... 6) foram recolhidos diversos fragmentos de caçoilas e frigideiras de pegas triangulares, cerâ... more ... 6) foram recolhidos diversos fragmentos de caçoilas e frigideiras de pegas triangulares, cerâ‑ micas modeladas, alguidares em barro fosco e vidrados, fogareiros, testos, malgas e pratos esmal‑ tados a branco, faiança majólica italiana e holandesa, porcelana chinesa da ...
Abstract The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in ... more Abstract The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in the south shore of Tagus River, region of Lisbon. The excavated findings and the radiocarbon dating of the contexts where these were found show an occupation that can in fact be dated from the 8th to the 7th c. BCE period, thus a very early stage of the Phoenician occupation in the Iberian Peninsula. Numerous amphorae sherds were found at Almaraz. A spectroscopic characterization of those ceramics was made and is presented here, to help us understand if they were produced locally, in Lisbon workshops, or imported. Sixteen sherds representative of the thousands found at Almaraz were studied with the use of non-invasive spectroscopies, namely by crossing information from micro-Raman and X-ray fluorescence emission data. X-ray diffraction experiments were also performed. In spite of the fact that no ceramic kilns were found at Almaraz until now, the results point to two major groups of amphorae of local origin: one which used clays of Miocene origin, found on the southern shores of the Tagus River, very close to the Almaraz site, at Palenca (with quartz, anorthite, diopside and hematite). Another group, remarkably different, made use of clays of Pliocene origin also from the Tagus Estuary, the Fontainhas clay source (where quartz, anorthite, muscovite and hematite were found).
Texto de divulgação do potencial arqueológico de Santa Margarida publicado pelo BIMEC/Exército Po... more Texto de divulgação do potencial arqueológico de Santa Margarida publicado pelo BIMEC/Exército Português
The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in the south... more The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in the south shore of Tagus River, region of Lisbon. The excavated findings and the radiocarbon dating of the contexts where these were found show an occupation that can in fact be dated from the 8th to the 7th c. BCE period, thus a very early stage of the Phoenician occupation in the Iberian Peninsula. Numerous amphorae sherds were found at Almaraz. A spectroscopic characterization of those ceramics was made and is presented here, to help us understand if they were produced locally, in Lisbon workshops, or imported.
RESUMO Dos finais do século XV aos inícios do seguinte, laborou em Santo António da Charneca, Bar... more RESUMO Dos finais do século XV aos inícios do seguinte, laborou em Santo António da Charneca, Barreiro, uma olaria que produziu cerâmica fosca e vidrada de qualidade, com pastas de argila vermelha e branca, locais. O reportório formal ali produzido, mostra-nos uma panóplia de peças que vão da cerâmica industrial, da qual já apresentámos um estudo sobre as formas de pão de açúcar, até à utilitária doméstica que agora tratamos mais pormenorizadamente. A proximidade de um dos esteiros do Tejo, a cerca de um quilómetro, possibilitava o escoamento da sua produção através da via fluvial e posteriormente marítima.
R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcle... more R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcleo medieval da vila de Penamacor, o denominado Cimo de Vila ou castelo de Penamacor. Esta acção integra-se num projecto apresentado no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Trabalhos Arqueológicos, que visa valorizar os vestígios arqueológicos ali existentes, bem como minimizar impactes negativos sobre este património, resultantes de obras públicas projectadas. A campanha incidiu por hora apenas no Largo do Castelo, ou seja, no espaço onde se erguia a alcáçova medieval de Penamacor, projectando-se para o futuro intervenções noutros sectores. Apesar de os resultados terem sido relativamente modestos, pela perturbação dos níveis estratigráficos e ausência quase completa de estruturas relativas àquele período, recolheu-se algum espólio cerâmico e metálico significativo, bem como numismas. Este artigo reúne os primeiros dados obtidos naquelas escavações, as quais confirmaram ocupações medieval e moderna (séculos XIII-XVII) e revelaram possível ocupação calcolítica no local. A B S T R A C T In September 2003 took place the first archaeological fieldwork in the medieval centre of Penamacor, the so-called Cimo da Vila or castle. These proceedings follow a project
R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcle... more R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcleo medieval da vila de Penamacor, o denominado Cimo de Vila ou castelo de Penamacor. Esta acção integra-se num projecto apresentado no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Trabalhos Arqueológicos, que visa valorizar os vestígios arqueológicos ali existentes, bem como minimizar impactes negativos sobre este património, resultantes de obras públicas projectadas. A campanha incidiu por hora apenas no Largo do Castelo, ou seja, no espaço onde se erguia a alcáçova medieval de Penamacor, projectando-se para o futuro intervenções noutros sectores. Apesar de os resultados terem sido relativamente modestos, pela perturbação dos níveis estratigráficos e ausência quase completa de estruturas relativas àquele período, recolheu-se algum espólio cerâmico e metálico significativo, bem como numismas. Este artigo reúne os primeiros dados obtidos naquelas escavações, as quais confirmaram ocupações medieval e moderna (séculos XIII-XVII) e revelaram possível ocupação calcolítica no local. A B S T R A C T In September 2003 took place the first archaeological fieldwork in the medieval centre of Penamacor, the so-called Cimo da Vila or castle. These proceedings follow a project
Phoenician settlers were responsible for very important changes on the metallurgical practices us... more Phoenician settlers were responsible for very important changes on the metallurgical practices used in the Iberian Peninsula during the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The study of copper-based artefacts from the Phoenician settlement of Quinta do Almaraz (Portugal) was used to characterise exogenous influences on local metallurgy. Micro-EDXRF analyses on cleaned metal surfaces identified copper, low-tin bronze (2.2 to 8.1 wt.% Sn) and leaded bronze artefacts (4.6 to 5.9 wt.% Pb). Additionally, significant impurities of iron were found (0.15 to 1.3 wt.% Fe) suggesting the smelting of copper ores under a strong reducing atmosphere. SEM-EDS and optical microscopy identified polygonal and nearly equiaxial α-copper grains with annealing twins and slip bands, which indicate comprehensive manufacturing procedures involving hammering and annealing operations. Vickers microhardness testing was utilised to assess the mechanical performance attained by ancient metallurgists. The microstructural features and microhardness values showed that a common approach was to workharden the artefact with a strong final hammering (discernible by high density of slip bands), although some examples also benefited from a highly skilful usage of the forging plus annealing cycles (uniform and very small grain size).
... 6) foram recolhidos diversos fragmentos de caçoilas e frigideiras de pegas triangulares, cerâ... more ... 6) foram recolhidos diversos fragmentos de caçoilas e frigideiras de pegas triangulares, cerâ‑ micas modeladas, alguidares em barro fosco e vidrados, fogareiros, testos, malgas e pratos esmal‑ tados a branco, faiança majólica italiana e holandesa, porcelana chinesa da ...
Abstract The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in ... more Abstract The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in the south shore of Tagus River, region of Lisbon. The excavated findings and the radiocarbon dating of the contexts where these were found show an occupation that can in fact be dated from the 8th to the 7th c. BCE period, thus a very early stage of the Phoenician occupation in the Iberian Peninsula. Numerous amphorae sherds were found at Almaraz. A spectroscopic characterization of those ceramics was made and is presented here, to help us understand if they were produced locally, in Lisbon workshops, or imported. Sixteen sherds representative of the thousands found at Almaraz were studied with the use of non-invasive spectroscopies, namely by crossing information from micro-Raman and X-ray fluorescence emission data. X-ray diffraction experiments were also performed. In spite of the fact that no ceramic kilns were found at Almaraz until now, the results point to two major groups of amphorae of local origin: one which used clays of Miocene origin, found on the southern shores of the Tagus River, very close to the Almaraz site, at Palenca (with quartz, anorthite, diopside and hematite). Another group, remarkably different, made use of clays of Pliocene origin also from the Tagus Estuary, the Fontainhas clay source (where quartz, anorthite, muscovite and hematite were found).
Texto de divulgação do potencial arqueológico de Santa Margarida publicado pelo BIMEC/Exército Po... more Texto de divulgação do potencial arqueológico de Santa Margarida publicado pelo BIMEC/Exército Português
The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in the south... more The archaeological site of Almaraz is located in the old part of the city of Almada, in the south shore of Tagus River, region of Lisbon. The excavated findings and the radiocarbon dating of the contexts where these were found show an occupation that can in fact be dated from the 8th to the 7th c. BCE period, thus a very early stage of the Phoenician occupation in the Iberian Peninsula. Numerous amphorae sherds were found at Almaraz. A spectroscopic characterization of those ceramics was made and is presented here, to help us understand if they were produced locally, in Lisbon workshops, or imported.
RESUMO Dos finais do século XV aos inícios do seguinte, laborou em Santo António da Charneca, Bar... more RESUMO Dos finais do século XV aos inícios do seguinte, laborou em Santo António da Charneca, Barreiro, uma olaria que produziu cerâmica fosca e vidrada de qualidade, com pastas de argila vermelha e branca, locais. O reportório formal ali produzido, mostra-nos uma panóplia de peças que vão da cerâmica industrial, da qual já apresentámos um estudo sobre as formas de pão de açúcar, até à utilitária doméstica que agora tratamos mais pormenorizadamente. A proximidade de um dos esteiros do Tejo, a cerca de um quilómetro, possibilitava o escoamento da sua produção através da via fluvial e posteriormente marítima.
R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcle... more R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcleo medieval da vila de Penamacor, o denominado Cimo de Vila ou castelo de Penamacor. Esta acção integra-se num projecto apresentado no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Trabalhos Arqueológicos, que visa valorizar os vestígios arqueológicos ali existentes, bem como minimizar impactes negativos sobre este património, resultantes de obras públicas projectadas. A campanha incidiu por hora apenas no Largo do Castelo, ou seja, no espaço onde se erguia a alcáçova medieval de Penamacor, projectando-se para o futuro intervenções noutros sectores. Apesar de os resultados terem sido relativamente modestos, pela perturbação dos níveis estratigráficos e ausência quase completa de estruturas relativas àquele período, recolheu-se algum espólio cerâmico e metálico significativo, bem como numismas. Este artigo reúne os primeiros dados obtidos naquelas escavações, as quais confirmaram ocupações medieval e moderna (séculos XIII-XVII) e revelaram possível ocupação calcolítica no local. A B S T R A C T In September 2003 took place the first archaeological fieldwork in the medieval centre of Penamacor, the so-called Cimo da Vila or castle. These proceedings follow a project
R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcle... more R E S U M O Em Setembro de 2003 decorreu a primeira campanha de escavações arqueológicas no núcleo medieval da vila de Penamacor, o denominado Cimo de Vila ou castelo de Penamacor. Esta acção integra-se num projecto apresentado no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Trabalhos Arqueológicos, que visa valorizar os vestígios arqueológicos ali existentes, bem como minimizar impactes negativos sobre este património, resultantes de obras públicas projectadas. A campanha incidiu por hora apenas no Largo do Castelo, ou seja, no espaço onde se erguia a alcáçova medieval de Penamacor, projectando-se para o futuro intervenções noutros sectores. Apesar de os resultados terem sido relativamente modestos, pela perturbação dos níveis estratigráficos e ausência quase completa de estruturas relativas àquele período, recolheu-se algum espólio cerâmico e metálico significativo, bem como numismas. Este artigo reúne os primeiros dados obtidos naquelas escavações, as quais confirmaram ocupações medieval e moderna (séculos XIII-XVII) e revelaram possível ocupação calcolítica no local. A B S T R A C T In September 2003 took place the first archaeological fieldwork in the medieval centre of Penamacor, the so-called Cimo da Vila or castle. These proceedings follow a project
Phoenician settlers were responsible for very important changes on the metallurgical practices us... more Phoenician settlers were responsible for very important changes on the metallurgical practices used in the Iberian Peninsula during the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The study of copper-based artefacts from the Phoenician settlement of Quinta do Almaraz (Portugal) was used to characterise exogenous influences on local metallurgy. Micro-EDXRF analyses on cleaned metal surfaces identified copper, low-tin bronze (2.2 to 8.1 wt.% Sn) and leaded bronze artefacts (4.6 to 5.9 wt.% Pb). Additionally, significant impurities of iron were found (0.15 to 1.3 wt.% Fe) suggesting the smelting of copper ores under a strong reducing atmosphere. SEM-EDS and optical microscopy identified polygonal and nearly equiaxial α-copper grains with annealing twins and slip bands, which indicate comprehensive manufacturing procedures involving hammering and annealing operations. Vickers microhardness testing was utilised to assess the mechanical performance attained by ancient metallurgists. The microstructural features and microhardness values showed that a common approach was to workharden the artefact with a strong final hammering (discernible by high density of slip bands), although some examples also benefited from a highly skilful usage of the forging plus annealing cycles (uniform and very small grain size).
Localizado na embocadura do rio Tejo com o Oceano Atlântico, Almaraz foi um lugar estratégico par... more Localizado na embocadura do rio Tejo com o Oceano Atlântico, Almaraz foi um lugar estratégico para a prática de comércio entre a sua comunidade indígena e os marinheiros / comerciantes fenícios. O comércio entre o Atlântico e o Mediterrâneo encontra-se patente através dos materiais arqueológicos da I Idade do Ferro, depositados nos fossos ao longo das suas muralhas.
Humans have been burying or ritually disposing dead
dogs for a long time, sometimes they treat ot... more Humans have been burying or ritually disposing dead dogs for a long time, sometimes they treat other animals in similar ways, but not so often as dogs. That’s because human and dogs have a unique relationship, which is 1 Universidade do Algarve NAP – Núcleo de Arqueologia e Paleoecologia *franciscomrcorreia@gmail.com demonstrated by the number of breeds that exist today and the important role that dogs have in human society. The archaeological records show us that this relationship began long ago, when groups of hunter-gatherers domesticated the wolf (around 15.000 years ago). During the excavation carried out in the 90s in Quinta do Almaraz (by the Tagus River, in the municipality of Almada) several dog burials were found, dating from the 8th century B.C., when the Iron Age Phoenician occupation took place. Several skeletons of dog are practically completed, suggesting that these animals have unique histories and acknowledging them as distinct “beings with soul”. These mortuary rites can only be compared to those of their human counterparts. Four of the burials have a minimum of two dogs, suggesting the possibility that maybe we are present with four cases of double burial. Of the entire collection only two individuals (CF13 and CF14) were buried in the same context. In this case, the fact that they are two individuals of partial skeletons in same square at the same layer, and the fact that both dogs have the same age suggests the possibility of a double burial. By analyzing the bones, we have determinate that the collection contain a total of 1413 (NTR) fauna remains, but only 957 belong to canis familiaris, corresponding to a minimum of 13 individuals (MNI). According to the pathologies and archaeological remains, they had various functions in Phoenician society. During the analysis we came across a clear absence of skulls, complete and/or partial. We found that there were no signs of cutting in the bones connected with the skull. This leaves to the conclusion that skulls had been removed when there weren’t soft tissue (e.g. when the dog was in the skeletonization stage), revealing that there may have been a ritual during the burial and removal of skulls. Osteological studies of dogs often focus on issues of taxonomy and as a result little is known about these animals’ life histories. This work will be focus on analyzing the dogs’ remains, and their associated fauna remains. Based on this analysis with the correlation of the data uncover by analyzing the pathology, discovered in some dog bones, we suggested that this dogs were more than companion and guard dogs, in fact they maybe have had a more important role in the Phoenician society. We think that these dogs may have help humans in hunting, pastoralism, and even maybe in fishing. Keywords: Dog Burials; Iron Age; Phoenician; Quinta do Almaraz
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dogs for a long time, sometimes they treat other animals
in similar ways, but not so often as dogs. That’s because
human and dogs have a unique relationship, which is
1 Universidade do Algarve
NAP – Núcleo de Arqueologia e Paleoecologia
*franciscomrcorreia@gmail.com
demonstrated by the number of breeds that exist today
and the important role that dogs have in human society.
The archaeological records show us that this relationship
began long ago, when groups of hunter-gatherers
domesticated the wolf (around 15.000 years ago).
During the excavation carried out in the 90s in Quinta do
Almaraz (by the Tagus River, in the municipality of
Almada) several dog burials were found, dating from the
8th century B.C., when the Iron Age Phoenician
occupation took place. Several skeletons of dog are
practically completed, suggesting that these animals have
unique histories and acknowledging them as distinct
“beings with soul”. These mortuary rites can only be
compared to those of their human counterparts. Four of
the burials have a minimum of two dogs, suggesting the
possibility that maybe we are present with four cases of
double burial. Of the entire collection only two
individuals (CF13 and CF14) were buried in the same
context. In this case, the fact that they are two individuals
of partial skeletons in same square at the same layer, and
the fact that both dogs have the same age suggests the
possibility of a double burial.
By analyzing the bones, we have determinate that the
collection contain a total of 1413 (NTR) fauna remains,
but only 957 belong to canis familiaris, corresponding to
a minimum of 13 individuals (MNI). According to the
pathologies and archaeological remains, they had various
functions in Phoenician society. During the analysis we
came across a clear absence of skulls, complete and/or
partial. We found that there were no signs of cutting in
the bones connected with the skull. This leaves to the
conclusion that skulls had been removed when there
weren’t soft tissue (e.g. when the dog was in the
skeletonization stage), revealing that there may have been
a ritual during the burial and removal of skulls.
Osteological studies of dogs often focus on issues of
taxonomy and as a result little is known about these
animals’ life histories. This work will be focus on
analyzing the dogs’ remains, and their associated fauna
remains. Based on this analysis with the correlation of the
data uncover by analyzing the pathology, discovered in
some dog bones, we suggested that this dogs were more
than companion and guard dogs, in fact they maybe have
had a more important role in the Phoenician society. We
think that these dogs may have help humans in hunting,
pastoralism, and even maybe in fishing.
Keywords: Dog Burials; Iron Age; Phoenician; Quinta
do Almaraz