This article describes a brief literary analysis of diseases caused by various viruses, which are... more This article describes a brief literary analysis of diseases caused by various viruses, which are considered very relevant today because of their significant social and economic importance, as well as their high prevalence in modern medicine. From the studies conducted, it can be concluded that viral diseases are often asymptomatic or cause difficulties in diagnosis, since they occur in any diseases associated with a decrease in the immune system. There is also the difficulty of differential diagnosis of primary infection and recurrence of infection during examination during pregnancy. In this connection, cytomegalovirus infection, human papillomavirus, including genital herpes, leads to psychological, psychosexual and even psychiatric disorders that significantly violate the quality of life.
Introduction. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Imperial Russia tended to prioritize the... more Introduction. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Imperial Russia tended to prioritize the creation of trade and transport communications with countries of the East, which was vividly manifested in a number of projects, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway, Chinese Eastern Railway, and South Manchuria Railway. In this regard, not that widely known remains the Kyakhta Railway project, which implied a construction of a railway line from the Trans-Siberian Railway to Kyakhta with subsequent access to the territory of Mongolia. Goals. The paper attempts an analysis of how the concept of the Kyakhta Railway was evolutionizing throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and seeks to reveal some key features arising from the latter’s geoeconomic and geopolitical objectives. Materials and methods. The work involves understudied materials stored at the Russian State Historical Archive, and methodologically rests on a systemic historical approach that secures insights into the dev...
On the basis of Chinese written sources the author analyzes the internal and the external policie... more On the basis of Chinese written sources the author analyzes the internal and the external policies of Xieli Qaghan, the ruler of the Eastern Turkic Empire from 620 through 630. All throughout the history of the Empire the name of Xieli Qaghan is closely associated with the aggressive foreign policy of the Turks against China, as is the final defeat of the Eastern Turks and their troops by the Tang Emperor Taizong in 630. This article is the first attempt to see the events of the said period in a different light that is based on new information received from Chinese written sources, as well as the results of the modern climate research undertaken by Russian and foreign scientists. The article highlights the first stage of Xieli's rule (620–626) with its strong central government and its aggressive foreign policy towards its neighbors as a consequence, and the second period (627–630), when the Eastern Turkic Empire came under the rule of the Tang Emperor Taizong. The author analyz...
Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road, 2019
This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place ... more This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place (AD 536, 581, 601, 626 and 679) in the Eastern Turk Empire (AD 534-745) in Inner Asia. Climate extremes are sharp, strong and sometimes protracted periods of cooling and drought caused by volcanic eruptions that in this case resulted in a negative effect on the economy of a nomadic society and were often accompanied by famine and illness. In fact, many of these natural catastrophes coincided with the Black Death pandemics among the Eastern Turks and the Chinese living in the north of China. The Turk Empire can be split into several chronological periods during which significant events that led to changes in the course of history of the nomadic state took place: AD 534-545-the rise of the Turk Empire; AD 581-583-the division of the Turk Empire into the Western and the Eastern Empires; AD 601-603-the rise of Qimin Qaghan; AD 627-630-the Eastern Turks are conquered by China; AD 679-687-the second rise of the Eastern Turk Empire. The research shows that there is clearly-discernable interplay between important historical events and climate extremes in the history of the Turk Empire. This interplay has led us to the conclusion that the climatic factor did have an impact on the historical processes that took place in the eastern part of Inner Asia, especially on the territories with a nomadic economy.
The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of t... more The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of the longest chronologies of this kind in the world (7319 years). This is the first presentation of an analysis of the climate impact on the historical processes in Central Asia in the early Middle Ages. Climate extremes are sharp, strong and sometimes long-lasting falls of temperature with a negative impact on the economy of a nomadic society, often caused by great volcanic eruptions. As a result of the research undertaken by us, a certain connection has been established between significant historical events and climate extremes on the territory of Central Asia during the period under observation, which makes it possible to state that the climatic factor was of primary importance in its impact on historical processes in the east of Central Asia, especially on those territories that had a nomadic economy.
Journal of historical philological and cultural studies, 2017
На материале китайских письменных источников рассматривается начальный период становления и усиле... more На материале китайских письменных источников рассматривается начальный период становления и усиления Тюркского каганата в Центральной Азии. Анализируется внутренняя и внешняя политика первых тюркских каганов-Тумыня, Коло, Муханя, а также их отношения с Китаем. Показана региональная ситуация накануне создания Тюркской империи, а также дана оценка влиянию климатического фактора на события в изучаемый период. События начальной истории Тюркского каганата 534-542 гг. развивались в условиях неблагоприятной климатической ситуации, являвшейся катализатором обострения внутриполитической и внешнеполитической борьбы между китайскими династиями и, как следствию, складыванию более критического положения, чем у кочевников в степи. В итоге, это способствовало ослаблению Китая и возвышению Тюркского каганата в жесткой конкурентной борьбе с телэ и жужанями. Во время правления Мухань кагана тюрки достигли максимального могущества своего объединения, территория которого простиралась от Каспийского моря на западе и до залива Ляодун на востоке. Китайские династии Северная Чжоу и Северная Ци соревновались между собой за право установления союзнических отношений с тюрками. Инструментом давления для тюрков являлось решение вопроса о межгосударственном браке между тюрками и китайцами. Долгое время Мухань каган откладывал свое решение, выбирая между Северной Чжоу и Северной Ци, сдерживая при этом обе династии. В итоге тюрки остановили свой выбор на династии Северная Чжоу, с которой их связывали общие торговые интересы и единые торговые маршруты вдоль хребта Наньшань, находящихся под угрозой нападения со стороны других кочевников.
Р.Т. Ганиев ДРЕВНИЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 553-581 гг.: ПРИЕМЫ И МЕТОДЫ ВНЕШНЕЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ Рассматривают... more Р.Т. Ганиев ДРЕВНИЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 553-581 гг.: ПРИЕМЫ И МЕТОДЫ ВНЕШНЕЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ Рассматриваются тюрко-китайские отношения в контексте их общих торговых интересов. Основная цель тюрков и китайцев заключалась в соблюдении торгового баланса и сил в региональном аспекте, а не в уничтожении или завоевании друг друга. Во время правления Мухань кагана тюрки находились в зените своего могущества, поэтому долгое время использовали метод сдерживания китайских династий, укрепляя свои позиции в регионе. Табо каган продолжил политику предшественника, но вскоре заключил брачный союз с династией Северная Чжоу, что явилось причиной окончательного поражения Северной Ци, а также способствовало в будущем появлению в Китае империи Суй, объединившей весь северный Китай.
The work analyses the natural anomalies of 536-546 AD with the help of modern climate data and wr... more The work analyses the natural anomalies of 536-546 AD with the help of modern climate data and written sources. The period in question was noted for its sharp and long lasting cooling that led to global ethno-political changes in the Medieval Ages. It exerted a strong influence on Central Asia and the nomads who peopled it - the Turks (Tujue). This work is the first to advance the thesis on the influence of natural and climatic anomalies of 536 - 545 as being the main prerequisite for the birth and rise of the ancient Turkic state - the Turkic Empire. The Turks took advantage of the complicated political situation in the region and set up a powerful and military efficient state. Thus the Turkic Empire became a stronghold together with other powerful states of the time, namely: China, the Sasanian Empire and Byzantium which grew weaker due to extreme climate impact (starvation and plague). (Ganiev R.T. The climate cooling of 536 - 545 AD and the rise of the Turkic Empire. Life Sci J ...
The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of t... more The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of the longest chronologies of this kind in the world (7319 years). This is the first presentation of an analysis of the climate impact on the historical processes in Central Asia in the early Middle Ages. Climate extremes are sharp, strong and sometimes long-lasting falls of temperature with a negative impact on the economy of a nomadic society, often caused by great volcanic eruptions. As a result of the research undertaken by us, a certain connection has been established between significant historical events and climate extremes on the territory of Central Asia during the period under observation, which makes it possible to state that the climatic factor was of primary importance in its impact on historical processes in the east of Central Asia, especially on those territories that had a nomadic economy.
Специальность 07.00.02 -Отечественная история АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание ученой степени... more Специальность 07.00.02 -Отечественная история АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук Екатеринбург -2006 Работа выполнена на кафедре истории России в ГОУ ВПО «Уральский государственный университет имени А. М. Горького». Научный руководителькандидат исторических наук, профессор Б. Б. Овчинникова Официальные оппоненты: доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник В. В. Трепавлов, доктор исторических наук, профессор А. Г. Нестеров Ведущая научная организация -ГОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет» Защита состоится «____» __________2006 г. в ______ часов на заседании диссертационного совета Д 212.286.04 по защите диссертаций на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук при ГОУ ВПО «Уральский государственный университет имени А. М. Горького» по адресу: 620083, г. Екатеринбург, пр. Ленина, 51, комн. 248. С диссертацией можно ознакомиться в научной библиотеке Уральского государственного университета имени А.М. Горького. Автореферат разослан «___» ___________ 2006 г. Ученый секретарь диссертационного совета доктор исторических наук, профессор В. А. Кузьмин
This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place ... more This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place (AD 536, 581, 601, 626, and 679) in the Eastern Turkic Empire (ETE) (AD 534–745) in Central Asia. Climate extremes are sharp, strong, and sometimes protracted periods of cooling and drought that are related to volcanic eruptions that result in negative effects on the economy of a nomadic society, thus bringing famine and disease. In fact, many of these natural catastrophes were accompanied by plague pandemics among the Eastern Turks and the Chinese living in the north. The Turkic Empire can be split into several chronological periods during which significant events that changed the course of history of the nomadic state took place: AD 534–545—the rise of the Turkic Empire; AD 581–583—the division of the Turkic Empire into the Western and the Eastern Empires; AD 601–603—the rise of Qimin Qaghan; AD 627–630—the Eastern Turks are conquered by the Tang Dynasty; AD 679–687—the second rise of the Eastern Turkic Empire. The research shows that there is a connection between important historical events and climate extremes in the history of the Turkic Empire. This relationship makes it possible to present the thesis that climate did have an impact on the historical processes in the east of Central Asia, especially on the territories with a nomadic economy.
The article deals with cult ensembles-complexes of the developed Middle Ages in the territory of ... more The article deals with cult ensembles-complexes of the developed Middle Ages in the territory of Tajikistan. In detail such objects of historical and cultural heritage as the cult complex Podsho-Pirim in the Tursunzade district (XV century), large architectural monuments of the Gissar valley of the XVI-XVII centuries -Madrasa Kuhna (XVI-XVII centuries.), Medrese Nav (XVII -beg. XVIII cc.), Takharathon (XVI century) are analyzed in detail. Data of historical sources on the history of their origin, development and use are given.
УДК 94(510) + 94(5) + 94(57) + 94(5-015) Р.Т.ГАНИЕВ ББК 63.3(0)4 ВОСТОЧНЫЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 679 -6... more УДК 94(510) + 94(5) + 94(57) + 94(5-015) Р.Т.ГАНИЕВ ББК 63.3(0)4 ВОСТОЧНЫЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 679 -690 ГГ.
удК 94(35) + 94(5) + 551.58 Р. Т. Ганиев Уральский федеральный университет екатеринбург, россия Д... more удК 94(35) + 94(5) + 551.58 Р. Т. Ганиев Уральский федеральный университет екатеринбург, россия ДРЕВНИЕ ТЮРКИ И КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ КАТАКЛИЗМЫ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ (534-679)
This article describes a brief literary analysis of diseases caused by various viruses, which are... more This article describes a brief literary analysis of diseases caused by various viruses, which are considered very relevant today because of their significant social and economic importance, as well as their high prevalence in modern medicine. From the studies conducted, it can be concluded that viral diseases are often asymptomatic or cause difficulties in diagnosis, since they occur in any diseases associated with a decrease in the immune system. There is also the difficulty of differential diagnosis of primary infection and recurrence of infection during examination during pregnancy. In this connection, cytomegalovirus infection, human papillomavirus, including genital herpes, leads to psychological, psychosexual and even psychiatric disorders that significantly violate the quality of life.
Introduction. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Imperial Russia tended to prioritize the... more Introduction. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Imperial Russia tended to prioritize the creation of trade and transport communications with countries of the East, which was vividly manifested in a number of projects, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway, Chinese Eastern Railway, and South Manchuria Railway. In this regard, not that widely known remains the Kyakhta Railway project, which implied a construction of a railway line from the Trans-Siberian Railway to Kyakhta with subsequent access to the territory of Mongolia. Goals. The paper attempts an analysis of how the concept of the Kyakhta Railway was evolutionizing throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and seeks to reveal some key features arising from the latter’s geoeconomic and geopolitical objectives. Materials and methods. The work involves understudied materials stored at the Russian State Historical Archive, and methodologically rests on a systemic historical approach that secures insights into the dev...
On the basis of Chinese written sources the author analyzes the internal and the external policie... more On the basis of Chinese written sources the author analyzes the internal and the external policies of Xieli Qaghan, the ruler of the Eastern Turkic Empire from 620 through 630. All throughout the history of the Empire the name of Xieli Qaghan is closely associated with the aggressive foreign policy of the Turks against China, as is the final defeat of the Eastern Turks and their troops by the Tang Emperor Taizong in 630. This article is the first attempt to see the events of the said period in a different light that is based on new information received from Chinese written sources, as well as the results of the modern climate research undertaken by Russian and foreign scientists. The article highlights the first stage of Xieli's rule (620–626) with its strong central government and its aggressive foreign policy towards its neighbors as a consequence, and the second period (627–630), when the Eastern Turkic Empire came under the rule of the Tang Emperor Taizong. The author analyz...
Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road, 2019
This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place ... more This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place (AD 536, 581, 601, 626 and 679) in the Eastern Turk Empire (AD 534-745) in Inner Asia. Climate extremes are sharp, strong and sometimes protracted periods of cooling and drought caused by volcanic eruptions that in this case resulted in a negative effect on the economy of a nomadic society and were often accompanied by famine and illness. In fact, many of these natural catastrophes coincided with the Black Death pandemics among the Eastern Turks and the Chinese living in the north of China. The Turk Empire can be split into several chronological periods during which significant events that led to changes in the course of history of the nomadic state took place: AD 534-545-the rise of the Turk Empire; AD 581-583-the division of the Turk Empire into the Western and the Eastern Empires; AD 601-603-the rise of Qimin Qaghan; AD 627-630-the Eastern Turks are conquered by China; AD 679-687-the second rise of the Eastern Turk Empire. The research shows that there is clearly-discernable interplay between important historical events and climate extremes in the history of the Turk Empire. This interplay has led us to the conclusion that the climatic factor did have an impact on the historical processes that took place in the eastern part of Inner Asia, especially on the territories with a nomadic economy.
The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of t... more The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of the longest chronologies of this kind in the world (7319 years). This is the first presentation of an analysis of the climate impact on the historical processes in Central Asia in the early Middle Ages. Climate extremes are sharp, strong and sometimes long-lasting falls of temperature with a negative impact on the economy of a nomadic society, often caused by great volcanic eruptions. As a result of the research undertaken by us, a certain connection has been established between significant historical events and climate extremes on the territory of Central Asia during the period under observation, which makes it possible to state that the climatic factor was of primary importance in its impact on historical processes in the east of Central Asia, especially on those territories that had a nomadic economy.
Journal of historical philological and cultural studies, 2017
На материале китайских письменных источников рассматривается начальный период становления и усиле... more На материале китайских письменных источников рассматривается начальный период становления и усиления Тюркского каганата в Центральной Азии. Анализируется внутренняя и внешняя политика первых тюркских каганов-Тумыня, Коло, Муханя, а также их отношения с Китаем. Показана региональная ситуация накануне создания Тюркской империи, а также дана оценка влиянию климатического фактора на события в изучаемый период. События начальной истории Тюркского каганата 534-542 гг. развивались в условиях неблагоприятной климатической ситуации, являвшейся катализатором обострения внутриполитической и внешнеполитической борьбы между китайскими династиями и, как следствию, складыванию более критического положения, чем у кочевников в степи. В итоге, это способствовало ослаблению Китая и возвышению Тюркского каганата в жесткой конкурентной борьбе с телэ и жужанями. Во время правления Мухань кагана тюрки достигли максимального могущества своего объединения, территория которого простиралась от Каспийского моря на западе и до залива Ляодун на востоке. Китайские династии Северная Чжоу и Северная Ци соревновались между собой за право установления союзнических отношений с тюрками. Инструментом давления для тюрков являлось решение вопроса о межгосударственном браке между тюрками и китайцами. Долгое время Мухань каган откладывал свое решение, выбирая между Северной Чжоу и Северной Ци, сдерживая при этом обе династии. В итоге тюрки остановили свой выбор на династии Северная Чжоу, с которой их связывали общие торговые интересы и единые торговые маршруты вдоль хребта Наньшань, находящихся под угрозой нападения со стороны других кочевников.
Р.Т. Ганиев ДРЕВНИЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 553-581 гг.: ПРИЕМЫ И МЕТОДЫ ВНЕШНЕЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ Рассматривают... more Р.Т. Ганиев ДРЕВНИЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 553-581 гг.: ПРИЕМЫ И МЕТОДЫ ВНЕШНЕЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ Рассматриваются тюрко-китайские отношения в контексте их общих торговых интересов. Основная цель тюрков и китайцев заключалась в соблюдении торгового баланса и сил в региональном аспекте, а не в уничтожении или завоевании друг друга. Во время правления Мухань кагана тюрки находились в зените своего могущества, поэтому долгое время использовали метод сдерживания китайских династий, укрепляя свои позиции в регионе. Табо каган продолжил политику предшественника, но вскоре заключил брачный союз с династией Северная Чжоу, что явилось причиной окончательного поражения Северной Ци, а также способствовало в будущем появлению в Китае империи Суй, объединившей весь северный Китай.
The work analyses the natural anomalies of 536-546 AD with the help of modern climate data and wr... more The work analyses the natural anomalies of 536-546 AD with the help of modern climate data and written sources. The period in question was noted for its sharp and long lasting cooling that led to global ethno-political changes in the Medieval Ages. It exerted a strong influence on Central Asia and the nomads who peopled it - the Turks (Tujue). This work is the first to advance the thesis on the influence of natural and climatic anomalies of 536 - 545 as being the main prerequisite for the birth and rise of the ancient Turkic state - the Turkic Empire. The Turks took advantage of the complicated political situation in the region and set up a powerful and military efficient state. Thus the Turkic Empire became a stronghold together with other powerful states of the time, namely: China, the Sasanian Empire and Byzantium which grew weaker due to extreme climate impact (starvation and plague). (Ganiev R.T. The climate cooling of 536 - 545 AD and the rise of the Turkic Empire. Life Sci J ...
The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of t... more The paper is based on the tree-ring chronology of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) which has one of the longest chronologies of this kind in the world (7319 years). This is the first presentation of an analysis of the climate impact on the historical processes in Central Asia in the early Middle Ages. Climate extremes are sharp, strong and sometimes long-lasting falls of temperature with a negative impact on the economy of a nomadic society, often caused by great volcanic eruptions. As a result of the research undertaken by us, a certain connection has been established between significant historical events and climate extremes on the territory of Central Asia during the period under observation, which makes it possible to state that the climatic factor was of primary importance in its impact on historical processes in the east of Central Asia, especially on those territories that had a nomadic economy.
Специальность 07.00.02 -Отечественная история АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание ученой степени... more Специальность 07.00.02 -Отечественная история АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук Екатеринбург -2006 Работа выполнена на кафедре истории России в ГОУ ВПО «Уральский государственный университет имени А. М. Горького». Научный руководителькандидат исторических наук, профессор Б. Б. Овчинникова Официальные оппоненты: доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник В. В. Трепавлов, доктор исторических наук, профессор А. Г. Нестеров Ведущая научная организация -ГОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет» Защита состоится «____» __________2006 г. в ______ часов на заседании диссертационного совета Д 212.286.04 по защите диссертаций на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук при ГОУ ВПО «Уральский государственный университет имени А. М. Горького» по адресу: 620083, г. Екатеринбург, пр. Ленина, 51, комн. 248. С диссертацией можно ознакомиться в научной библиотеке Уральского государственного университета имени А.М. Горького. Автореферат разослан «___» ___________ 2006 г. Ученый секретарь диссертационного совета доктор исторических наук, профессор В. А. Кузьмин
This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place ... more This article analyzes the effect of climate extremes on the historical processes that took place (AD 536, 581, 601, 626, and 679) in the Eastern Turkic Empire (ETE) (AD 534–745) in Central Asia. Climate extremes are sharp, strong, and sometimes protracted periods of cooling and drought that are related to volcanic eruptions that result in negative effects on the economy of a nomadic society, thus bringing famine and disease. In fact, many of these natural catastrophes were accompanied by plague pandemics among the Eastern Turks and the Chinese living in the north. The Turkic Empire can be split into several chronological periods during which significant events that changed the course of history of the nomadic state took place: AD 534–545—the rise of the Turkic Empire; AD 581–583—the division of the Turkic Empire into the Western and the Eastern Empires; AD 601–603—the rise of Qimin Qaghan; AD 627–630—the Eastern Turks are conquered by the Tang Dynasty; AD 679–687—the second rise of the Eastern Turkic Empire. The research shows that there is a connection between important historical events and climate extremes in the history of the Turkic Empire. This relationship makes it possible to present the thesis that climate did have an impact on the historical processes in the east of Central Asia, especially on the territories with a nomadic economy.
The article deals with cult ensembles-complexes of the developed Middle Ages in the territory of ... more The article deals with cult ensembles-complexes of the developed Middle Ages in the territory of Tajikistan. In detail such objects of historical and cultural heritage as the cult complex Podsho-Pirim in the Tursunzade district (XV century), large architectural monuments of the Gissar valley of the XVI-XVII centuries -Madrasa Kuhna (XVI-XVII centuries.), Medrese Nav (XVII -beg. XVIII cc.), Takharathon (XVI century) are analyzed in detail. Data of historical sources on the history of their origin, development and use are given.
УДК 94(510) + 94(5) + 94(57) + 94(5-015) Р.Т.ГАНИЕВ ББК 63.3(0)4 ВОСТОЧНЫЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 679 -6... more УДК 94(510) + 94(5) + 94(57) + 94(5-015) Р.Т.ГАНИЕВ ББК 63.3(0)4 ВОСТОЧНЫЕ ТЮРКИ И КИТАЙ В 679 -690 ГГ.
удК 94(35) + 94(5) + 551.58 Р. Т. Ганиев Уральский федеральный университет екатеринбург, россия Д... more удК 94(35) + 94(5) + 551.58 Р. Т. Ганиев Уральский федеральный университет екатеринбург, россия ДРЕВНИЕ ТЮРКИ И КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ КАТАКЛИЗМЫ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ (534-679)
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