International journal of management & information systems, Mar 26, 2012
The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standa... more The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standard personal computers using the Internet. By adding video to an established and geographically dispersed team process, this exploratory research tries to establish the experience of participants and perceived effectiveness of the team. Building on the literature, this qualitative research performs a content analysis design on a text transcription of weekly audio logs from participants. This approach analyzes the rich content of team members to discover the relevance of differing elements within trust, technology, and effectiveness find support. By understanding the influences of adding video to teams, leaders, and managers should be able to make informed decisions regarding the adoption of video for each participant. The attitude evolution regarding the use of technology over a period of six weeks provides further considerations for deployment.
This research examined the psychometric properties (e.g., factor structure, reliability) of the F... more This research examined the psychometric properties (e.g., factor structure, reliability) of the Florida Board of Regents Student Assessment of Instruction instrument and the relation between various factors (adaptations for distance education, initial expectations, time, noninstructional factors, and response scale format) and students' course evaluations. Data were collected from 631 students in an undergraduate course in educational assessment and in graduate courses in educational technology, language arts, and library science at various times during the semester. Results for the course evaluations reflected a one-factor model and internal consistency reliabilities greater than .90. No significant differences in students' course evaluation ratings emerged across time during the semester, students' first and last day ratings of a course, non-instructional factor,(excluding hours employed), or response scale formats. The Board of Regents (BOR) of the State University System of Florida mandated that each state university in Florida use the State University System Student Assessment of Instruction (SUSSAI) instrument beginning in the spring of 1996. With limited exception, all undergraduate and graduate courses taught by faculty members, adjuncts, and graduate assistants were to be assessed using this instrument. It was also mandated that summary results be made available to students or members of the public to facilitate student selection of courses and that results be used in the evaluation of faculty instruction (State University System of Florida, 1995). The mandated introductory statement and eight items may be supplemented with other assessment items used by a university, college, or department.
Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webc... more Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webcams on virtual team trust and effectiveness?” Change and evolution in team perceptions over time are described. The result is the creation of a theoretical model describing the effect of webcams on virtual team development. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative phenomenological heuristic case study was used to explore the individual expectations and experiences of the team members over a six-week period. To strengthen reliability and validity, two qualitative methods, content analysis and constant comparative analysis — a means of grounded theory, were used to both test the historic basis of the existing literature on trust and effectiveness in virtual teams and to explore how the use of webcams influenced the work, interactions and effectiveness of a virtual team. Both qualitative methods involved different pairs of researchers using inter-rater coefficients to address coding reliability and validity. Results from the two methods were then compared and contrasted. Findings – The resulting model highlights the importance of ongoing, formal differentiated training on new technology. This research also suggests careful management of technology change and its deployment to enhance outcomes of various organization forms. Research limitations/implications – Given the nature of the qualitative study, the findings are not generalizable, but may illumine the understanding of webcams and technology adaptation in similar virtual teams. Practical implications – The resulting model highlights the importance of ongoing, formal differentiated training on new technology. This research also suggests careful management of technology change and its deployment to enhance outcomes of various organization forms. The study incorporates Technology Acceptance Theory and applications of the Kirton Adaptation-Innovation Inventory. Originality/value – With the increase in bandwidth on the Internet, technologies such as webcams have become more viable for use in virtual teams.
Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-s... more Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-step method for applying the Constant Comparative Method (CCM) of grounded theory when multiple researchers perform data analysis and meaning making. CCM is a core qualitative analysis approach for grounded theory research. Literature suggests approaches for increasing the credibility of CCM using multiple researchers and inter-coder reliability (ICR), but documentation of methods for collaboration on CCM data analysis is sparse. The context for developing the10-step CCM approach was a qualitative study conducted to understand the impact of webcams on a virtual team. To develop a methodology for the study, the researchers reviewed grounded theory literature to synthesize an approach for conducting CCM with multiple researchers. Applying action research, an integration of literature and practical experience conducting the qualitative study resulted in a model for using CCM with multiple researchers performing data analysis. The method presented in this paper provides practical guidance for applying CCM collaboratively and shares the researchers' perspectives on the value of ICR.
The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during t... more The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during the three reflective stages of the experiential learning cycle of experiential activities using written debriefings. The study examined three written debriefings from five senior-level undergraduate management students enrolled in a business management course. The debriefings consisted of four to five free-response questions modeled after Kolb's experiential learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The study triangulated results using two qualitative methods, a grounded theory analysis and a content analysis. In the grounded theory analysis, two process maps were developed from the debriefings. A learning process map identified four stages of learning: introduction, mental rehearsal, abstraction, and priming. A group process map identified four stages of group experiential activities: problem-solving, consensus building, reactions, and resolution. The group decision-making process was seen to follow four paths: agreement, teamwork, conflict or confusion. A possible moderating variable, prior group affiliation, affected the persistence of the groups in finding satisfactory solutions when encountering conflict, or confusion. Six themes emerged from the grounded analysis: iterative reflection, richness of connections, attachment of personal reactions, role of writing in debriefings, fluid group development, and the role of affiliation. In the content analysis, three raters coded the debriefings using seven variables: content, process, connections, context, affect, relevance, and intent. Growth was seen between the first half and second half of debriefings for all variables, and the ix presence and intensity of variables was highest for all variables except content during the last stage of the experiential learning cycle, active experimentation. The amount of content present in debriefings was highest during the third stage, abstract conceptualization. The results of this study may provide insight into the mental processes that occur in written reflection and help instructors design experiential learning debriefings.
Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS), 2012
Virtual teams have proliferated over the last ten years as businesses realized benefits in coordi... more Virtual teams have proliferated over the last ten years as businesses realized benefits in coordinating across geographic and departmental boundaries. Studies of virtual teams, however, have revealed uneven success in team effectiveness. With the increase in quality and availability of video over the Internet, there are opportunities to improve effectiveness of virtual teams by integrating videoconferencing into synchronous meetings. The purpose of this qualitative study is to evaluate the impact of video on team interactions and effectiveness. Results showed a relationship between the added richness and authenticity brought about by video and increased effectiveness, while also showing a relationship between the increased stress of learning new technology and decreased effectiveness.
Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-s... more Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-step method for applying the Constant Comparative Method (CCM) of grounded theory when multiple researchers perform data analysis and meaning making. CCM is a core qualitative analysis approach for grounded theory research. Literature suggests approaches for increasing the credibility of CCM using multiple researchers and inter-coder reliability (ICR), but documentation of methods for collaboration on CCM data analysis is sparse. The context for developing the10-step CCM approach was a qualitative study conducted to understand the impact of webcams on a virtual team. To develop a methodology for the study, the researchers reviewed grounded theory literature to synthesize an approach for conducting CCM with multiple researchers. Applying action research, an integration of literature and practical experience conducting the qualitative study resulted in a model for using CCM with multiple re...
Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 2011
Students and faculty are grappling with learning teams in the online environment - more than half... more Students and faculty are grappling with learning teams in the online environment - more than half of all higher education organizations offer online courses (Hoffman, 2006). As online course developers try to replicate the best practices of traditional classrooms, the asynchronous technology of the Internet has added great capability while also increasing the confusion that distance in space and time can add to the learning process. This study conducted a qualitative survey of online learning teams using content analysis by three researchers and grounded theory by the fourth researcher. Analysis of the rich text responses prompted the researchers to propose a model for online team development that reflected the functionality or dysfunctionality of teams. Key influences related to the internal or external locus of control of conscientious students. Key findings include strong connections between conscientiousness and attitude towards teamwork on the input side with satisfaction and t...
The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during t... more The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during the three reflective stages of the experiential learning cycle of experiential activities using written debriefings. The study examined three written debriefings from five senior-level undergraduate management students enrolled in a business management course. The debriefings consisted of four to five free-response questions modeled after Kolb's experiential learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The study triangulated results using two qualitative methods, a grounded theory analysis and a content analysis. In the grounded theory analysis, two process maps were developed from the debriefings. A learning process map identified four stages of learning: introduction, mental rehearsal, abstraction, and priming. A group process map identified four stages of group experiential activities: problem-solving, consens...
International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 2012
The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standa... more The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standard personal computers using the Internet. By adding video to an established and geographically dispersed team process, this exploratory research tries to establish the experience of participants and perceived effectiveness of the team. Building on the literature, this qualitative research performs a content analysis design on a text transcription of weekly audio logs from participants. This approach analyzes the rich content of team members to discover the relevance of differing elements within trust, technology, and effectiveness find support. By understanding the influences of adding video to teams, leaders, and managers should be able to make informed decisions regarding the adoption of video for each participant. The attitude evolution regarding the use of technology over a period of six weeks provides further considerations for deployment.
As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of ... more As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of increasing interest. In businesses, virtual teams can save time and money, while in academia, virtual teams allow greater flexibility and availability of courses. Some modes of instruction involving teams are divided 50/50 between face-to-face and online experiences, while others are conducted totally online. This provides a unique opportunity to compare team experiences between online teams and “blended” teams. This study used a qualitative survey based on Kolb’s [5] experiential learning theory to gather data on the online and blended team experience. The data were triangulated using both content analysis and grounded theory analysis and using multiple reviewers. The study found that both blended and online teams had similar issues with communication, social loafers, and equity, but blended team members were considerably more satisfied with their team experience.
As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of ... more As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of increasing interest. In businesses, virtual teams can save time and money, while in academia, virtual teams allow greater flexibility and availability of courses. Some modes of instruction involving teams are divided 50/50 between face-to-face and online experiences, while others are conducted totally online. This provides a unique opportunity to compare team experiences between online teams and “blended” teams. This study used a qualitative survey based on Kolb’s [5] experiential learning theory to gather data on the online and blended team experience. The data were triangulated using both content analysis and grounded theory analysis and using multiple reviewers. The study found that both blended and online teams had similar issues with communication, social loafers, and equity, but blended team members were considerably more satisfied with their team experience.
Virtual teams have proliferated as businesses realized benefits in coordinating across geographic... more Virtual teams have proliferated as businesses realized benefits in coordinating across geographic and departmental boundaries. With the increase in quality and availability of video over the Internet, there are opportunities to improve effectiveness of virtual teams by integrating videoconferencing into synchronous meetings. The purpose of this qualitative study is to evaluate the impact of video on team interactions and effectiveness. Results showed a relationship between the added richness and authenticity brought about by video and increased effectiveness, while also showing a relationship between the increased stress of learning new technology and decreased effectiveness. These relationships provided the basis for a proposed theoretical model that describes the impact of webcam utilization on virtual teams as a function of time along five key dimensions: authenticity, focus, stress, learning technology, and effectiveness.
Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webc... more Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webcams on virtual team trust and effectiveness?” Change and evolution in team perceptions over time are described. The result is the creation of a theoretical model describing the effect of webcams on virtual team development. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative phenomenological heuristic case study was used to explore the individual expectations and experiences of the team members over a six-week period. To strengthen reliability and validity, two qualitative methods, content analysis and constant comparative analysis — a means of grounded theory, were used to both test the historic basis of the existing literature on trust and effectiveness in virtual teams and to explore how the use of webcams influenced the work, interactions and effectiveness of a virtual team. Both qualitative methods involved different pairs of researchers using inter-rater coefficients to address coding reli...
International journal of management & information systems, Mar 26, 2012
The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standa... more The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standard personal computers using the Internet. By adding video to an established and geographically dispersed team process, this exploratory research tries to establish the experience of participants and perceived effectiveness of the team. Building on the literature, this qualitative research performs a content analysis design on a text transcription of weekly audio logs from participants. This approach analyzes the rich content of team members to discover the relevance of differing elements within trust, technology, and effectiveness find support. By understanding the influences of adding video to teams, leaders, and managers should be able to make informed decisions regarding the adoption of video for each participant. The attitude evolution regarding the use of technology over a period of six weeks provides further considerations for deployment.
This research examined the psychometric properties (e.g., factor structure, reliability) of the F... more This research examined the psychometric properties (e.g., factor structure, reliability) of the Florida Board of Regents Student Assessment of Instruction instrument and the relation between various factors (adaptations for distance education, initial expectations, time, noninstructional factors, and response scale format) and students' course evaluations. Data were collected from 631 students in an undergraduate course in educational assessment and in graduate courses in educational technology, language arts, and library science at various times during the semester. Results for the course evaluations reflected a one-factor model and internal consistency reliabilities greater than .90. No significant differences in students' course evaluation ratings emerged across time during the semester, students' first and last day ratings of a course, non-instructional factor,(excluding hours employed), or response scale formats. The Board of Regents (BOR) of the State University System of Florida mandated that each state university in Florida use the State University System Student Assessment of Instruction (SUSSAI) instrument beginning in the spring of 1996. With limited exception, all undergraduate and graduate courses taught by faculty members, adjuncts, and graduate assistants were to be assessed using this instrument. It was also mandated that summary results be made available to students or members of the public to facilitate student selection of courses and that results be used in the evaluation of faculty instruction (State University System of Florida, 1995). The mandated introductory statement and eight items may be supplemented with other assessment items used by a university, college, or department.
Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webc... more Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webcams on virtual team trust and effectiveness?” Change and evolution in team perceptions over time are described. The result is the creation of a theoretical model describing the effect of webcams on virtual team development. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative phenomenological heuristic case study was used to explore the individual expectations and experiences of the team members over a six-week period. To strengthen reliability and validity, two qualitative methods, content analysis and constant comparative analysis — a means of grounded theory, were used to both test the historic basis of the existing literature on trust and effectiveness in virtual teams and to explore how the use of webcams influenced the work, interactions and effectiveness of a virtual team. Both qualitative methods involved different pairs of researchers using inter-rater coefficients to address coding reliability and validity. Results from the two methods were then compared and contrasted. Findings – The resulting model highlights the importance of ongoing, formal differentiated training on new technology. This research also suggests careful management of technology change and its deployment to enhance outcomes of various organization forms. Research limitations/implications – Given the nature of the qualitative study, the findings are not generalizable, but may illumine the understanding of webcams and technology adaptation in similar virtual teams. Practical implications – The resulting model highlights the importance of ongoing, formal differentiated training on new technology. This research also suggests careful management of technology change and its deployment to enhance outcomes of various organization forms. The study incorporates Technology Acceptance Theory and applications of the Kirton Adaptation-Innovation Inventory. Originality/value – With the increase in bandwidth on the Internet, technologies such as webcams have become more viable for use in virtual teams.
Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-s... more Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-step method for applying the Constant Comparative Method (CCM) of grounded theory when multiple researchers perform data analysis and meaning making. CCM is a core qualitative analysis approach for grounded theory research. Literature suggests approaches for increasing the credibility of CCM using multiple researchers and inter-coder reliability (ICR), but documentation of methods for collaboration on CCM data analysis is sparse. The context for developing the10-step CCM approach was a qualitative study conducted to understand the impact of webcams on a virtual team. To develop a methodology for the study, the researchers reviewed grounded theory literature to synthesize an approach for conducting CCM with multiple researchers. Applying action research, an integration of literature and practical experience conducting the qualitative study resulted in a model for using CCM with multiple researchers performing data analysis. The method presented in this paper provides practical guidance for applying CCM collaboratively and shares the researchers' perspectives on the value of ICR.
The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during t... more The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during the three reflective stages of the experiential learning cycle of experiential activities using written debriefings. The study examined three written debriefings from five senior-level undergraduate management students enrolled in a business management course. The debriefings consisted of four to five free-response questions modeled after Kolb's experiential learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The study triangulated results using two qualitative methods, a grounded theory analysis and a content analysis. In the grounded theory analysis, two process maps were developed from the debriefings. A learning process map identified four stages of learning: introduction, mental rehearsal, abstraction, and priming. A group process map identified four stages of group experiential activities: problem-solving, consensus building, reactions, and resolution. The group decision-making process was seen to follow four paths: agreement, teamwork, conflict or confusion. A possible moderating variable, prior group affiliation, affected the persistence of the groups in finding satisfactory solutions when encountering conflict, or confusion. Six themes emerged from the grounded analysis: iterative reflection, richness of connections, attachment of personal reactions, role of writing in debriefings, fluid group development, and the role of affiliation. In the content analysis, three raters coded the debriefings using seven variables: content, process, connections, context, affect, relevance, and intent. Growth was seen between the first half and second half of debriefings for all variables, and the ix presence and intensity of variables was highest for all variables except content during the last stage of the experiential learning cycle, active experimentation. The amount of content present in debriefings was highest during the third stage, abstract conceptualization. The results of this study may provide insight into the mental processes that occur in written reflection and help instructors design experiential learning debriefings.
Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS), 2012
Virtual teams have proliferated over the last ten years as businesses realized benefits in coordi... more Virtual teams have proliferated over the last ten years as businesses realized benefits in coordinating across geographic and departmental boundaries. Studies of virtual teams, however, have revealed uneven success in team effectiveness. With the increase in quality and availability of video over the Internet, there are opportunities to improve effectiveness of virtual teams by integrating videoconferencing into synchronous meetings. The purpose of this qualitative study is to evaluate the impact of video on team interactions and effectiveness. Results showed a relationship between the added richness and authenticity brought about by video and increased effectiveness, while also showing a relationship between the increased stress of learning new technology and decreased effectiveness.
Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-s... more Building on practice, action research, and theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a 10-step method for applying the Constant Comparative Method (CCM) of grounded theory when multiple researchers perform data analysis and meaning making. CCM is a core qualitative analysis approach for grounded theory research. Literature suggests approaches for increasing the credibility of CCM using multiple researchers and inter-coder reliability (ICR), but documentation of methods for collaboration on CCM data analysis is sparse. The context for developing the10-step CCM approach was a qualitative study conducted to understand the impact of webcams on a virtual team. To develop a methodology for the study, the researchers reviewed grounded theory literature to synthesize an approach for conducting CCM with multiple researchers. Applying action research, an integration of literature and practical experience conducting the qualitative study resulted in a model for using CCM with multiple re...
Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 2011
Students and faculty are grappling with learning teams in the online environment - more than half... more Students and faculty are grappling with learning teams in the online environment - more than half of all higher education organizations offer online courses (Hoffman, 2006). As online course developers try to replicate the best practices of traditional classrooms, the asynchronous technology of the Internet has added great capability while also increasing the confusion that distance in space and time can add to the learning process. This study conducted a qualitative survey of online learning teams using content analysis by three researchers and grounded theory by the fourth researcher. Analysis of the rich text responses prompted the researchers to propose a model for online team development that reflected the functionality or dysfunctionality of teams. Key influences related to the internal or external locus of control of conscientious students. Key findings include strong connections between conscientiousness and attitude towards teamwork on the input side with satisfaction and t...
The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during t... more The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during the three reflective stages of the experiential learning cycle of experiential activities using written debriefings. The study examined three written debriefings from five senior-level undergraduate management students enrolled in a business management course. The debriefings consisted of four to five free-response questions modeled after Kolb's experiential learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The study triangulated results using two qualitative methods, a grounded theory analysis and a content analysis. In the grounded theory analysis, two process maps were developed from the debriefings. A learning process map identified four stages of learning: introduction, mental rehearsal, abstraction, and priming. A group process map identified four stages of group experiential activities: problem-solving, consens...
International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 2012
The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standa... more The latest low-cost technology solutions provide practical and reliable video options form standard personal computers using the Internet. By adding video to an established and geographically dispersed team process, this exploratory research tries to establish the experience of participants and perceived effectiveness of the team. Building on the literature, this qualitative research performs a content analysis design on a text transcription of weekly audio logs from participants. This approach analyzes the rich content of team members to discover the relevance of differing elements within trust, technology, and effectiveness find support. By understanding the influences of adding video to teams, leaders, and managers should be able to make informed decisions regarding the adoption of video for each participant. The attitude evolution regarding the use of technology over a period of six weeks provides further considerations for deployment.
As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of ... more As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of increasing interest. In businesses, virtual teams can save time and money, while in academia, virtual teams allow greater flexibility and availability of courses. Some modes of instruction involving teams are divided 50/50 between face-to-face and online experiences, while others are conducted totally online. This provides a unique opportunity to compare team experiences between online teams and “blended” teams. This study used a qualitative survey based on Kolb’s [5] experiential learning theory to gather data on the online and blended team experience. The data were triangulated using both content analysis and grounded theory analysis and using multiple reviewers. The study found that both blended and online teams had similar issues with communication, social loafers, and equity, but blended team members were considerably more satisfied with their team experience.
As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of ... more As virtual teams become more prevalent, the impact of the technology on team effectiveness is of increasing interest. In businesses, virtual teams can save time and money, while in academia, virtual teams allow greater flexibility and availability of courses. Some modes of instruction involving teams are divided 50/50 between face-to-face and online experiences, while others are conducted totally online. This provides a unique opportunity to compare team experiences between online teams and “blended” teams. This study used a qualitative survey based on Kolb’s [5] experiential learning theory to gather data on the online and blended team experience. The data were triangulated using both content analysis and grounded theory analysis and using multiple reviewers. The study found that both blended and online teams had similar issues with communication, social loafers, and equity, but blended team members were considerably more satisfied with their team experience.
Virtual teams have proliferated as businesses realized benefits in coordinating across geographic... more Virtual teams have proliferated as businesses realized benefits in coordinating across geographic and departmental boundaries. With the increase in quality and availability of video over the Internet, there are opportunities to improve effectiveness of virtual teams by integrating videoconferencing into synchronous meetings. The purpose of this qualitative study is to evaluate the impact of video on team interactions and effectiveness. Results showed a relationship between the added richness and authenticity brought about by video and increased effectiveness, while also showing a relationship between the increased stress of learning new technology and decreased effectiveness. These relationships provided the basis for a proposed theoretical model that describes the impact of webcam utilization on virtual teams as a function of time along five key dimensions: authenticity, focus, stress, learning technology, and effectiveness.
Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webc... more Purpose – The paper aims to address the question, “What is the impact of web-based video via webcams on virtual team trust and effectiveness?” Change and evolution in team perceptions over time are described. The result is the creation of a theoretical model describing the effect of webcams on virtual team development. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative phenomenological heuristic case study was used to explore the individual expectations and experiences of the team members over a six-week period. To strengthen reliability and validity, two qualitative methods, content analysis and constant comparative analysis — a means of grounded theory, were used to both test the historic basis of the existing literature on trust and effectiveness in virtual teams and to explore how the use of webcams influenced the work, interactions and effectiveness of a virtual team. Both qualitative methods involved different pairs of researchers using inter-rater coefficients to address coding reli...
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Papers by Lynn Grinnell