Department of Hellenic Studies

This book presents the collections of scientific papers taken from the reports of 2 memorial conferences dedicated to the memory of the Greek writer Nikos Kazantzakis. The main issues of the papers are the poetical and novelistic experiments of N.Kazantzakis, the textual structures of his literary works and the lingual means as comparisons, symbols and linguo-cultural concepts, composing it and the problems of the literary translation of such textual element, . The second part of the book contains translations of the early never translated text of author in Ukrainian.

The outstanding figure of Taras Shevchenko up to now draws the extended attention of the scientists, engaged in researches related to the development of Ukrainian language and culture. Some issues which still have to be unfolded concern the aspects of influences exercised by the Ukrainian poet on other men of letters within the country and outside as well as close attention should to be paid on influences experienced by T.Shevchenko during his life and at the time of poetic creation.
This article attempts to shed the light on the particular problem of Ukrainian-Greek cultural contacts and interchanges, revived by the fact of recent publishing of new translations into Greek of his poems dedicated to the poet's two hundredth anniversary. We try to consider the above issue as a manifestation of the cultural parallels expressed by coincidence in the texts of prominent authors who belong to and mould the character of their work in the same historical period. The present research concerns the writings of T.Shevchenko and Greek poet A.Calvos who's considered one of the Greek most important national poet. We shall concentrate on the Mother's poetical concept and motive occurred in their poems to show how resembling historical circumstances, social background and different ideological views (including the traditional common sense believes) as well as literary tradition in process of sustained formation could affect the poet's imagination resulting the great affinity in approaching towards the poetical themes they both explore. Henceforth we'll call this variety of textual resemblance endogenic parallelism suggesting that it is constructed independently by every author for his own purposes so can't be matched as case of direct intertextuality nor as a simple coincidence but considered in the context of wider European political, social and cultural processes and inner mechanisms that lay within the appearing discourses, part of which is constructed exactly in the depth of literary developments. Then we examine the case we'll propose to call heritable parallelism as a specific form of non direct affinity of literary writing's manner which may occur during the translation because of similarity of mentioned above manner when a translating person combine translator and original author' personalities, and thus in the process of translating emerges the situation of the secondary affiliation when the translator recognizes some inherent in him features of original text and brings together the source and target textual spaces by using his own poetic manner as alienated one aiming not to shadow the original author. In this respect we'll try to consider the approach used by the Greek poet Giannis Ritsos in rendering the image of the woman portrayed in poems of Taras Shevchenko.
Beginning from the first topic of research we have to notice several episodes of biography of T.Shevchenko and A.Calvos as well as some historical factors that were influencing the poetic vision of both of them and specifically the imagery comes from the MOTHER's concept. Firstly it's the bitter experience of lack of the parental care in the childhood of both future poets and living abroad for a long time combined with the basic cognitive concept of MOTHER presented in both culture. The sensible incompleteness of personal life also reflected in their works such historical circumstances of Ukraine and Greece as unsolved issue of nationhood within the boundaries of independent state, direction of cultural development and the painful issue of national language and its self-sufficiency etc. It allows us to suggest that in the poems of analyzed authors the poetic concept MOTHER could be presented in two variants (MOTHER+/ MOTHER-), expressed both clearly in poetry of T.Shevchenko and with some deviations in Calvos' work. The variant MOTHER+ expresses the idea of protection and initiation (inside the social body or frames of culture) therefore usually occurs in the metaphorical representation of motherland. For Shevchenko the metaphor of Mother+ as asylum is embodied within temporal domain, introduced in the text by prophetic discourse of the poet as a third person (observer), whereas A.Calvos actualizes the concept of Greece as Mother+ in the terms of space model which is not exposed to time's effects. The temporal domain makes Shevchenko possible to depict several eventual ways of Ukrainian evolution: a negative one, which is shown by the image of Mother- (a female protagonist who commits suicide or kills her own heirs), and a positive one, where the mother and the child (breed of future world) prophetically transferred through the break of time to construct the new identities of people (presumably Ukrainians in spirit of New Testament's tradition) of as well as notion of Ukraine. In turn A.Calvos uses the image of Mother in a space model where her ghost communicates with the protagonist (initiation) to create in his mind the notion of the loss and in this way losing once more the real mother discovers the symbolic one, the Greece as Motherland.
The second part of our research is dedicated to the Giannis Ritsos's reception of poetry of Ukrainian Kobzar. For purposes of our research we’ve selected several poem with central female protagonist to analyze how the translator transfers by means of language the set of notion expressing woman's imagery. The reflections about woman's fate and actions that women conduct in the man's world hold the Ritsos's attention during the whole of his life and influence the manner and strategy of translation. It is important to explain the poet's choice the poems for translation, because involved in translation he could work out themes of his own interest. Comparing the source and target texts we point out that G.Ritsos carefully rearranges the alliterations of Shevchenko as a important feature of sound symbolism that in turn leads him to understanding the whole folklore basis of Shevchenko's poetry. Ritsos himself turns to folklore tradition in his poem " Επιτάφιος" but metrical rhythms of ukrainian and greek folksongs differ notably so we can assert that in translation the Greek poet explore the new abilities of parallel systems of expression. Another noticeable feature is the reconstruction of imagery of Shevchenko's poetry which depicts femininity. In this respect the Greek poet skilfully uses the spoken language structures on the level of vocabulary and word's derivation. The last feature we've dealt with is the transferring of concept МОРЕ (SEA), one of the element of Ukrainian language picture of the world, by means of Greek language. This concept in the poetry of Shevchenko metaphorically belongs to the feminine imagery and expresses both the birth giving and deprivation of life (the stable motive of Shevchenko) the dark side of human emotions and collective actions which attracts Ritsos himself so much. 
Key words: endogenic parallelism, heritable parallelism, translation, poetic concept, T.Shevchenko, A.Kalvos

The issue of human existence and coexistence of individuality and collectiveness in society is of great importance for the poetry of G.Seferis that reflects how the poet estimates the social and cultural situation which arose in Greece at the beginning of the 20th century. The lyrical hero of G.Seferis appears to be a human being loosing his personality and the poet uses the literary technique of depersonalization to express such states of being and their transformations. To show the personal dissolution of his hero the poet investigates available resources of Modern Greek especially the functioning of category of personality: extension of the contextual meaning of anthroponyms, using of pronominal and participle constructions whereby the lyrical hero of G.Seferis transforms into a persona-mask. The masked hero of G.Seferis violates the effect of the reader's expectations but at the same time admits new directions of reading of the poetic text.

Το ζήτημα του ανθρώπου, η αλληλοεπίδραση μέσα στην κοινωνία της προσωπικής και συλλογικής ταυτότητας είναι τα κεντρικά θέματα της ποίησης του Γιώργου Σεφέρη, που στο έργο του αντανακλά συλλογισμούς σχετικά με τη πολιτιστική και κοινωνική κατάστηση που διαμορφώθηκε στην Ελλάδα του ΧΧ αιω. Ο ήρωας του Σεφέρη παρουσιάζεται ως άνθρωπος που χάνει την προσωπική του ιδιότητα. Για να εκφραστεί ποιητικά τέτοια κρίση του ανθρώπινου ψυχισμού ο Σεφέρης προσφεύγει στην τεχνική της απροσωποποίησης που συνίσταται στο συγκειμενικό μετασχηματισμό των γλωσσικών μέσων που ανήκουν στο πεδίο έκφρασης προσωπικότητας, πρώτ’ απ’ όλα τα ανθρωπώνυμα και δομές με τις αντωνυμίες με αποτέλεσμα να δημιουργούνται οι ήρωες-προσωπεία. Οι ήρωες-προσωπεία του Σεφέρη παραβιάζουν τις αναμονές του αναγνώστη δημιουργώντας τις δυνατότητες της καινούργιας ερμηνείας των στοιχείων που πηγάζουν από την παράδοση.

The outstanding figure of Taras Shevchenko up to now draws the extended attention of the scientists, engaged in researches related to the development of Ukrainian language and culture. Some issues which still have to be unfolded concerns the aspects of influences exercised by the Ukrainian poet on other men of letters within the country and outside as well as close attention should to be paid on influences experienced by T.Shevchenko during his life and at the time of poetic creation.
We shall concentrate on the Mother's poetical concept and motive occurred in their poems to show how resembling historical circumstances, social background and different ideological views (including the traditional common sense believes) as well as literary tradition in process of sustained formation could affect the poet's imagination resulting the great affinity in approaching towards the poetical themes they explore. Henceforth we'll call this variety of textual resemblance endogenic parallelism suggesting that it is constructed independently by every author for his own purposes so can't be matched as case of direct intertextuality nor as a simple coincidence but considered in the context of wider European political, social and cultural processes and inner mechanisms that lay within the appearing discourses, part of which is constructed exactly in the depth of literary developments.

New paradigms of the humanitarian knowledge make possible an alternative vision to be imposed not only on classical but also modernist literary texts. The given article try to reinterpret the poem “A Prince from Western Libya” of C.P.Cavafy aiming to find out some additional semantic grounds that probably could raise sharp questions of identity, historical memory, social ideologies which were actual for the lifetime of the C.Cavafy and do not lose its relevance and requires new approaches today. One of the possibilities to reveal these hidden meanings is critical reading that do not take for granted the apparent meanings of the text. The analysis of given poem allows to cluster several poems of C.Cavafy in a separate group of semantically ambivalent poems which with the help of “language of irony” start to make a Socratic dialogue with a reader.

The article is an attempt to analyze the poetry of two famous Greek poets, K.Kavafis and G.Seferis as anthropological projects whose textual space is designed to present two different types of human cognition with regard to history and cultural tradition. Being a peculiar incarnation of cultural and social histories, a MAN appears as a person in progress in Kavafis’ poetry; hence the author’s tendency to picture a human experience as an open coordinate system. On the contrary, the poetics of G.Seferis, who was both Kavafis’ literary competitor and artistic heir, suggests a concept of a MAN as a closed and strictly determined system that can evolve only if the law of excluded middle is applied; therefore, in terms of a human being’s actions and experiences, its intent is on a predefined axiological model.

This book presents the research of modern Ukrainian scientists on the peculiarities of the reception by literary criticism of K. Kavafis work, the textual criticism of his poems and the problems of their translation into Ukrainian. The book presents translations of some of the classical studies of the Greek poet. The second part of the book contains parallel translations of verses from the so-called canon of K.Kavafis.