aims to evaluate the commonaspects of these structures in terms of history of art architecture. The study analyzes the examples are under two
headings: Ottoman period examples (1910-1922) and the Republican Era examples (1923-1940). The examples,
were built between 1910-1940, and have different types of floorplans, most of them have a “U-shaped floorplan”,
while a few have a rectangular or “E-shaped floorplan”. A series of buildings that seem to have been planned as a
result of a standard project are encountered among the examples. This buildings have a single-storied, octagonal,
multi-purpose hall along the entrance axis overlooking the back garden. These schools are distinguished from other
previous U- shaped schools by the presence of this multipurpose hall. The facades of the educational buildings have
pointed arches, roof consoles, wide wooden eaves, tile decorations and many ornaments, all being distinctive to the
First National Architecture style. The buildings from the Early Republican Era, especially those built by the 1930s,
are found the have less concentrations of Seljuk or Ottoman decorative and architectural elements. As a result, this
study has revealed for the first time that the plan designs used in the examined school buildings were in parallel
the Western European and American examples of the period, and that a specific type of “standard project had been”
applied to the educational school buildings in Istanbul. Another important finding is that the educational building
from the Republican Era are simpler examples, in terms of ornamentation, which is in line with the general tendency
of the First National Architecture style.
Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
of the First National Architecture style.
Keywords: Ottoman, early Republic, educational buildings, architecture, floorplans
Several studies have questioned and presented Sinan and his style. Yet those works dealing with Sinan’s mosques remain mostly somewhat incomplete since works based on concrete data are rather limited. The present study combines the free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques and the classification
of their measurements. The research underlines the ratio in the
relationship of space and free standing supports at selected mosques of the architect in Istanbul. In accordance with this purpose, the relationship between ratio and structure is exposed in order to reveal a specific ratio order in the constructions.
The documentation of twenty-one constructions constituted the basis of the present study. The constructions were classified in two groups considering interior and exterior spaces. In the interior, the main structure and especially its three-dimensional internal structure; the central volume, platforms, interior galleries and loggias were separately studied. In the exterior
space, first and foremost the portico, and then the exterior arcade, courtyard and exterior benches were examined.
The spaces of the constructions and their free standing supports, as well as covering elements were described in a three-dimensional manner by providing measurements. Detailed tables were prepared to depict measurements
of each construction. In order to compare the dimensions of these supports visually, scaled drawing tables were prepared and supported by plans with measurements of spaces.
The ratios of interior space, portico, dome, arch and free standing supports which are located in the courtyard have been evaluated. In addition, the relationship between the diameter and height of drum of the dome in the interior space has been assessed.
In the conclusion, the constructions that were grouped according to their structures and planning are compared with each other. It has been noticed that the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports at Sinan’s mosques in Istanbul was “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. These values can be considered as quantitative proofs on a common dimension relation in Sinan’s mosques in terms of dome, arch and supports. The mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports, as well as the single unit, single domed and multi unit, multi domed mosques illustrate closer ratios and represent a specific group due to closeness to the established ratios of “0.5”, “1” and “1.5”. In addition, it is possible to mention a different ratio system among the heights for domes, arches, supports, especially for mosques with central domes carried by four, six and eight supports. For this reason, mosques with six and eight supports are closer to each other than mosques with four supports, which have different ratio values.
As a result, it can be stated that the slight deviation/difference between planning and practice at Sinan’s mosques can be accepted as normal. Furthermore the dimensional relation between space and free standing supports was displayed with numerical values which clearly serve to reveal the relationship between structure and ratio in Sinan’s constructions.
Key Words: Ottoman Architecture, the Sultan Abdulhamit II Period, Waterway, Water Tower, Lule