Papa Alexander VI

Papa Aleksanda VI akisali alivyochorwa na Pinturicchio.

Papa Alexander VI (1 Januari 1431 – 18 Agosti 1503) alikuwa Papa kuanzia tarehe 11/26 Agosti 1492 hadi kifo chake^[1]. Alitokea Jativa, Hispania^[2].

Alimfuata Papa Innocent VIII akafuatwa na Papa Pius III.

Maisha

Jina lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa Roderic Llançol de Borja. Alikuwa Papa wa pili kutoka familia iliyoitwa nchini Italia Borgia. Papa Kalisti III, aliyekuwa wa kwanza, alimsaidia mpwa wake Roderic kupanda ngazi ndani ya Kanisa. Kijana asiyekuwa na mafunzo yoyote wa kiroho, asiyepokea daraja takatifu ya upadri bado, alipewa cheo na mapato ya askofu mara kadhaa katika dayosisi mbalimbali.

Mwaka 1456 alipewa cheo cha kardinali na mwaka 1458 akapadrishwa.

Alizaliana watoto na mke wake wa kando Vannozza dei Cattani akaendelea kuwaangalia na kuwatunza hata alipokuwa Papa. Arusi ya binti yake Lucrezia Borgia ilisheherekewa rasmi katika jumba la Kipapa la Vatikano.

Lakini kabla hajachaguliwa kuwa Papa alimwacha Vannozza akaanza uhusiano na binti Giulia Farnese aliyezaa naye binti mwaka 1492, alipokuwa Papa tayari.

Mwanawe Cesare Borgia alipewa cheo cha askofu alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 16 na cha kardinali alipofikia miaka 18, lakini bila kupewa sakramenti ya daraja takatifu. Baadaye aliacha maisha ya Kanisa akafanywa na baba yake jemadari wa jeshi la Papa.

Aleksanda VI amejulikana pia kwa uamuzi wake wa kugawa dunia kati ya Hispania na Ureno katika mkataba wa Tordesillas mwaka 1494. Mkataba huu ulikuwa msingi wa koloni la Kireno la Brazil na utawala wa Hispania juu ya nchi nyingine za Amerika Kusini na Amerika ya Kati.

Sifa yake nyingine ilikuwa kuhamasisha sanaa za kila aina, kama ilivyokuwa kawaida kwa Mapapa wa Renaissance.

Vilevile alianza urekebisho wa ofisi za Papa.

Wapinzani walimwona kama mfano mbaya wa upotovu wa Upapa wakati wake, wakamsema hata kuliko ukweli wa makosa ambayo aliyafanya na aliyatubu kabla hajafa.

Tazama pia

Orodha ya Mapapa

Tanbihi

Marejeo

John Burchard, Diaries 1483–1492 (translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910)
Burkle-Young, Francis A., "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)", in Miranda, Salvador. Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes (Yale Nota Bene, 2002)
Peter de Rossa, Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy (Corgi, 1989)
Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
DIARIO BORJA BORGIA (Spanish)
"That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights", Michael Stogre S.J, Médiaspaul, 1992, ISBN 978-2-89039-549-7
"The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery", Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7
"Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", Thomas Foster Earle, K. J. P. Lowe, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-81582-6
"A violent evangelism", Luis N. Rivera, Luis Rivera Pagán, Westminster John Knox Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-664-25367-7
"Indigenous peoples and human rights", Patrick Thornberry, Manchester University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7190-3794-8
John Julius Norwich, Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy, Random House, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4000-6715-2

Viungo vya nje

Papa Alexander VI katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki
Diario Borja - Borgia (Kihispania)
1494: How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the world in Half Archived 4 Septemba 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Borja o Borgia Archived 22 Desemba 2019 at the Wayback Machine. (Kihispania)
Francisco Fernández de Bethencourt - Historia Genealógica y Heráldica Española, Casa Real y Grandes de España, tomo cuarto Archived 1 Aprili 2019 at the Wayback Machine. (Kihispania)
Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía Archived 3 Julai 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (Kihispania)
http://libros.webuda.com/boletin-RAMHG-75.pdf BOLETÍN DE LA REAL ACADEMIA MATRITENSE DE HERÁLDICA Y GENEALOGÍA (Kihispania)
Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI, The Catholic Historical Review, Volume 8, no. 1, April, 1922, pp. 55–58.[1] [2]

Makala hii kuhusu Papa fulani bado ni mbegu.
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Papa Alexander VI kama wasifu wake, habari za maisha au kazi yake?
Je, unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuiongezea habari.

[1] ttps://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father

[2] ttps://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father

[1]

[2]

v d e Mapapa wa Kanisa Katoliki
Orodha ya mapapa watakatifu Papa mteule Antipapa
karne ya 1 hadi ya 4	Petro Lino Kleto Klementi I Evaristo Aleksanda I Sisto I Telesforo Higino Pius I Aniseto Soter Eleutero Vikta I Zefirino Kalisto I Urbano I Pontiano Antero Fabiano Cornelio Lucius I Stefano I Sisto II Dionisi Felisi I Eutikiani Kayo Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebio Miltiades Silvesta I Marko Julius I Liberi Damasi I Sirisi Anastasi I
karne ya 5 hadi ya 8	Inosenti I Zosimus Bonifasi I Selestini I Sisto III Leo I Hilari Simplisi Felisi III Gelasi I Anastasi II Simako Hormisdas Yohane I Felisi IV Bonifasi II Yohane II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I Yohane III Benedikto I Pelagius II Gregori I Sabiniano Bonifasi III Bonifasi IV Adeodatus I Bonifasi V Honori I Severino Yohane IV Theodori I Martino I Eujeni I Vitaliano Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedikto II Yohane V Kononi Sergius I Yohane VI Yohane VII Sisini Konstantino Gregori II Gregori III Zakaria Stefano II Paulo I Stefano III Adriano I Leo III
karne ya 9 hadi ya 12	Stefano IV Paskali I Eujeni II Valentino Gregori IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedikto III Nikolasi I Adriano II Yohane VIII Marinus I Adriano III Stefano V Formosus Bonifasi VI Stefano VI Romanus Theodori II Yohane IX Benedikto IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasi III Lando Yohane X Leo VI Stefano VII Yohane XI Leo VII Stefano VIII Marinus II Agapetus II Yohane XII Leo VIII Benedikto V Yohane XIII Benedikto VI Benedikto VII Yohane XIV Yohane XV Gregori V Silvesta II Yohane XVII Yohane XVIII Sergius IV Benedikto VIII Yohane XIX Benedikto IX Silvesta III Benedikto IX Gregori VI Klementi II Benedikto IX Damasi II Leo IX Vikta II Stefano IX Nikolasi II Aleksanda II Gregori VII Vikta III Urbano II Paskali II Gelasius II Kalisto II Honori II Inosenti II Selestini II Lucius II Eujeni III Anastasi IV Adriano IV Aleksanda III Lucius III Urbano III Gregori VIII Klementi III Selestini III Inosenti III
karne ya 13 hadi ya 16	Honori III Gregori IX Selestini IV Inosenti IV Aleksanda IV Urbano IV Klementi IV Gregori X Inosenti V Adriano V Yohane XXI Nikolasi III Martino IV Honori IV Nikolasi IV Selestini V Bonifasi VIII Benedikto XI Klementi V Yohane XXII Benedikto XII Klementi VI Inosenti VI Urbano V Gregori XI Urbano VI Bonifasi IX Inosenti VII Gregori XII Martino V Eujeni IV Nikolasi V Kalisto III Pius II Paulo II Sisto IV Inosenti VIII Aleksanda VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adriano VI Klementi VII Paulo III Julius III Marcellus II Paulo IV Pius IV Pius V Gregori XIII Sisto V Urbano VII Gregori XIV Inosenti IX Klementi VIII
karne ya 17 hadi ya 20	Leo XI Paulo V Gregori XV Urbano VIII Inosenti X Aleksanda VII Klementi IX Klementi X Inosenti XI Aleksanda VIII Inosenti XII Klementi XI Inosenti XIII Benedikto XIII Klementi XII Benedikto XIV Klementi XIII Klementi XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregori XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedikto XV Pius XI Pius XII Yohane XXIII Paulo VI Yohane Paulo I Yohane Paulo II
karne ya 21	Benedikto XVI Fransisko
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