Excavations at Qalaychi produced a fragmentary Aramaic stone inscription. Coming from a context d... more Excavations at Qalaychi produced a fragmentary Aramaic stone inscription. Coming from a context dating to Period Ib, i.e. the late 7th century BCE, the text contains references to the names of Ullusunu, Zirtu (Za'tar), Ḫaldi, and Adad, thus attesting to the identification of Tepe Qalaychi with the ancient city of Zirtu. The present paper attempted to reconstruct almost absolutely the locations of a number of toponyms cited in Sargon II's report on his eighth campaign. While hinging mainly on the location of the city of Zirtu on the basis of Ullusunu's text from Qalaychi, the study also builds on our extensive and meticulous field surveys and visits according to the sequence and the distances reported by Sargon, most notably the length measuring unit of "dana", and also with regard to the Urartian sites discovered in the region in recent years. Also, in light of the reference to Ullusunu's name in the Qalaychi text, and given the fact that in Sargon's Eighth Campaign he is the king of Mannea at the time, attempts were made to push back the traditional early 8 th century (714 BCE) dating of this campaign to the first half of the 7th century BC. Also, contrary to the traditional views that often consider Rusa I son of Sarduri II as the king of Urartu at the time of the campaign, it was argued that Rusa II son of Argišti II (nicknamed Ursa) was in fact Sargon's adversary. Through the adopted mixed approach, the library data was thus integrated with the field findings deriving from surveys of and visits to the entire region covered by this campaign in northwest Iran as well as the results of the recent excavations most notably at Tepe Qalaychi.
Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered the... more Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered the existence of distinctive glazed bricks that were determined as belonging to the Mannaean culture. These glazed multicolor bricks were baked in different conditions and transformed into various forms. They feature combined drawings of plants, geometry, animals, humans, and mythological figures, thus making them generally comparable to bricks collected from other Assyrian sites. Given that the illustrations revolve around subjects that are similar to those appearing on Near Eastern Art, the designs of the bricks in Qalaichi can be evaluated as belonging to the first millennium B.C.
Tepe Qalaychi was identified in the south of Lake Urmia in 1985, and excavated in 1999-2004 follo... more Tepe Qalaychi was identified in the south of Lake Urmia in 1985, and excavated in 1999-2004 following the plundering of the site. It is dated to Iron Age III in the Mannaean culture. Significant finds include part of a stele with Aramaic inscription, known as the stele of Bukan. This paper presents a selection of the glazed bricks actually found in the 1999-2004 excavations. Qalaychi is identified with Izirtu, the ancient capital of Manna.
[Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered th... more [Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered the existence of distinctive glazed bricks that were determined as belonging to the Mannaean culture. These glazed multicolor bricks were baked in different conditions and transformed into various forms. They feature combined drawings of plants, geometry, animals, humans, and mythological figures, thus making them generally comparable to bricks collected from other Assyrian sites. Given that the illustrations revolve around subjects that are similar to those appearing on Near Eastern Art, the designs of the bricks in Qalaichi can be evaluated as belonging to the first millennium B.C.]
Excavations at Qalaychi produced a fragmentary Aramaic stone inscription. Coming from a context d... more Excavations at Qalaychi produced a fragmentary Aramaic stone inscription. Coming from a context dating to Period Ib, i.e. the late 7th century BCE, the text contains references to the names of Ullusunu, Zirtu (Za'tar), Ḫaldi, and Adad, thus attesting to the identification of Tepe Qalaychi with the ancient city of Zirtu. The present paper attempted to reconstruct almost absolutely the locations of a number of toponyms cited in Sargon II's report on his eighth campaign. While hinging mainly on the location of the city of Zirtu on the basis of Ullusunu's text from Qalaychi, the study also builds on our extensive and meticulous field surveys and visits according to the sequence and the distances reported by Sargon, most notably the length measuring unit of "dana", and also with regard to the Urartian sites discovered in the region in recent years. Also, in light of the reference to Ullusunu's name in the Qalaychi text, and given the fact that in Sargon's Eighth Campaign he is the king of Mannea at the time, attempts were made to push back the traditional early 8 th century (714 BCE) dating of this campaign to the first half of the 7th century BC. Also, contrary to the traditional views that often consider Rusa I son of Sarduri II as the king of Urartu at the time of the campaign, it was argued that Rusa II son of Argišti II (nicknamed Ursa) was in fact Sargon's adversary. Through the adopted mixed approach, the library data was thus integrated with the field findings deriving from surveys of and visits to the entire region covered by this campaign in northwest Iran as well as the results of the recent excavations most notably at Tepe Qalaychi.
Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered the... more Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered the existence of distinctive glazed bricks that were determined as belonging to the Mannaean culture. These glazed multicolor bricks were baked in different conditions and transformed into various forms. They feature combined drawings of plants, geometry, animals, humans, and mythological figures, thus making them generally comparable to bricks collected from other Assyrian sites. Given that the illustrations revolve around subjects that are similar to those appearing on Near Eastern Art, the designs of the bricks in Qalaichi can be evaluated as belonging to the first millennium B.C.
Tepe Qalaychi was identified in the south of Lake Urmia in 1985, and excavated in 1999-2004 follo... more Tepe Qalaychi was identified in the south of Lake Urmia in 1985, and excavated in 1999-2004 following the plundering of the site. It is dated to Iron Age III in the Mannaean culture. Significant finds include part of a stele with Aramaic inscription, known as the stele of Bukan. This paper presents a selection of the glazed bricks actually found in the 1999-2004 excavations. Qalaychi is identified with Izirtu, the ancient capital of Manna.
[Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered th... more [Archeological explorations of Qalaichi, which is located in northwestern Iran, have uncovered the existence of distinctive glazed bricks that were determined as belonging to the Mannaean culture. These glazed multicolor bricks were baked in different conditions and transformed into various forms. They feature combined drawings of plants, geometry, animals, humans, and mythological figures, thus making them generally comparable to bricks collected from other Assyrian sites. Given that the illustrations revolve around subjects that are similar to those appearing on Near Eastern Art, the designs of the bricks in Qalaichi can be evaluated as belonging to the first millennium B.C.]
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Papers by Bahman Kargar
existence of distinctive glazed bricks that were determined as belonging to the Mannaean culture. These
glazed multicolor bricks were baked in different conditions and transformed into various forms. They feature
combined drawings of plants, geometry, animals, humans, and mythological figures, thus making them
generally comparable to bricks collected from other Assyrian sites. Given that the illustrations revolve
around subjects that are similar to those appearing on Near Eastern Art, the designs of the bricks in Qalaichi
can be evaluated as belonging to the first millennium B.C.]
existence of distinctive glazed bricks that were determined as belonging to the Mannaean culture. These
glazed multicolor bricks were baked in different conditions and transformed into various forms. They feature
combined drawings of plants, geometry, animals, humans, and mythological figures, thus making them
generally comparable to bricks collected from other Assyrian sites. Given that the illustrations revolve
around subjects that are similar to those appearing on Near Eastern Art, the designs of the bricks in Qalaichi
can be evaluated as belonging to the first millennium B.C.]