Papers by Majid Montazer zohouri
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2025
use of high-energy synchrotron rays in order to identify and characterize historical
and cultural... more use of high-energy synchrotron rays in order to identify and characterize historical
and cultural materials as accurately as possible, usually in a non-destructive manner
and with very high accuracy, has become a suitable method to identify the elemental
composition of archaeological materials in very small quantities. Furthermore,
cathodoluminescence rays can lead to better identification of the chemical
composition and phase changes in the historical samples. Cathodoluminescence rays
generated from the crystalline compounds lead to new mineralogical interpretations
in order to better understand the manufacturing technology and the origin of historical
material. In line with the archaeological investigation and studies conducted during
the years 1392-1393, a significant number of celadon ceramics, and engraved and
glazed pottery were found at the site of Gour. In this research, seven potsherds were
examined using conventional laboratory methods and high-energy X-ray beams
produced in synchrotron and microscopic cathodoluminescence. These studies were
carried out to identify the chemical properties of these ceramics and how they were
manufactured. In line with these studies, it was found that these ceramics were made
of kaolinite clay and baked at a temperature of ca. 1200 degrees Celsius in two
manufacturing stages, and specific proportions of raw materials Si/Al were used in
the chemical composition of their body and glaze. This proportion and the method
of firing and the condition of the kiln were proof of the coherence and strength
of the celadon, which is identical to the temperature interval of the formation of
the crystalline phases between the body and the glaze, so-called reaction phaseinterphase
area.
Toponyms represent a cultural accumulation of linguistic richness within a language
that has deve... more Toponyms represent a cultural accumulation of linguistic richness within a language
that has developed over time and reflects the reconstruction of identity, culture,
beliefs, myths, customs, literature, geographical location and historical background
of a society. The aim and question of this study is to recognize and reinterpret the
antiquity and continuity of the linguistic and cultural roots of the toponym
‘Baghdad’ from its emergence to its designation as ‘Madinat al-Salam’ as the capital
by Caliph Abu Ja’far al-Mansur of the Abbasid dynasty The present study is of a
fundamental research nature and historical in essence. The result of this research,
from an etymological perspective, indicates that the origin of the term 'Baghdad' is
Persian (Indo-Iranian language) and is documented in various texts and sources
written in Old Persian, Middle Persian, Persian, and Arabic from the first half of the
second millennium BC to the Islamic period. With the change of religion in Iran
during the Islamic era, the word 'baγ' no longer meant God, but referred only to idols
and statues. However, the important point is the conceptual relationship between the
ancient toponym Baghdad 'Khudadad' and the name 'Madinat al-Salam.' The concept
behind the term 'Madinat al-Salam' embodies the idea of Iran-Shahr, as described by
Arab Muslim historians and geographers. Baghdad was named 'Madinat al-Salam'
because 'Salam' is synonymous with 'Allah,' and its intention was 'Madinat Allah'
(City of God), indicating a place governed by divine mandates and regulating
principles.
Eur. Phys. J. Plus, 2025
Metamorphic reactions in ancient ceramics, particularly neo-crystallization, are key for analyzin... more Metamorphic reactions in ancient ceramics, particularly neo-crystallization, are key for analyzing antique objects during their technological processes. Cathodoluminescence imaging and spectrometry (via optical and scanning electron microscopy) enhance the study of mineralogy, crystal growth, and phase decomposition in materials like celadons. synchrotron radiation Xray diffraction further supports archaeometric studies by identifying newly formed crystals in small quantities, especially at the body-glaze interface of celadon products. This study analyzed celadon sherds from Gur in the south-central Iranian plateau. Optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray emission, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, and cathodoluminescence were employed to examine chemical and mineralogical transformations during manufacturing. The research focused on phase development at the body-glaze interface. Crystals formed during heating were identified by cathodoluminescence emissions from point defects in crystal structures. The celadon body was crafted from kaolinite-rich clay, producing aluminosilicate crystals in the glaze at-1200 °C. Anorthite and mullite were detected at the body-glaze interface. These materials and firing conditions reflect the advanced technical expertise of ancient potters, influencing the color, cohesion, and durability of celadon pottery.
Parseh J Archaeol Stud, 2025
Human being has always attempted to produce and evolve weaponry based on the archaeological studi... more Human being has always attempted to produce and evolve weaponry based on the archaeological studies of the remaining cultural materials. As an important factor in achieving military success in all historical eras, a significant part of the metalwork industry and art has been devoted to the weaponry production. In spite of the prominent increase in archaeological studies of the Qajar period, the kinds of military weapons utilized in the period have gained less attention; since, studies conducted on the military context of the Qajar period have mostly concentrated on cold weaponry and the army's military structure after foreign military delegations beginning to commute as well as their impacts; this is while the role of these weaponry in the Qajar era and the developments stemming from them have gained lower attention in the archaeological research. The present study aimed at the archaeological examination of these weapons, investigating the cultural behavior of each period in dealing with the production and importing weapons for answering the following questions: How were these weapons obtained or domestically manufactured? And how the differences among them can be explained? To conduct this study, a comprehensive study of written and non-written cultural materials, measurement, and assessment of cultural materials besides analysis and explanation of the obtained data were done. Results revealed that the army's use of firearms as the main war weapons started at the early pre-Naserian period after Iran's interregional and intra-regional relations with other countries; also, from the very beginning, attempts for their domestic production had been considered. Additionally, domestic guns have more length and less decorations in comparison with the imported ones, which are mostly with periodic geometric patterns.
Cathodoluminescence microscopy has shed new insights into matrix evaluation of two different kind... more Cathodoluminescence microscopy has shed new insights into matrix evaluation of two different kind of pottery sherds via firing.
Earthenware potteries from the prehistoric site of Haft-Tappeh (Elam Dynasty 1250 BC) and stoneware potteries (celadons)
from Ardeshir-Khore (4th century AD, early Islamic Period) have been studied to characterize their fabrics and provenance by
mineralogical phase decomposition. Both classes of pottery were first studied via routinely microscopically analytical techniques
(optical- and scanning electron microscopy), X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis in order to determine their chemicalmineralogical
phase constituents and firing temperature. Cathodoluminescence microscopy is favoured for demonstrating
crystalline phase decomposition through diverse firing regimes in both kinds of pottery, and characterizing specific neo-formed
crystalline phases for interpreting aspects of their raw material and provenance. Typical cathodoluminescence emission colour
character of the minerals provides considerable clues for discriminating heating interval within the matrix of the sherds.
Archaeological Researches of Iran, 2024
The troglodytic complex of Robāt-e Āghāj, nestled within a 50-meter-tall
hill, holds great histor... more The troglodytic complex of Robāt-e Āghāj, nestled within a 50-meter-tall
hill, holds great historical importance in Khomeyn County. The inaugural
archaeological excavation season of this site occurred in 2015, unearthing
a variety of architectural spaces and archaeological findings. Notably, the
most abundant findings at this site consist of diverse unglazed and glazed
potsherds belonging to the Islamic era. A diverse array of pottery types
has been unearthed from the site, ranging from plain unglazed pieces to
those adorned with impressed patterns, as well as pottery featuring incised
and excised motifs, molded motifs, monochromatic glazed pottery, blueand-
white porcelain, lusterware, and enamelware. The significance of
addressing these findings lies in the fact that all these types are linked to
the Islamic Middle Ages, suggesting that they were crafted and employed
during that specific era. Through the current research, a comparative source
on medieval pottery in Markazi Province and Iran can be established. The
primary focus of this study revolves around the comparative chronology
of these pottery items and their potential production centers. Employing
a descriptive-comparative method, data collection involves field surveys
and desk research. The findings indicate that the majority of the potsherds
discovered likely dates back to the 6th and 7th centuries AH. Furthermore,
similarities were observed between these artifacts and those from
production centers like Zolfabād, Moshkoye, Kāshān, and Ray, suggesting
a possible exportation to Khomeyn, as archaeological studies have
confirmed this claim. These similarities were also noted in historical sites
such as troglodytic complexes at Tahyaq-e Khomeyn, Sāmen-e Malāyer,
and Arzānfud in Hamadān.
Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2024
Zoroastrians are one of Iran’s religious minorities, who managed to survive pressures and
adversi... more Zoroastrians are one of Iran’s religious minorities, who managed to survive pressures and
adversities during many centuries after the rise of Islam. Despite threats and dangers, this
minority always tried to resist the pressures and maintain their identity and social cohesion
with some measures. Aqda Cave is one of the examples of material culture left by the
Zoroastrians, which can be very helpful for a better understanding of the preservation of
their identity and social cohesion over time, a heritage that, based on the assessment
of social values, can be effective in the sense of identity, sense of place and sense of
belonging of this community. The presentation and preservation of this cultural heritage
with the help of Zoroastrians will provide a foundation to acknowledge their rights and
construct a respectful character for this minority group. Consequently, the preservation
of this heritage could be an attempt to respect cultural diversity, heritage rights and
equity as the factors of inclusive social development and world peace.
Technical studies and conservation of a fragmented painted plaster excavated from the Vigol Sasanian site, Central Iran
Journal of the Institute of Conservation, Feb 8, 2024
The study presented here applied various analytical techniques to examine a small fragmented pain... more The study presented here applied various analytical techniques to examine a small fragmented painted gypsum plaster with heart motifs discovered at the Sasanian site of Vigol, Central Iran, to identify the materials used to produce the plaster. The plaster and its paint layer were analysed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods. The results revealed that the plaster layer is made of gypsum with some impurities—mainly soil minerals—with the concentration of these impurities being less at the surface of the plaster. It was also discovered that the heart motifs were painted using minium red lead pigment. As the main damage to the plaster is fragmentation, conservation included joining the fragments and consolidating the surface of the plaster. Finally, a preservation box using transparent polycarbonate plates was designed and manufactured for the display and handling of the newly restored plaster.
Some Thoughts on the Iranian-Chinese Maritime Trade in Late Antiquity and during the Early Islamic Period
Competition between Sasanians and Romans over the control of markets and trade routes stimulated ... more Competition between Sasanians and Romans over the control of markets and trade routes stimulated the Sasanians to establish ports in various parts of the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, and in the Indian Ocean close to China. Since evidence for direct maritime trade between the Sasanian Empire and China is small, it has often been asserted that there was no direct sea commerce between these two powers and civilizations. Scholars such as George Hourani claim that there is nothing to prove direct Chinese sailings to Iran before Islam. Some assume that even after the rise of Islam it took centuries before maritime trade between China and Iran was established. Based on historical, archaeological and numismatic evidence found in Iran and China, we will argue that Persian-Chinese maritime contacts already started from 6th century onwards. It will be shown that while Persians were present in the southern ports of China, commercial relations with China increased also in the ports of the Persian Gulf. From the 9th century on, the Persian Gulf ports became centers of regular maritime trade between Iran and China.
مالکیت اراضی، نظام ارباب – رعیتی و تقسیم محصولات کشاورزي داستانی به درازاي تاریخ ایران زمین
دارد.... more مالکیت اراضی، نظام ارباب – رعیتی و تقسیم محصولات کشاورزي داستانی به درازاي تاریخ ایران زمین
دارد. سیستم زراعی کشور از واگذاري و تقسیم اراضی تا سه مرحله کاشت، داشت و برداشت و نظام تقسیم
محصولات و اخذ مالیات، نیازمند یک چرخه منظم نظارت و وسایل ثبت و ضبط و سنجش محصولات در
مناطق مختلف بوده است. در پژوهش حاضر ضمن بررسی روند زمینداري از ورود اسلام تا دوران قاجار، به
بررسی دو مهر چوبی، که براي نشانه گذاري خرمن هاي گندم و جوي حاصل از زراعت زمین ها استفاده
می شده است، پرداخته می شود. در این مقاله، از مطالعات میدانی (مشاهده و مصاحبه) و مطالعات
کتابخانه اي بر پایۀ توصیف و تحلیل به منظور بررسی نوع مالکیت زمین ها و نظام هاي زراعت در منطقۀ
موردمطالعه و این دو مهرخرمن، بهره گیري شده است. در این پژوهش ما بر آنیم تا ماهیت و کارکرد
این گونه مهرها را در بافت اقتصادي-اجتماعی و چرخه زراعت در روستاي اسفندان و شهر کمیجان بررسی
نماییم. همچنین سعی می گردد هویت و ماهیت این مهرها که توسط چه کسانی و در چه مواردي استفاده
می شدند، مشخص گردد. از طرف دیگر ضمن توصیف ساختار مهرها به این مهم پرداخته خواهد شد که
فرم، جنس، نقوش و عبارات بکار رفته بر روي آن ها چه بوده است. با مطالعات انجام شده می توان بیان کرد
که این مهرها در جوامعی با ساختار مالک و زارع کاربرد داشته و ماهیت آنها کارکردي نظارتی از سوي
مالک یا ارباب بر محصول گردآوري شده (گندم و جو) در خرمنگاه بوده است.
Technical studies and conservation of a fragmented painted plaster excavated from the Vigol Sasanian site, Central Iran
The study presented here applied various analytical techniques to examine a small fragmented pain... more The study presented here applied various analytical techniques to examine a small fragmented painted gypsum plaster with heart motifs discovered at the Sasanian site of Vigol, Central Iran, to identify the materials used to produce the plaster. The plaster and its paint layer were analysed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods. The results revealed that the plaster layer is made of gypsum with some impurities—mainly soil minerals—with the concentration of these impurities being less at the surface of the plaster. It was also discovered that the heart motifs were painted using minium red lead pigment. As the main damage to the plaster is fragmentation, conservation included joining the fragments and consolidating the surface of the plaster. Finally, a preservation box using transparent polycarbonate plates was designed and manufactured for the display and handling of the newly restored plaster.
13, 2023
Aghlabids(184-296 AH) was the first semi-independent government during the Abbasid caliphate in t... more Aghlabids(184-296 AH) was the first semi-independent government during the Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic Maghreb that with conquering parts of North Africa and southern Italy, especially Sicily and Palermo was able to Mint coins independently in your sphere of influence. Discovery of Aghlabid coins with Abbasi coins in two areas of Astaneh Shazand in Markazi province, which is located in the city of Karaj Abu Dolaf(2008 and 2010) And the ancient site of Tel Yavne near Tel Aviv, which were two areas outside the influence of the majority, Indicates political influence or trade relations with Iran and the Mediterranean fringe governments in the third century AH. How the discovery of these coins, far from the political borders of the majority, explains the political or commercial relations of this government is the main question. Our assumption is that these coins identify the friendly political relations of this government that underlie its trade relations with other governments. In this research, using library resources and archaeological studies Attempted has been made to determine and explain the manner and extent of political and trade relations of Aghlabid government with other contemporary governments.
During the Safavid period, along with other artistic developments such as metalwork, the producti... more During the Safavid period, along with other artistic developments such as metalwork, the production of various types of pottery also flourished. In this era, a variety of pottery was produced, which not only provided an important part of domestic needs, but sometimes was also exported to other countries. In the meantime, the so-called Gambron pottery was considered one of the examples of late pottery of this period. Today, many examples of this type of pottery adorn various museums inside and outside the country, which have been briefly mentioned in some books and articles. But practically, this type of pottery can be considered one of the lesser-known types of pottery of the Islamic era; Because so far, not only the evidence of its production has not been obtained in archaeological excavations, but also less ancient sites in Iran have been identified in which samples of these pottery vessels have been found. According to these cases, it was necessary to deal with this type of pottery in another independent research and provide more documentation about it. The results of this research showed that Gambron pottery has been known in Iran since the end of the 11th century of Hijri, and despite its export importance, it has been used to some extent among the people of Iran. Probably, this pottery was produced in centers such as Qom, Nain, Isfahan and Kerman, and its shape and decorations were similar to Safavid examples and some Chinese pottery.
In the archaeological surveys of Jiroft Plain, no evidence of the existence of urban and rural se... more In the archaeological surveys of Jiroft Plain, no evidence of the existence of urban and rural settlement centers related to the Safavid period has been found. Considering that the old cemeteries are one of the most important works found in this territory, The tombstone inscriptions of the Garam Salar Reza family, attributed to the governor of the Safavid era, located in Anbarabad city, Jiroft city, Kerman province, have been studied. Tombs are one of the most important sources of archaeological studies for research in various fields of human sciences. Inscriptions engraved on tombstones, in addition to its main use as preserving the memory of the deceased and expressing some information in his introduction, are important findings for dating in archaeological studies. Also, this research investigates the impact of environmental factors on the cultural findings (tombstones) and the location of this area as one of the important settlements of the Safavid era in Jiroft Plain, based on the history of the construction of the building. The data of this descriptive-analytical research has been collected through field investigation and library study. As a result of this research, information was obtained about the age of the tomb, folklore concepts, genealogy and religious tendencies of the deceased. And in addition to this information, the environmental characteristics, political structure and the nomadic lifestyle of the inhabitants of the Jiroft Plain during the Safavid period were explained. The tombstones were obtained from the marble quarry of those areas. Also, the influence of factors such as aqueducts and eastern unevenness of the region in the selection of this region as one of the settlements of Jiroft nomadic plains during the Safavid period was determined.
44, 2023
During the Safavid period, along with other artistic developments such as metalwork, the producti... more During the Safavid period, along with other artistic developments such as metalwork, the production of various types of pottery also flourished. In this era, a variety of pottery was produced, which not only provided an important part of domestic needs, but sometimes was also exported to other countries. In the meantime, the so-called Gambron pottery was considered one of the examples of late pottery of this period. Today, many examples of this type of pottery adorn various museums inside and outside the country, which have been briefly mentioned in some books and articles. But practically, this type of pottery can be considered one of the lesser-known types of pottery of the Islamic era; Because so far, not only the evidence of its production has not been obtained in archaeological excavations, but also less ancient sites in Iran have been identified in which samples of these pottery vessels have been found. According to these cases, it was necessary to deal with this type of pottery in another independent research and provide more documentation about it. The results of this research showed that Gambron pottery has been known in Iran since the end of the 11th century of Hijri, and despite its export importance, it has been used to some extent among the people of Iran. Probably, this pottery was produced in centers such as Qom, Nain, Isfahan and Kerman, and its shape and decorations were similar to Safavid examples and some Chinese pottery.
University of Tehran Press
Aghlabids(184-296 AH) was the first semi-independent government during the
Abbasid caliphate in t... more Aghlabids(184-296 AH) was the first semi-independent government during the
Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic Maghreb that with conquering parts of North
Africa and southern Italy, especially Sicily and Palermo was able to Mint coins
independently in your sphere of influence. Discovery of Aghlabid coins with
Abbasi coins in two areas of Astaneh Shazand in Markazi province, which is
located in the city of Karaj Abu Dolaf(2008 and 2010) And the ancient site of
Tel Yavne near Tel Aviv, which were two areas outside the influence of the
majority, Indicates political influence or trade relations with Iran and the
Mediterranean fringe governments in the third century AH. How the discovery
of these coins, far from the political borders of the majority, explains the
political or commercial relations of this government is the main question. Our
assumption is that these coins identify the friendly political relations of this
government that underlie its trade relations with other governments. In this
research, using library resources and archaeological studies Attempted has
been made to determine and explain the manner and extent of political and
trade relations of Aghlabid government with other contemporary governments.
Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2022
Archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis
of the rem... more Archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis
of the remained material culture. The prerequisite for the development of archeological
knowledge in the country is access to equipped laboratories, hiring experienced
specialists, and expanding national, and international cooperation. Due to rapid advances
in instrumental analysis, relevant people in the fields of art and archeometry should be
aware of the advantages and limitations of different types of instrumental analysis. In
this paper, facilities and research opportunities in analytical archeometry using natural
science in Iran are presented and discussed. To introduce the technical capacities of
the country in this field, the available equipment and facilities for performing nuclear
analysis techniques and their related data analysis are investigated. Moreover, to
identify the materials used in the cultural heritage samples and to determine their
origin, characterization of some of these samples has been done using nuclear analysis
methods. The activities performed in this research include X-ray and neutron imaging
of the structure of an ancient jar belonging to the early Qajar period, elemental analysis
of miniature in an ancient manuscript using elemental analysis method, investigation
of the golden threads in the precious carpet belonging to the Safavid period using
elemental and structural, and elemental analysis of luster tiles belonging to the Kashan
using elemental analysis. The results of this research show that the existing technical
capacities in the country can provide new opportunities for archeologists to understand
the nature of the cultural heritage samples in more depth and to provide more accurate
analysis of the investigated samples.
Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2022
The historical site of Vigol and Haraskan is located near Aran and Bidgol city in the north
of Is... more The historical site of Vigol and Haraskan is located near Aran and Bidgol city in the north
of Isfahan province. The archaeological studies of the first season of this site led to the
identification of the central part of a fire temple and a small part of its circumambulation
corridor. The second season of the archeological exploration in the fire temple was to
identify other spaces around the central part of the fire temple. Archaeological studies
revealed that since this fire temple was built in the urban context, it is more important
than the fire temples that were built away from settlement areas. Beside architectural
evidences, religious elements and decorative stucco relics found in this fire temple,
the identification of several Sassanid Pahlavi inscriptions on the walls of the eastern
circumambulation corridor of the fire temple and two Ostracons added to its importance.
Pahlavi inscriptions founded on stucco plaster of the dado which are written in a beautiful
handwriting. Unfortunately, except for a few inscriptions, most of them cannot be read
and require extensive research. In this research data collection about Vigol fire temple
and its Pahlavi inscriptions was done by field methods and linguistic and descriptiveanalytical
studies. The main questions of the research are: What is the content of Pahlavi
inscriptions and what themes do they include? What period of time does the estimated
date of writing these inscriptions include? Given to linguistic and archeological studies,
the placement of these inscriptions inside the fire temple, the content and of them has
religious themes, and according to their writing style, these inscriptions were probably
written in the 7th and 8th centuries AD. According to the dating of the inscriptions, it
seems that the fire temple of Vigol had a high reputation until the early Islamic centuries
and was probably abandoned forever in the first of 9th AD century.
Iranians have tried to invent and use appropriate methods to prepare water for the creation and s... more Iranians have tried to invent and use appropriate methods to prepare water for the creation and sustainability of their settlements and communities in order to manage water resources. In this regard, Hawraman region, with its difficult and impassable geography, is a clear example of the emergence of local knowledge in the management of water resources at the local and national level, indicating the maturity and great effort of Iranians in this geography. In this article, with the aim of investigating and evaluating the material culture left in the cultural zone of Hawraman region, the importance of water in this mountainous region and how to manage and control it has been discussed. In the field research, the results of which show these findings in this research, we tried to answer these questions, what were the principles and methods of water resources management in Hawraman region? And what role have the types of water sources and water structures played in the formation of settlements and the way of life of the communities in the region? In the results of this research, it was found that surface water sources (Sirvan River) and atmospheric precipitation, especially snow with a steep slope in the Hawraman region, have played an important role in the dynamics of the cultural landscape of Hawraman. Based on this, by creating management and transfer networks of water resources in the depths of the valleys and through digging or building canals, it creates water facilities that, while continuing and developing settlements, provide cultural, economic and social communication fields along with livelihood which has been stable in Hawraman from the past until today. It should be noted that for the stability of settlements, economic, social, environmental development and harsh conditions and water in the future, management, preservation, revival, support and expansion of the traditional system based on local knowledge should be done.
Located on a terrace near the modern village, Estark (34 • 01 ′ 24 ′′ N 51 • 13 ′ 51 ′′ E) is one... more Located on a terrace near the modern village, Estark (34 • 01 ′ 24 ′′ N 51 • 13 ′ 51 ′′ E) is one of a few identified Iron Age cemeteries around a cluster of artesian oases located at the foot of the Zagros Mountains, c. 10km west of the city of Kashan. It covers less than one hectare, and some parts (especially in the southeastern part) have been recently heavily looted and destroyed by bulldozing. In the autumn of 2016, a small-scale rescue operation was carried out at the site, with two aims: to collect artifacts and bones from the surface and from the looting dumps, and to excavate a 5×5m trench near the northern limit of the site. All pottery , a few bronze objects and one cylindrical seal retrieved from the surface were consistent in chronology, suggesting that the cemetery was used for a relatively short period during the Iron Age II (c. 1000-800 BCE in regional chronology, according to Ghirshman 1938, 1939). As all human remains found at Estark were heavily fragmented and af...
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Papers by Majid Montazer zohouri
and cultural materials as accurately as possible, usually in a non-destructive manner
and with very high accuracy, has become a suitable method to identify the elemental
composition of archaeological materials in very small quantities. Furthermore,
cathodoluminescence rays can lead to better identification of the chemical
composition and phase changes in the historical samples. Cathodoluminescence rays
generated from the crystalline compounds lead to new mineralogical interpretations
in order to better understand the manufacturing technology and the origin of historical
material. In line with the archaeological investigation and studies conducted during
the years 1392-1393, a significant number of celadon ceramics, and engraved and
glazed pottery were found at the site of Gour. In this research, seven potsherds were
examined using conventional laboratory methods and high-energy X-ray beams
produced in synchrotron and microscopic cathodoluminescence. These studies were
carried out to identify the chemical properties of these ceramics and how they were
manufactured. In line with these studies, it was found that these ceramics were made
of kaolinite clay and baked at a temperature of ca. 1200 degrees Celsius in two
manufacturing stages, and specific proportions of raw materials Si/Al were used in
the chemical composition of their body and glaze. This proportion and the method
of firing and the condition of the kiln were proof of the coherence and strength
of the celadon, which is identical to the temperature interval of the formation of
the crystalline phases between the body and the glaze, so-called reaction phaseinterphase
area.
that has developed over time and reflects the reconstruction of identity, culture,
beliefs, myths, customs, literature, geographical location and historical background
of a society. The aim and question of this study is to recognize and reinterpret the
antiquity and continuity of the linguistic and cultural roots of the toponym
‘Baghdad’ from its emergence to its designation as ‘Madinat al-Salam’ as the capital
by Caliph Abu Ja’far al-Mansur of the Abbasid dynasty The present study is of a
fundamental research nature and historical in essence. The result of this research,
from an etymological perspective, indicates that the origin of the term 'Baghdad' is
Persian (Indo-Iranian language) and is documented in various texts and sources
written in Old Persian, Middle Persian, Persian, and Arabic from the first half of the
second millennium BC to the Islamic period. With the change of religion in Iran
during the Islamic era, the word 'baγ' no longer meant God, but referred only to idols
and statues. However, the important point is the conceptual relationship between the
ancient toponym Baghdad 'Khudadad' and the name 'Madinat al-Salam.' The concept
behind the term 'Madinat al-Salam' embodies the idea of Iran-Shahr, as described by
Arab Muslim historians and geographers. Baghdad was named 'Madinat al-Salam'
because 'Salam' is synonymous with 'Allah,' and its intention was 'Madinat Allah'
(City of God), indicating a place governed by divine mandates and regulating
principles.
Earthenware potteries from the prehistoric site of Haft-Tappeh (Elam Dynasty 1250 BC) and stoneware potteries (celadons)
from Ardeshir-Khore (4th century AD, early Islamic Period) have been studied to characterize their fabrics and provenance by
mineralogical phase decomposition. Both classes of pottery were first studied via routinely microscopically analytical techniques
(optical- and scanning electron microscopy), X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis in order to determine their chemicalmineralogical
phase constituents and firing temperature. Cathodoluminescence microscopy is favoured for demonstrating
crystalline phase decomposition through diverse firing regimes in both kinds of pottery, and characterizing specific neo-formed
crystalline phases for interpreting aspects of their raw material and provenance. Typical cathodoluminescence emission colour
character of the minerals provides considerable clues for discriminating heating interval within the matrix of the sherds.
hill, holds great historical importance in Khomeyn County. The inaugural
archaeological excavation season of this site occurred in 2015, unearthing
a variety of architectural spaces and archaeological findings. Notably, the
most abundant findings at this site consist of diverse unglazed and glazed
potsherds belonging to the Islamic era. A diverse array of pottery types
has been unearthed from the site, ranging from plain unglazed pieces to
those adorned with impressed patterns, as well as pottery featuring incised
and excised motifs, molded motifs, monochromatic glazed pottery, blueand-
white porcelain, lusterware, and enamelware. The significance of
addressing these findings lies in the fact that all these types are linked to
the Islamic Middle Ages, suggesting that they were crafted and employed
during that specific era. Through the current research, a comparative source
on medieval pottery in Markazi Province and Iran can be established. The
primary focus of this study revolves around the comparative chronology
of these pottery items and their potential production centers. Employing
a descriptive-comparative method, data collection involves field surveys
and desk research. The findings indicate that the majority of the potsherds
discovered likely dates back to the 6th and 7th centuries AH. Furthermore,
similarities were observed between these artifacts and those from
production centers like Zolfabād, Moshkoye, Kāshān, and Ray, suggesting
a possible exportation to Khomeyn, as archaeological studies have
confirmed this claim. These similarities were also noted in historical sites
such as troglodytic complexes at Tahyaq-e Khomeyn, Sāmen-e Malāyer,
and Arzānfud in Hamadān.
adversities during many centuries after the rise of Islam. Despite threats and dangers, this
minority always tried to resist the pressures and maintain their identity and social cohesion
with some measures. Aqda Cave is one of the examples of material culture left by the
Zoroastrians, which can be very helpful for a better understanding of the preservation of
their identity and social cohesion over time, a heritage that, based on the assessment
of social values, can be effective in the sense of identity, sense of place and sense of
belonging of this community. The presentation and preservation of this cultural heritage
with the help of Zoroastrians will provide a foundation to acknowledge their rights and
construct a respectful character for this minority group. Consequently, the preservation
of this heritage could be an attempt to respect cultural diversity, heritage rights and
equity as the factors of inclusive social development and world peace.
دارد. سیستم زراعی کشور از واگذاري و تقسیم اراضی تا سه مرحله کاشت، داشت و برداشت و نظام تقسیم
محصولات و اخذ مالیات، نیازمند یک چرخه منظم نظارت و وسایل ثبت و ضبط و سنجش محصولات در
مناطق مختلف بوده است. در پژوهش حاضر ضمن بررسی روند زمینداري از ورود اسلام تا دوران قاجار، به
بررسی دو مهر چوبی، که براي نشانه گذاري خرمن هاي گندم و جوي حاصل از زراعت زمین ها استفاده
می شده است، پرداخته می شود. در این مقاله، از مطالعات میدانی (مشاهده و مصاحبه) و مطالعات
کتابخانه اي بر پایۀ توصیف و تحلیل به منظور بررسی نوع مالکیت زمین ها و نظام هاي زراعت در منطقۀ
موردمطالعه و این دو مهرخرمن، بهره گیري شده است. در این پژوهش ما بر آنیم تا ماهیت و کارکرد
این گونه مهرها را در بافت اقتصادي-اجتماعی و چرخه زراعت در روستاي اسفندان و شهر کمیجان بررسی
نماییم. همچنین سعی می گردد هویت و ماهیت این مهرها که توسط چه کسانی و در چه مواردي استفاده
می شدند، مشخص گردد. از طرف دیگر ضمن توصیف ساختار مهرها به این مهم پرداخته خواهد شد که
فرم، جنس، نقوش و عبارات بکار رفته بر روي آن ها چه بوده است. با مطالعات انجام شده می توان بیان کرد
که این مهرها در جوامعی با ساختار مالک و زارع کاربرد داشته و ماهیت آنها کارکردي نظارتی از سوي
مالک یا ارباب بر محصول گردآوري شده (گندم و جو) در خرمنگاه بوده است.
Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic Maghreb that with conquering parts of North
Africa and southern Italy, especially Sicily and Palermo was able to Mint coins
independently in your sphere of influence. Discovery of Aghlabid coins with
Abbasi coins in two areas of Astaneh Shazand in Markazi province, which is
located in the city of Karaj Abu Dolaf(2008 and 2010) And the ancient site of
Tel Yavne near Tel Aviv, which were two areas outside the influence of the
majority, Indicates political influence or trade relations with Iran and the
Mediterranean fringe governments in the third century AH. How the discovery
of these coins, far from the political borders of the majority, explains the
political or commercial relations of this government is the main question. Our
assumption is that these coins identify the friendly political relations of this
government that underlie its trade relations with other governments. In this
research, using library resources and archaeological studies Attempted has
been made to determine and explain the manner and extent of political and
trade relations of Aghlabid government with other contemporary governments.
of the remained material culture. The prerequisite for the development of archeological
knowledge in the country is access to equipped laboratories, hiring experienced
specialists, and expanding national, and international cooperation. Due to rapid advances
in instrumental analysis, relevant people in the fields of art and archeometry should be
aware of the advantages and limitations of different types of instrumental analysis. In
this paper, facilities and research opportunities in analytical archeometry using natural
science in Iran are presented and discussed. To introduce the technical capacities of
the country in this field, the available equipment and facilities for performing nuclear
analysis techniques and their related data analysis are investigated. Moreover, to
identify the materials used in the cultural heritage samples and to determine their
origin, characterization of some of these samples has been done using nuclear analysis
methods. The activities performed in this research include X-ray and neutron imaging
of the structure of an ancient jar belonging to the early Qajar period, elemental analysis
of miniature in an ancient manuscript using elemental analysis method, investigation
of the golden threads in the precious carpet belonging to the Safavid period using
elemental and structural, and elemental analysis of luster tiles belonging to the Kashan
using elemental analysis. The results of this research show that the existing technical
capacities in the country can provide new opportunities for archeologists to understand
the nature of the cultural heritage samples in more depth and to provide more accurate
analysis of the investigated samples.
of Isfahan province. The archaeological studies of the first season of this site led to the
identification of the central part of a fire temple and a small part of its circumambulation
corridor. The second season of the archeological exploration in the fire temple was to
identify other spaces around the central part of the fire temple. Archaeological studies
revealed that since this fire temple was built in the urban context, it is more important
than the fire temples that were built away from settlement areas. Beside architectural
evidences, religious elements and decorative stucco relics found in this fire temple,
the identification of several Sassanid Pahlavi inscriptions on the walls of the eastern
circumambulation corridor of the fire temple and two Ostracons added to its importance.
Pahlavi inscriptions founded on stucco plaster of the dado which are written in a beautiful
handwriting. Unfortunately, except for a few inscriptions, most of them cannot be read
and require extensive research. In this research data collection about Vigol fire temple
and its Pahlavi inscriptions was done by field methods and linguistic and descriptiveanalytical
studies. The main questions of the research are: What is the content of Pahlavi
inscriptions and what themes do they include? What period of time does the estimated
date of writing these inscriptions include? Given to linguistic and archeological studies,
the placement of these inscriptions inside the fire temple, the content and of them has
religious themes, and according to their writing style, these inscriptions were probably
written in the 7th and 8th centuries AD. According to the dating of the inscriptions, it
seems that the fire temple of Vigol had a high reputation until the early Islamic centuries
and was probably abandoned forever in the first of 9th AD century.
and cultural materials as accurately as possible, usually in a non-destructive manner
and with very high accuracy, has become a suitable method to identify the elemental
composition of archaeological materials in very small quantities. Furthermore,
cathodoluminescence rays can lead to better identification of the chemical
composition and phase changes in the historical samples. Cathodoluminescence rays
generated from the crystalline compounds lead to new mineralogical interpretations
in order to better understand the manufacturing technology and the origin of historical
material. In line with the archaeological investigation and studies conducted during
the years 1392-1393, a significant number of celadon ceramics, and engraved and
glazed pottery were found at the site of Gour. In this research, seven potsherds were
examined using conventional laboratory methods and high-energy X-ray beams
produced in synchrotron and microscopic cathodoluminescence. These studies were
carried out to identify the chemical properties of these ceramics and how they were
manufactured. In line with these studies, it was found that these ceramics were made
of kaolinite clay and baked at a temperature of ca. 1200 degrees Celsius in two
manufacturing stages, and specific proportions of raw materials Si/Al were used in
the chemical composition of their body and glaze. This proportion and the method
of firing and the condition of the kiln were proof of the coherence and strength
of the celadon, which is identical to the temperature interval of the formation of
the crystalline phases between the body and the glaze, so-called reaction phaseinterphase
area.
that has developed over time and reflects the reconstruction of identity, culture,
beliefs, myths, customs, literature, geographical location and historical background
of a society. The aim and question of this study is to recognize and reinterpret the
antiquity and continuity of the linguistic and cultural roots of the toponym
‘Baghdad’ from its emergence to its designation as ‘Madinat al-Salam’ as the capital
by Caliph Abu Ja’far al-Mansur of the Abbasid dynasty The present study is of a
fundamental research nature and historical in essence. The result of this research,
from an etymological perspective, indicates that the origin of the term 'Baghdad' is
Persian (Indo-Iranian language) and is documented in various texts and sources
written in Old Persian, Middle Persian, Persian, and Arabic from the first half of the
second millennium BC to the Islamic period. With the change of religion in Iran
during the Islamic era, the word 'baγ' no longer meant God, but referred only to idols
and statues. However, the important point is the conceptual relationship between the
ancient toponym Baghdad 'Khudadad' and the name 'Madinat al-Salam.' The concept
behind the term 'Madinat al-Salam' embodies the idea of Iran-Shahr, as described by
Arab Muslim historians and geographers. Baghdad was named 'Madinat al-Salam'
because 'Salam' is synonymous with 'Allah,' and its intention was 'Madinat Allah'
(City of God), indicating a place governed by divine mandates and regulating
principles.
Earthenware potteries from the prehistoric site of Haft-Tappeh (Elam Dynasty 1250 BC) and stoneware potteries (celadons)
from Ardeshir-Khore (4th century AD, early Islamic Period) have been studied to characterize their fabrics and provenance by
mineralogical phase decomposition. Both classes of pottery were first studied via routinely microscopically analytical techniques
(optical- and scanning electron microscopy), X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis in order to determine their chemicalmineralogical
phase constituents and firing temperature. Cathodoluminescence microscopy is favoured for demonstrating
crystalline phase decomposition through diverse firing regimes in both kinds of pottery, and characterizing specific neo-formed
crystalline phases for interpreting aspects of their raw material and provenance. Typical cathodoluminescence emission colour
character of the minerals provides considerable clues for discriminating heating interval within the matrix of the sherds.
hill, holds great historical importance in Khomeyn County. The inaugural
archaeological excavation season of this site occurred in 2015, unearthing
a variety of architectural spaces and archaeological findings. Notably, the
most abundant findings at this site consist of diverse unglazed and glazed
potsherds belonging to the Islamic era. A diverse array of pottery types
has been unearthed from the site, ranging from plain unglazed pieces to
those adorned with impressed patterns, as well as pottery featuring incised
and excised motifs, molded motifs, monochromatic glazed pottery, blueand-
white porcelain, lusterware, and enamelware. The significance of
addressing these findings lies in the fact that all these types are linked to
the Islamic Middle Ages, suggesting that they were crafted and employed
during that specific era. Through the current research, a comparative source
on medieval pottery in Markazi Province and Iran can be established. The
primary focus of this study revolves around the comparative chronology
of these pottery items and their potential production centers. Employing
a descriptive-comparative method, data collection involves field surveys
and desk research. The findings indicate that the majority of the potsherds
discovered likely dates back to the 6th and 7th centuries AH. Furthermore,
similarities were observed between these artifacts and those from
production centers like Zolfabād, Moshkoye, Kāshān, and Ray, suggesting
a possible exportation to Khomeyn, as archaeological studies have
confirmed this claim. These similarities were also noted in historical sites
such as troglodytic complexes at Tahyaq-e Khomeyn, Sāmen-e Malāyer,
and Arzānfud in Hamadān.
adversities during many centuries after the rise of Islam. Despite threats and dangers, this
minority always tried to resist the pressures and maintain their identity and social cohesion
with some measures. Aqda Cave is one of the examples of material culture left by the
Zoroastrians, which can be very helpful for a better understanding of the preservation of
their identity and social cohesion over time, a heritage that, based on the assessment
of social values, can be effective in the sense of identity, sense of place and sense of
belonging of this community. The presentation and preservation of this cultural heritage
with the help of Zoroastrians will provide a foundation to acknowledge their rights and
construct a respectful character for this minority group. Consequently, the preservation
of this heritage could be an attempt to respect cultural diversity, heritage rights and
equity as the factors of inclusive social development and world peace.
دارد. سیستم زراعی کشور از واگذاري و تقسیم اراضی تا سه مرحله کاشت، داشت و برداشت و نظام تقسیم
محصولات و اخذ مالیات، نیازمند یک چرخه منظم نظارت و وسایل ثبت و ضبط و سنجش محصولات در
مناطق مختلف بوده است. در پژوهش حاضر ضمن بررسی روند زمینداري از ورود اسلام تا دوران قاجار، به
بررسی دو مهر چوبی، که براي نشانه گذاري خرمن هاي گندم و جوي حاصل از زراعت زمین ها استفاده
می شده است، پرداخته می شود. در این مقاله، از مطالعات میدانی (مشاهده و مصاحبه) و مطالعات
کتابخانه اي بر پایۀ توصیف و تحلیل به منظور بررسی نوع مالکیت زمین ها و نظام هاي زراعت در منطقۀ
موردمطالعه و این دو مهرخرمن، بهره گیري شده است. در این پژوهش ما بر آنیم تا ماهیت و کارکرد
این گونه مهرها را در بافت اقتصادي-اجتماعی و چرخه زراعت در روستاي اسفندان و شهر کمیجان بررسی
نماییم. همچنین سعی می گردد هویت و ماهیت این مهرها که توسط چه کسانی و در چه مواردي استفاده
می شدند، مشخص گردد. از طرف دیگر ضمن توصیف ساختار مهرها به این مهم پرداخته خواهد شد که
فرم، جنس، نقوش و عبارات بکار رفته بر روي آن ها چه بوده است. با مطالعات انجام شده می توان بیان کرد
که این مهرها در جوامعی با ساختار مالک و زارع کاربرد داشته و ماهیت آنها کارکردي نظارتی از سوي
مالک یا ارباب بر محصول گردآوري شده (گندم و جو) در خرمنگاه بوده است.
Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic Maghreb that with conquering parts of North
Africa and southern Italy, especially Sicily and Palermo was able to Mint coins
independently in your sphere of influence. Discovery of Aghlabid coins with
Abbasi coins in two areas of Astaneh Shazand in Markazi province, which is
located in the city of Karaj Abu Dolaf(2008 and 2010) And the ancient site of
Tel Yavne near Tel Aviv, which were two areas outside the influence of the
majority, Indicates political influence or trade relations with Iran and the
Mediterranean fringe governments in the third century AH. How the discovery
of these coins, far from the political borders of the majority, explains the
political or commercial relations of this government is the main question. Our
assumption is that these coins identify the friendly political relations of this
government that underlie its trade relations with other governments. In this
research, using library resources and archaeological studies Attempted has
been made to determine and explain the manner and extent of political and
trade relations of Aghlabid government with other contemporary governments.
of the remained material culture. The prerequisite for the development of archeological
knowledge in the country is access to equipped laboratories, hiring experienced
specialists, and expanding national, and international cooperation. Due to rapid advances
in instrumental analysis, relevant people in the fields of art and archeometry should be
aware of the advantages and limitations of different types of instrumental analysis. In
this paper, facilities and research opportunities in analytical archeometry using natural
science in Iran are presented and discussed. To introduce the technical capacities of
the country in this field, the available equipment and facilities for performing nuclear
analysis techniques and their related data analysis are investigated. Moreover, to
identify the materials used in the cultural heritage samples and to determine their
origin, characterization of some of these samples has been done using nuclear analysis
methods. The activities performed in this research include X-ray and neutron imaging
of the structure of an ancient jar belonging to the early Qajar period, elemental analysis
of miniature in an ancient manuscript using elemental analysis method, investigation
of the golden threads in the precious carpet belonging to the Safavid period using
elemental and structural, and elemental analysis of luster tiles belonging to the Kashan
using elemental analysis. The results of this research show that the existing technical
capacities in the country can provide new opportunities for archeologists to understand
the nature of the cultural heritage samples in more depth and to provide more accurate
analysis of the investigated samples.
of Isfahan province. The archaeological studies of the first season of this site led to the
identification of the central part of a fire temple and a small part of its circumambulation
corridor. The second season of the archeological exploration in the fire temple was to
identify other spaces around the central part of the fire temple. Archaeological studies
revealed that since this fire temple was built in the urban context, it is more important
than the fire temples that were built away from settlement areas. Beside architectural
evidences, religious elements and decorative stucco relics found in this fire temple,
the identification of several Sassanid Pahlavi inscriptions on the walls of the eastern
circumambulation corridor of the fire temple and two Ostracons added to its importance.
Pahlavi inscriptions founded on stucco plaster of the dado which are written in a beautiful
handwriting. Unfortunately, except for a few inscriptions, most of them cannot be read
and require extensive research. In this research data collection about Vigol fire temple
and its Pahlavi inscriptions was done by field methods and linguistic and descriptiveanalytical
studies. The main questions of the research are: What is the content of Pahlavi
inscriptions and what themes do they include? What period of time does the estimated
date of writing these inscriptions include? Given to linguistic and archeological studies,
the placement of these inscriptions inside the fire temple, the content and of them has
religious themes, and according to their writing style, these inscriptions were probably
written in the 7th and 8th centuries AD. According to the dating of the inscriptions, it
seems that the fire temple of Vigol had a high reputation until the early Islamic centuries
and was probably abandoned forever in the first of 9th AD century.
مواد فرهنگی خص.صا قطعات سفال، دانستیم که همه فضاهاي پیشگفته در عصر ایلخانی مورد استفاده قرار گرفه و در همان عصر هم متروك شده اند. در
فصل ششم به منظور خواناسازي بخش غربی عمارت شاه نشین و دست یابی به ورودي آن و نیز درك چگونگی اتصال شهر به بخش جنوبی ارگ، دو ترانشه
10 متر مربع در دو سوي × 10 متر مربع در جنوب غرب شاه نشین و ترانشه دیگر با ابعاد 5 × در دو قسمت از محوطه ایجاد نمودیم: ترانشه اي در ابعاد 10
دیوار جنوبی ارگ (تصویر 1). در ترانشه نخست دو فضا به دست آمد؛ فضایی مربع شکل که بر پایه تویزه هاي باقی مانده می توان احتمال داد که در روزگار
آبادانی با گنبدي خشتی پوشش یافته و فضایی مستطیل شکل که چون هیچ پاکاري در دیوار شمالی و چنوبی آن مشاهده ننمودیم؛ احتمال دادیم که این
فضا فاقد سقف بوده است (تصویر 2). نکته جالب این که در ضلع جنوبی فضاي مربع شکل بقایاي ناچیزي از رنگ، روي بستري از گچ مشاده شد که از وجود
دیوارنگاره در روزگار آبادانی این ساختمان حکایت دارد. به دلیل آنکه تمام قطعه سفالهاي به دست آمده به عصر ایلخانی تعلق داشتند؛ این بنا را به دوره
ایلخانی نسبت دادیم. همان گونه که گفته ش ترانشه دوم با طول شرقی غربی 10 متر و عرض شمالی جنوبی 5 متر در دو سمت حصار جنوبی ارگ ایجاد
گردید. در این ترانشه شش فضاي مستقل از هم به دست آمد که بادیوارهایی از یکدیگر مجزا شده بودند (تصویر 3). در کف فضاي میانی جنوبی دو اجاق
آتش بدست آمد و در فضاي شرقی سمت شمال حضار بقایاي از سقف قوسی خشتی کشف گردید اما پدیده بسیار مهم که بر فرضیه ایلخانی بودن این
1 متر مربع حفر گردید که در × محوطه خط بطلان کشید در همین ترانشه اتفاق افتاد؛ زیرا در کف اولیه این ترانشه (کف ایلخانی)، گمانه پیشرو در ابعاد 2
4 متري آن نسبت به سطح محوطه به چند شئی سالم برخورد نمودیم، ظرفی چون ابریق سفالین به شکل خروس، بشقابی برنزي و سفالهاي ذخیره / عمق 20
مواد غذایی. جال پس از شش فصل کاوش دانسته ایم که این محوطه ایلخانی، استقرار دیگري هم وجود دارد؛ استقرار پیشا ایلخانی.
ایران که منابع میانی اسلامی تحت عنوان عراق عجم نامیده می شود، مشهودتر است. مناطق کویری ایران همانند دشت کاشان و مناطق
بالادستی آن همچون شهرستان آران بیدگل یکی از کانون های این شیوه معماری زیرزمینی است. پیگیری های شورای شهر سفید شهر
)نصرآباد قدیم( از توابع شهرستان آران و بیدگل و همچنین دوستداران میراث فرهنگی پیرامون شناسایی دست کندهای زیرزمینی توسط
اهالی شهر، مقدمات کاوش در این مجموعه دست کند را فراهم آورد. کاوش باستان شناختی در مجموعه دست کند زیرزمینی سفیدشهر
با هدف بازشناسی چیستی و چرایی هویت تاریخی و خواناسازی فضاهای معماری این مجموعه دست کند بعد اخذ مجوز از پژوهشکده
97/10/ 97 تا 12 /8/ 97 صورت پذیرفت. این فعالیت های باستان شناختی از تاریخ 28 /08/ باستان شناسی به شماره 97103808 مورخ 27
به طول انجامید که منجر به شناسایی فضاهای این محوطه باستانی گردید.
The proposed study aims to fill this gap in our knowledge about these unique finds. The first goal of this research is particularly focused on a comprehensive documentation of the archaeological finds in this storage. Following the documentation, extensive research has been performed on the motifs of these stucco finds. This investigation helps us to categorize different types of these cultural materials. Such classification has been chosen according to its place of origin, place of decoration (dado, vaulting, squinch, etc.), motifs (floral, geometric, figural, and epigraphy) and technical peculiarity. Furthermore, a stylistic comparison is also executed on stucco finds in the storage of NMI and another defined stucco decorations from different parts of Iran. In conclusion, the results of this analytical study not only enable us to date some of these fragments, but also lead us to achieve a greater level of knowledge of buildings decoration in the eraly Islamic period.
The proposed study aims to fill the gap about these unique findings. The first goal of this research is particularly focused on a comprehensive documentation of the archaeological materials in this storage. Following the documentation, extensive research has been performed on the motifs of these stucco findings. This investigation helps us categorize different types of these cultural materials. Such classification has been chosen according to its place of origin, place of decoration (dado, vaulting, squinch, etc.), motifs (floral, geometric, figural, and epigraphy), pigments and technical peculiarity. Furthermore, a stylistic comparison is also executed on stucco findings in the storage of NMI and other defined stucco decorations from different parts of Iran. In conclusion, the results of this analytical study not only enable us to date some of these fragments, but also lead us to achieve a greater level of knowledge of buildings decoration in the eraly Islamic period.
religious beliefs throughout history have applied different burial methods for their dead. One of these
burial methods is to place corpses in crypt tombs in religious places. The history of this burial method
in Iran dates back to the Elamite period and then the Parthians in southwestern Iran, who also adopted
it from the inhabitants of Mesopotamia. This method of burial became obsolete after the Sasanians
came to power and the Zoroastrian religion was recognized. The crypt burial method was once again
considered in the Middle Islamic period for unknown reasons. The building of "Hosseinieh Khanqah"
located in Arān va Bidgol city in Isfahan province is a building belonging to the 6th and 7th centuries
AH. Archaeological investigations and activities in the basement of this building led to the identification
of a crypt tomb with several human burials. Archaeological studies on human remains in the tomb,
indicate that the bodies of at least 14 people in this tomb were inside the wooden coffins, placed on
the floor of the building. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that this building was
originally a "Khanqah" and associated with the intellectual and religious stream of "Sufism" in the
Islamic Middle Ages. The religious stream of Sufism differed from the common thought of the Shia
religion in some respects, and it is likely that this method of burial was related to this religious and
intellectual stream.