Bahasa-bahasa Turki

Turkik
Turkik
Taburan; geografi:	Dari Eropah Tenggara ke China Barat dan Siberia
Klasifikasi bahasa:	Altai (specify language family under 'fam1') Turkik;
Bahasa-proto:	Proto-Turkik
Pembahagian:	; Oghur (Lir-, r-); (Oghuz Barat Daya); (Kypchak Barat Laut); (Karluk/Uyghur Tenggara); (Siberia Timur Laut); Khalaj; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
ISO 639-5:	trk
Glottolog:	turk1311
	; Negara-negara dan subdivisi autonomi di mana bahasa Turki mempunyai status rasmi dan/atau dituturkan oleh majoriti

Bahasa-bahasa Turkik ialah sebuah keluarga bahasa sekurang-kurangnya tiga puluh lima^[2] bahasa, ditutur oleh orang Turkik daripada Eropah Tenggara dan Mediterranean ke Siberia dan China Barat, dan dicadangkan untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada keluarga bahasa Altai yang berkontroversi.^[3]^[4]

Ahli-ahli

Proto-Turkik	Turkik Am	Turkik Am Barat Daya (Oghuz)			Pecheneg (pupus)
			Oghuz Barat		Turki Anatolia Lama (pupus) Turki Uthmaniyah (pupus) Turki Turkmen Iraq Gagauz Azerbaijan Turki Gagauz Balkan
			Oghuz Timur		Turkmen Turkik Khorasani
			Oghuz Selatan		Afsyar Loghat-loghat di Iran seperti Qashqai, Sonqori, Aynallu, dsb.
		(Arghu)			Khalaj^[5]
		Turkik Am Barat Laut (Kipcak)			Kipcak (pupus)
			Kipcak Barat		Kumyk Karacai-Balkar Krimea, Urum^[6] Krymchak Cuman (pupus) Karaim
			Kipcak Utara (Turkik Volga–Ural)		Tatar Kazan Tatar Misyar Tatar Siberia Barat^[7] Basykir
			Kipcak Selatan (Aral-Kaspia)		Kazakh Karakalpak Kyrgyz^[8] Uzbek Kipcak (Kipcak Fergana) (pupus) Nogai
		Turkik Am Tenggara (Karluk)	Barat		Uzbek
			Timur		Uighur Taranchi Salar^[9] Cagatai (pupus) Aini^[10] Ili Turki
		Turkik Am Timur Laut (Siberian)	Siberia Utara		Sakha (Yakut) Dolgan
			Siberia Selatan	Turkik Sayan	Tuvan (Soyot, Uriankhai) Tofa
				Turkik Yenisei	Khakas Fuyü Gïrgïs Syor (Saghay Qaca, Qizil) Yugur Barat (Uighur Kuning)^[8]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
				Turkik Culym	Culym (Küerik)
				Turkik Altai^[8]	Altai Oirot dan dialek-dialek seperti Tuba, Qumanda, Qu, Teleut, Telengit
	Oghur				Cuvasy Khazar (?) (pupus) Bulgar (pupus) (pupus)

Rujukan

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, penyunting (2017). "Turkik". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Dybo A.V., "Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks", Moskow, 2007, p. 766, [1] Diarkibkan 2005-03-11 di Wayback Machine (In Russian)
^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Altaic". Dicapai pada 2007-03-18.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
^ Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7.
^ Khalaj dikelilingi oleh bahasa-bahasa Oghuz tetapi menunjukkan beberapa ciri-ciri yang menggolongkannya sebagai bukan Oghuz.
^ Bahasa Tatar Krimea dan Urum pada asalnya bahasa Kipcak tetapi amat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa-bahasa Oghuz.
^ Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, dsb. sebahagiannya lain asal-usulnya (Johanson 1998) [2]
^ ^a ^b ^c "turcologica". Dicapai pada 22 February 2017.
^ Menyimpang. Pernah berkembang dari rumpun Oghuz (Johanson 1998) [3]
^ Bahasa Aini banyak kosa kata Parsi, hanya dituturkan oleh lelaki dewasa, seakan-akan kriptoolek.
^ Coene 2009, p. 75
^ Coene 2009, p. 75
^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Contributors Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (ed. revised). Elsevier. 2010. m/s. 1109. ISBN 0080877753. Dicapai pada 24 April 2014.CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
^ Johanson, Lars, penyunting (1998). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 28. ISBN 3447038640. Dicapai pada 24 April 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Bacaan lanjut

Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (Rusia)
Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (Rusia)
Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. "Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (Rusia)
Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[2]
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[3]
Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.[4]
Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

Pautan luar

Turkic Languages Verb Comparison
Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia Diarkibkan 2012-04-11 di Wayback Machine
The LINGUIST List MultiTree Project: Turkic Family Tree
Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
Map of Turkic languages
Classification of Turkic Languages
Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
Bahasa-bahasa Turki di Curlie
Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary Diarkibkan 2008-05-17 di Wayback Machine
A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell Diarkibkan 2020-11-12 di Wayback Machine with illustrations.
Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

Templat:Turkic languages Templat:Turkic topics Templat:Altaic languages Templat:Language families

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, penyunting (2017). "Turkik". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Dybo A.V., "Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks", Moskow, 2007, p. 766, [1] Diarkibkan 2005-03-11 di Wayback Machine (In Russian)

[Ethnologue_Altaic-3] Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Altaic". Dicapai pada 2007-03-18.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

[LanguagesOfTheWorld-4] Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7.

[5] Khalaj dikelilingi oleh bahasa-bahasa Oghuz tetapi menunjukkan beberapa ciri-ciri yang menggolongkannya sebagai bukan Oghuz.

[6] Bahasa Tatar Krimea dan Urum pada asalnya bahasa Kipcak tetapi amat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa-bahasa Oghuz.

[7] Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, dsb. sebahagiannya lain asal-usulnya (Johanson 1998) [2]

[turcologica-8] "turcologica". Dicapai pada 22 February 2017.

[9] Menyimpang. Pernah berkembang dari rumpun Oghuz (Johanson 1998) [3]

[10] Bahasa Aini banyak kosa kata Parsi, hanya dituturkan oleh lelaki dewasa, seakan-akan kriptoolek.

[11] Coene 2009, p. 75

[12] Coene 2009, p. 75

[13] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Contributors Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (ed. revised). Elsevier. 2010. m/s. 1109. ISBN 0080877753. Dicapai pada 24 April 2014.CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[14] Johanson, Lars, penyunting (1998). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 28. ISBN 3447038640. Dicapai pada 24 April 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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