Arquitectura

La palabra clave es flexibilidad, tanto en la vivienda como en los servicios. Esto significa que las instituciones deben ser sustituidas por viviendas apropiadas para los mayores y atendidas mediante servicios externos y flexibles que se ajusten a las necesidades de los mayores" (AEldrekommisionen 1982, 92) Viviendas para mayores -Especializadas en ADAPTARSE a las necesidades -Asociadas a una vejez INDEPENDIENTE -INSTALACIONES comunes -ASISTENCIA PERSONALIZADA externa Nuevos modelos de vivienda -Se ANTICIPAN a los problemas del envejecimiento -Asociadas a una vejez INDEPENDIENTE -Envejecimiento PARTICIPATIVO -INSTALACIONES comunes -ASISTENCIA PERSONALIZADA externa Viviendas con cuidados -Herencia de los Modelos Tradicionales Institucionales -Renovación hacia un modelo de tipo HOGAR -Especializados en el CUIDADO de los mayores -Se asocian a la edad avanzada y la DEPENDENCIA -Estancia media: 1 a 2 AÑOS Ejemplos: Fredensborg (1963)_ Dinamarca Cohousing: Historia y definición Egebakken (2005)_ Dinamarca Viviendas 50+: Slothusene (2007)_ Dinamarca Ejemplo: Norra Vram (2009)_ Suecia Elementos para la DEFINICIÓN de viviendas acordes con una atención personalizada: INDEPENDENCIA INTERACCIÓN INTEGRACIÓN IDENTIDAD Tipos y características:

Free-form architecture is one of the major challenges for architects, engineers, and the building industry. This is due to the inherent difficulty of manufacturing double curvature facades at reasonable prices and quality. This paper discusses the possibilities of manufacturing free-form facade panels for architectural envelopes supported by recent advances in CAD/CAM systems and digital processes. These methods allow for no-mould processes, thus reducing the final price. Examples of actual constructions will be presented to prove the viability of computer numerically controlled (CNC) fabrication technologies. Scientific literature will be reviewed. Promising fabrication methods (additive, subtractive, forming) to accomplish this proposal will be discussed. This research will provide valuable information regarding the feasibility of manufacturing free- form panels for architectural envelopes at lower prices.

The purpose of this thesis is to research on the viability of industriali- sing opaque free-form architectural envelopes by using no-mould GRC panels. Because the automation, digitalisation and computer numerically controlled processes are changing the way we design, plan and build buildings, we are getting increasingly closer to solving the current demands for envelopes with sinuous shapes affordably and universally.

This paper focuses on the manufacture of architectural free-form GRC panels with 3D printed internal grid. Since double-curvature formworks and molds could account for up to 40 to 80% of the production cost of the pieces, especially in small series product, avoiding these casting requirements is a highly attractive prospect economically. In this paper a feasible, moldless, 3D printing method combined with a Glass Reinforced Concrete alternative is considered as a solution to this drawback. Furthermore, it explores current methods involved in free-form GRC panel production, as well as the approach to additive manufacturing as an alternative for eluding formworks. Thus, GRC and 3D printing processes are described in detail and then evaluated as complementary techniques in this hybrid technology. Resumen Este artículo se centra principalmente en la fabricación de paneles arquitectónicos de forma libre de GRC, con una malla interna impresa en 3D. Debido a que los moldes y los encofrados de doble curvatura representan entre el 40 al 80% del precio de producción de los paneles, la opción de evitar el uso del molde, especialmente en pequeñas series, es una idea muy atractiva económicamente. Por lo tanto, para resolver dicho inconveniente, se presenta un método fiable, sin necesidad de molde, con impresión 3D, y combinando con hormigón reforzado con fibra de vidrio. Además, se exploran los métodos actuales que están involucrados en la producción de paneles de GRC, así como también la aproximación de la manufactura aditiva, como una alternativa para evitar los encofrados. Los procesos de GRC y de impresión 3D son descritos en detalle, y posteriormente evaluados como técnicas complementarias en esta tecnología híbrida.

Today, achieving quality higher education in Universal Accessibility and Design is a difficult task. There is a lack of development in this regard within higher education study programmes, so training components must be added to traditional education in order to respond to the 21st century effectively. Therefore, we name hereunder five innovative strategies that can vastly ease the success of this task when combined: 1. Flexibility: Online training in a digital world. 2. Internationalization: Allowing teaching staff and students to experience a global classroom scenario without spatial and temporal boundaries. 3. Transversality: Including individuals with multiple skills in a complex world. 4. Diversity: Sharing experiences from different professional and research areas in a plural world. 5. Connecting with reality: Businesses and Institutions working closely together to design and deliver high quality practical workshops. The strategies listed come from the evaluation of the differ...