Auf Basis der Handwerksrolle der Handwerkskammer Hildesheim-Südniedersachsen analysiert diese Stu... more Auf Basis der Handwerksrolle der Handwerkskammer Hildesheim-Südniedersachsen analysiert diese Studie die digitalen Präsenzen der Mitgliedsbetriebe. Von den 7.422 Betrieben des Kammerbezirks (Stand Frühjahr 2020) sind rund 90 % der Betriebe im Internet auffindbar; eine eigene Website unterhalten 3.661 Betriebe. Diese Webseiten wurden für eine Webscraping-Analyse genutzt. Die Studie illustriert dabei das große Potenzial des Webscrapings für die Informationsgewinnung über die Betriebe eines Kammerbezirks. Durch das effiziente Durchsuchen aller durch die Betriebe veröffentlichten Inhalte können allgemeine Aussagen über den Kammerbezirk, über Gewerbegruppen oder einzelne Gewerke getroffen werden, die auf einer strategischen Ebene bei der Entscheidungsfindung unterstützen können. Ebenso kann auf operativer Ebene die Suche nach Betrieben mit spezifischen Eigenschaften, Zielen oder Technologien deutlich effizienter und umfassender erfolgen, was für die Ausrichtung von Angeboten der Kammer von großem Vorteil sein kann. Um die breite Einsetzbarkeit des Webscrapings zu illustrieren, werden folgende Auswertungen beispielhaft vorgenommen: Strukturanalyse der digitalen Präsenz des Handwerks im Kammerbezirk, die eine umfassende Stärken-Schwächen-Analyse ihres Digitalisierungsgrads im Bereich des Marketings ermöglicht. Eine Analyse der Verlinkungen auf allen Webseiten, die Aufschluss über Vernetzungsstrukturen und Einbindung in Wertschöpfungsketten der Betriebe gibt. Eine Strukturanalyse der Nutzung von Social Media als Ergänzung oder Substitut der Webseiten. Eine Detailsuche nach der DSGVO-Kompatibilität der untersuchten Webseiten. Eine Strukturanalyse der digitalen Fachkräftegewinnung sowie Identifikation von digital besonders aktiven Betrieben, die als Best-Practice-Beispiel dienen können. Eine Analyse der Innovationstätigkeit der Betriebe durch eine Stichwortsuche aktueller, innovativer Technologien. Eine Detailsuche nach der Nutzung von 3D-Druck und Drohnen und eine kartografische Darstellung der Betriebe, die diese Technologien nutzen. Eine Analyse, welche Betriebe Forschungsvernetzungen pflegen und welche Betriebe Online-Shops betreiben. Eine Strukturanalyse der Reaktion der Betriebe auf die Corona-Lage. Für alle diese beispielhaft herausgegriffenen Bereiche können sowohl strukturelle Aussagen getroffen als auch individuelle Betriebe identifiziert werden.
Background: The EU chemicals regulation "Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction ... more Background: The EU chemicals regulation "Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals" (REACH) aims to reduce the usage of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) by firms. Therefore, a consumer rightto-know about SVHCs in articles is intended to create market-based incentives. However, awareness of the right-toknow among EU citizens is low. Moreover, the response window of 45 days afforded to suppliers impedes immediate, informed decisions by consumers. Consequently, despite being in effect for more than 10 years, only few consumer send requests. Civil society actors have developed smartphone applications reducing information search costs, allowing users to send right-to-know requests upon scanning an article's barcode. Answers are stored in a database and made available to the public immediately. This paper assesses to which extent smartphone tools contribute to an increased use of the right-to-know by undertaking a case study of the application "ToxFox" by the German nonprofit organisation Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND). Results: An analysis of the data from the BUND database for the period 2016 to 2018 reveals that about 20 thousand users have sent almost 49 thousand requests. This has led to more than 9 thousand database entries, including 189 articles which contain SVHCs above the legal threshold. The data also indicate that receiving information on requested articles encourages further use of the application. Many suppliers accept the application and pro-actively provide information on articles without SVHCs above the threshold. However, most consumers use the application only for a short time, and suppliers are struggling to reply to right-to-know requests. Conclusion: Evaluating the results, the study identifies options to enhance the application's design in terms of user motivation and legal certainty, and to enhance the framework governing "barcode" assignments to articles with a view to better contributing to transparency. As for policy implications, a lack of consumer requests can in part be traced back to design flaws of the right-to-know and a lack of implementation and enforcement of REACH. In addition, suppliers have to increase their supply chain communication efforts to make sure they are in a position to properly answer consumer requests. We recommend several policy options addressing these and additional aspects, thus contributing to the legislative review of Art. 33 REACH.
Das Intergovernmental Committee on Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultu... more Das Intergovernmental Committee on Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultural Expressions der World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bietet Ländern aus allen Teilen der Welt ein Forum, um darüber zu beraten, ob mehr Schutz für kulturelle Güter notwendig ist. Die Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions der Vereinten Nationen legt ergänzend fest "to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, […] and to give recognition to the distinctive nature of cultural activities, goods and services as vehicles of identity, values and meaning" (UNESCO 2005, Article 1(a) und (g)). Der Schutz der Kultur in bestimmten Aspekten und Konstellationen steht also auf der internationalen Agenda. Was ist aus ökonomischer Sicht davon zu halten? 1 Kultur äußert sich auf vielfältige Art und Weise, z.B. in sakralen Ritualen oder in Bildern, die einen wichtigen Teil der Identität bestimmter Gruppen ausmachen und vor widerrechtlicher Aneignung und Missbrauch geschützt werden sollten. Dies könnte spezifische Maßnahmen erfordern, die bestimmte Kulturgüter unter Schutz stellen.
Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine B... more Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.
Markets for expert services are characterized by information asymmetries between experts and cons... more Markets for expert services are characterized by information asymmetries between experts and consumers. We analyze the effects of consumer information, where consumers suffer from either a minor or serious problem and only experts can infer the appropriate treatment. Consumer information is a noisy signal that is informative about a consumer's problem severity. In a laboratory experiment, we show that consumers are generally reluctant to accept expensive treatment recommendations, which is endorsed by good signals and fundamentally changed by bad signals. Experts condition their cheating on a consumer's risk of suffering from a serious problem if they can observe consumer information. Accordingly, experts and low-risk consumers benefit at the expense of more frequently cheated high-risk consumers. Consumer information leads to more appropriate treatments being carried out and thus superior overall welfare. In contrast to our theoretical predictions, this effect does not depend on hiding consumer information for experts.
In a democratic society the transition towards sustainable development is not a question of “comm... more In a democratic society the transition towards sustainable development is not a question of “command and control” policy, rather it depends on the mobilization of proactive contributions from a broad range of different actors. Thus, the regulatory concept has to be designed as “responsive regulation”, based on an inclusive perspective on behavior to cover all relevant aspects in the context of regulation and innovation.
Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine B... more Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.
Tradable development rights (TDR) are discussed as a means of containing urban sprawl in numerous... more Tradable development rights (TDR) are discussed as a means of containing urban sprawl in numerous countries. Despite its theoretical superiority in ensuring an efficient redistribution of planning rights, its applicability is concerned with several open questions and potential problems. Introducing a novel experimental setting, we simulate a cap & trade TDR scheme and investigate the effects of communication, an aspect typically assumed to be irrelevant by theory. We consider communication among individual participants competing in a TDR system and team decision-making facilitated by face-to-face communication. We find the system to be quite efficient, despite overshooting certificate prices particularly in the beginning for both initial issuance in auctions and the secondary market. Communication significantly reduces auction prices, leading to substantially less income redistribution from participants to the auctioneer. This effect is explained by participants' improved understanding of the cap & trade system when communicating; despite participants' attempts, they fail to establish collusion. Team decision-making is not only shown to reduce overshooting prices; moreover, it also improves the system's efficiency. These results are interpreted as emphasizing the efficiency and political feasibility of TDR schemes when including communication among its participants.
The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of... more The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.
Today algorithmic decision-making (ADM) is prevalent in several fields including medicine, the cr... more Today algorithmic decision-making (ADM) is prevalent in several fields including medicine, the criminal justice system, financial markets etc. On the one hand, this is testament to the ever improving performance and capabilities of complex machine learning models. On the other hand, the increased complexity has resulted in a lack of transparency and interpretability which has led to critical decision-making models being deployed as functional black boxes. There is a general consensus that being able to explain the actions of such systems will help to address legal issues like transparency (ex ante) and compliance requirements (interim) as well as liability (ex post). Moreover it may build trust, expose biases and in turn lead to improved models. This has most recently led to research on extracting post-hoc explanations from black box classifiers and sequence generators in tasks like image captioning, text classification and machine translation. However, there is no work yet that has investigated and revealed the impact of model explanations on the nature of human decision-making. We undertake a large scale study using crowd-sourcing as a means to measure how interpretability affects human-decision making using well understood principles of behavioral economics. To our knowledge this is the first of its kind of an inter-disciplinary study involving interpretability in ADM models.
Reputational herding has been considered as a driving force behind economic and financial forecas... more Reputational herding has been considered as a driving force behind economic and financial forecasts clustered around consensus values. Strategic coordination can consequently explain poor performances of prediction markets as resulting from the distinct incentives that forecasters face. While this notion has been considered theoretically and empirically, the underlying behavioral working mechanisms have not yet been described. We thus put forth an exploratory experiment on the emergence and robustness of coordination in a forecasting setting implementing contradictory incentives for accurate forecasts and coordination. Forecasts are shown to be inaccurate and biased toward current values. This in turn has subjects aiming at coordination benefits. Predominantly, coordination is achieved through the risk-dominant equilibrium as the game proceeds. Once established, coordination is fairly stable and adds to overall welfare. Our results support the assumption of rational herding as a driving force for predictions of poor accuracy that are systematically biased towards focal points.
In dieser experimentellen Studie wird betrachtet, welchen Einfluss Herdenverhalten (Orientierung ... more In dieser experimentellen Studie wird betrachtet, welchen Einfluss Herdenverhalten (Orientierung an der Mehrheit der Mitspieler oder Orientierung am erfolgreichsten Mitspieler (Guru), die Status-quo-Verzerrung und der Spielerirrtum auf das Diversifikationsverhalten haben. Dabei zeigt sich, dass weder Herdenverhalten noch Status-quo-Verzerrungen einen nennenswerten Beitrag zur Erklärung von nicht-optimalen Portfolioentscheidungen liefern. Der Spielerirrtum hingegen wird bei Portfolioentscheidungen wirksam. Viele Probanden bemühen sich, in der Historie von Zufallsereignissen Muster zu erkennen und Rückschlüsse auf künftige Zufallsereignisse zu ziehen. Der Spielerirrtum trägt wesentlich dazu bei, dass die optimale Portfoliozusammensetzung nur in 37,7% aller Entscheidungen Berücksichtigung findet.
Auf Basis der Handwerksrolle der Handwerkskammer Hildesheim-Südniedersachsen analysiert diese Stu... more Auf Basis der Handwerksrolle der Handwerkskammer Hildesheim-Südniedersachsen analysiert diese Studie die digitalen Präsenzen der Mitgliedsbetriebe. Von den 7.422 Betrieben des Kammerbezirks (Stand Frühjahr 2020) sind rund 90 % der Betriebe im Internet auffindbar; eine eigene Website unterhalten 3.661 Betriebe. Diese Webseiten wurden für eine Webscraping-Analyse genutzt. Die Studie illustriert dabei das große Potenzial des Webscrapings für die Informationsgewinnung über die Betriebe eines Kammerbezirks. Durch das effiziente Durchsuchen aller durch die Betriebe veröffentlichten Inhalte können allgemeine Aussagen über den Kammerbezirk, über Gewerbegruppen oder einzelne Gewerke getroffen werden, die auf einer strategischen Ebene bei der Entscheidungsfindung unterstützen können. Ebenso kann auf operativer Ebene die Suche nach Betrieben mit spezifischen Eigenschaften, Zielen oder Technologien deutlich effizienter und umfassender erfolgen, was für die Ausrichtung von Angeboten der Kammer von großem Vorteil sein kann. Um die breite Einsetzbarkeit des Webscrapings zu illustrieren, werden folgende Auswertungen beispielhaft vorgenommen: Strukturanalyse der digitalen Präsenz des Handwerks im Kammerbezirk, die eine umfassende Stärken-Schwächen-Analyse ihres Digitalisierungsgrads im Bereich des Marketings ermöglicht. Eine Analyse der Verlinkungen auf allen Webseiten, die Aufschluss über Vernetzungsstrukturen und Einbindung in Wertschöpfungsketten der Betriebe gibt. Eine Strukturanalyse der Nutzung von Social Media als Ergänzung oder Substitut der Webseiten. Eine Detailsuche nach der DSGVO-Kompatibilität der untersuchten Webseiten. Eine Strukturanalyse der digitalen Fachkräftegewinnung sowie Identifikation von digital besonders aktiven Betrieben, die als Best-Practice-Beispiel dienen können. Eine Analyse der Innovationstätigkeit der Betriebe durch eine Stichwortsuche aktueller, innovativer Technologien. Eine Detailsuche nach der Nutzung von 3D-Druck und Drohnen und eine kartografische Darstellung der Betriebe, die diese Technologien nutzen. Eine Analyse, welche Betriebe Forschungsvernetzungen pflegen und welche Betriebe Online-Shops betreiben. Eine Strukturanalyse der Reaktion der Betriebe auf die Corona-Lage. Für alle diese beispielhaft herausgegriffenen Bereiche können sowohl strukturelle Aussagen getroffen als auch individuelle Betriebe identifiziert werden.
Background: The EU chemicals regulation "Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction ... more Background: The EU chemicals regulation "Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals" (REACH) aims to reduce the usage of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) by firms. Therefore, a consumer rightto-know about SVHCs in articles is intended to create market-based incentives. However, awareness of the right-toknow among EU citizens is low. Moreover, the response window of 45 days afforded to suppliers impedes immediate, informed decisions by consumers. Consequently, despite being in effect for more than 10 years, only few consumer send requests. Civil society actors have developed smartphone applications reducing information search costs, allowing users to send right-to-know requests upon scanning an article's barcode. Answers are stored in a database and made available to the public immediately. This paper assesses to which extent smartphone tools contribute to an increased use of the right-to-know by undertaking a case study of the application "ToxFox" by the German nonprofit organisation Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND). Results: An analysis of the data from the BUND database for the period 2016 to 2018 reveals that about 20 thousand users have sent almost 49 thousand requests. This has led to more than 9 thousand database entries, including 189 articles which contain SVHCs above the legal threshold. The data also indicate that receiving information on requested articles encourages further use of the application. Many suppliers accept the application and pro-actively provide information on articles without SVHCs above the threshold. However, most consumers use the application only for a short time, and suppliers are struggling to reply to right-to-know requests. Conclusion: Evaluating the results, the study identifies options to enhance the application's design in terms of user motivation and legal certainty, and to enhance the framework governing "barcode" assignments to articles with a view to better contributing to transparency. As for policy implications, a lack of consumer requests can in part be traced back to design flaws of the right-to-know and a lack of implementation and enforcement of REACH. In addition, suppliers have to increase their supply chain communication efforts to make sure they are in a position to properly answer consumer requests. We recommend several policy options addressing these and additional aspects, thus contributing to the legislative review of Art. 33 REACH.
Das Intergovernmental Committee on Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultu... more Das Intergovernmental Committee on Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultural Expressions der World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bietet Ländern aus allen Teilen der Welt ein Forum, um darüber zu beraten, ob mehr Schutz für kulturelle Güter notwendig ist. Die Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions der Vereinten Nationen legt ergänzend fest "to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, […] and to give recognition to the distinctive nature of cultural activities, goods and services as vehicles of identity, values and meaning" (UNESCO 2005, Article 1(a) und (g)). Der Schutz der Kultur in bestimmten Aspekten und Konstellationen steht also auf der internationalen Agenda. Was ist aus ökonomischer Sicht davon zu halten? 1 Kultur äußert sich auf vielfältige Art und Weise, z.B. in sakralen Ritualen oder in Bildern, die einen wichtigen Teil der Identität bestimmter Gruppen ausmachen und vor widerrechtlicher Aneignung und Missbrauch geschützt werden sollten. Dies könnte spezifische Maßnahmen erfordern, die bestimmte Kulturgüter unter Schutz stellen.
Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine B... more Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.
Markets for expert services are characterized by information asymmetries between experts and cons... more Markets for expert services are characterized by information asymmetries between experts and consumers. We analyze the effects of consumer information, where consumers suffer from either a minor or serious problem and only experts can infer the appropriate treatment. Consumer information is a noisy signal that is informative about a consumer's problem severity. In a laboratory experiment, we show that consumers are generally reluctant to accept expensive treatment recommendations, which is endorsed by good signals and fundamentally changed by bad signals. Experts condition their cheating on a consumer's risk of suffering from a serious problem if they can observe consumer information. Accordingly, experts and low-risk consumers benefit at the expense of more frequently cheated high-risk consumers. Consumer information leads to more appropriate treatments being carried out and thus superior overall welfare. In contrast to our theoretical predictions, this effect does not depend on hiding consumer information for experts.
In a democratic society the transition towards sustainable development is not a question of “comm... more In a democratic society the transition towards sustainable development is not a question of “command and control” policy, rather it depends on the mobilization of proactive contributions from a broad range of different actors. Thus, the regulatory concept has to be designed as “responsive regulation”, based on an inclusive perspective on behavior to cover all relevant aspects in the context of regulation and innovation.
Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine B... more Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.
Tradable development rights (TDR) are discussed as a means of containing urban sprawl in numerous... more Tradable development rights (TDR) are discussed as a means of containing urban sprawl in numerous countries. Despite its theoretical superiority in ensuring an efficient redistribution of planning rights, its applicability is concerned with several open questions and potential problems. Introducing a novel experimental setting, we simulate a cap & trade TDR scheme and investigate the effects of communication, an aspect typically assumed to be irrelevant by theory. We consider communication among individual participants competing in a TDR system and team decision-making facilitated by face-to-face communication. We find the system to be quite efficient, despite overshooting certificate prices particularly in the beginning for both initial issuance in auctions and the secondary market. Communication significantly reduces auction prices, leading to substantially less income redistribution from participants to the auctioneer. This effect is explained by participants' improved understanding of the cap & trade system when communicating; despite participants' attempts, they fail to establish collusion. Team decision-making is not only shown to reduce overshooting prices; moreover, it also improves the system's efficiency. These results are interpreted as emphasizing the efficiency and political feasibility of TDR schemes when including communication among its participants.
The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of... more The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.
Today algorithmic decision-making (ADM) is prevalent in several fields including medicine, the cr... more Today algorithmic decision-making (ADM) is prevalent in several fields including medicine, the criminal justice system, financial markets etc. On the one hand, this is testament to the ever improving performance and capabilities of complex machine learning models. On the other hand, the increased complexity has resulted in a lack of transparency and interpretability which has led to critical decision-making models being deployed as functional black boxes. There is a general consensus that being able to explain the actions of such systems will help to address legal issues like transparency (ex ante) and compliance requirements (interim) as well as liability (ex post). Moreover it may build trust, expose biases and in turn lead to improved models. This has most recently led to research on extracting post-hoc explanations from black box classifiers and sequence generators in tasks like image captioning, text classification and machine translation. However, there is no work yet that has investigated and revealed the impact of model explanations on the nature of human decision-making. We undertake a large scale study using crowd-sourcing as a means to measure how interpretability affects human-decision making using well understood principles of behavioral economics. To our knowledge this is the first of its kind of an inter-disciplinary study involving interpretability in ADM models.
Reputational herding has been considered as a driving force behind economic and financial forecas... more Reputational herding has been considered as a driving force behind economic and financial forecasts clustered around consensus values. Strategic coordination can consequently explain poor performances of prediction markets as resulting from the distinct incentives that forecasters face. While this notion has been considered theoretically and empirically, the underlying behavioral working mechanisms have not yet been described. We thus put forth an exploratory experiment on the emergence and robustness of coordination in a forecasting setting implementing contradictory incentives for accurate forecasts and coordination. Forecasts are shown to be inaccurate and biased toward current values. This in turn has subjects aiming at coordination benefits. Predominantly, coordination is achieved through the risk-dominant equilibrium as the game proceeds. Once established, coordination is fairly stable and adds to overall welfare. Our results support the assumption of rational herding as a driving force for predictions of poor accuracy that are systematically biased towards focal points.
In dieser experimentellen Studie wird betrachtet, welchen Einfluss Herdenverhalten (Orientierung ... more In dieser experimentellen Studie wird betrachtet, welchen Einfluss Herdenverhalten (Orientierung an der Mehrheit der Mitspieler oder Orientierung am erfolgreichsten Mitspieler (Guru), die Status-quo-Verzerrung und der Spielerirrtum auf das Diversifikationsverhalten haben. Dabei zeigt sich, dass weder Herdenverhalten noch Status-quo-Verzerrungen einen nennenswerten Beitrag zur Erklärung von nicht-optimalen Portfolioentscheidungen liefern. Der Spielerirrtum hingegen wird bei Portfolioentscheidungen wirksam. Viele Probanden bemühen sich, in der Historie von Zufallsereignissen Muster zu erkennen und Rückschlüsse auf künftige Zufallsereignisse zu ziehen. Der Spielerirrtum trägt wesentlich dazu bei, dass die optimale Portfoliozusammensetzung nur in 37,7% aller Entscheidungen Berücksichtigung findet.
At once a slogan and a vision for future scholarship, interdisciplinarity promises to break throu... more At once a slogan and a vision for future scholarship, interdisciplinarity promises to break through barriers to address today's complex challenges. Yet even high-stakes projects often falter, undone by poor communication, strong feelings, bureaucratic frameworks, and contradictory incentives.
This new book shows newcomers and veteran researchers how to craft associations that will lead to rich mutual learning under inevitably tricky conditions. Strikingly candid and always grounded, the authors draw a wealth of profound, practical lessons from an in-depth case study of a multiyear funded project on cultural property. Examining the social dynamics of collaboration, they show readers how to anticipate sources of conflict, nurture trust, and jump-start thinking across disciplines. Researchers and institutions alike will learn to plan for each phase of a project life cycle, capturing insights and shepherding involvement along the way.
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Papers by Kilian Bizer
This new book shows newcomers and veteran researchers how to craft associations that will lead to rich mutual learning under inevitably tricky conditions. Strikingly candid and always grounded, the authors draw a wealth of profound, practical lessons from an in-depth case study of a multiyear funded project on cultural property. Examining the social dynamics of collaboration, they show readers how to anticipate sources of conflict, nurture trust, and jump-start thinking across disciplines. Researchers and institutions alike will learn to plan for each phase of a project life cycle, capturing insights and shepherding involvement along the way.