BLACK HOLES

2004

Our universe appears to have been created not out of nothing but from a strange space-time dust. Quantum geometry (loop quantum gravity) makes it possible to avoid the ominous beginning of our universe with its physically unrealistic (i.e. infinite) curvature, extreme temperature, and energy density. This could be the long sought after explanation of the big-bang and perhaps even opens

SYMMETRY: THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING, 1997

This paper is critical of reductionist theories of everything (TOE) and proposes instead an outline for a holistic TOE based on symmetry. Symmetry is entirely omnipresent in the universe, it has a relational architecture and can be characterised by its formative, energetic and infinite potentials as well as its basis in meaning and consciousness. These inclusive and generic features combine to provide the necessary holistic attributes for a successful theory of everything. The history of physics is a history of the unification of science. Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and Bohr each developed a series of symmetrical connections which were previously unknown. Perhaps because of these isomorphic developments the search for a theory of everything (TOE), a theory that can explain the basic laws of the entire universe in all its infinitely subtle detail, appears more than an act of faith. At the heart of a TEO are the concepts of unity and unification and these have been the outcomes of physics for the last three hundred years.

THEORY OF EVERY THING [8] A Theory of Everything would unify all the fundamental interactions of nature: gravitation, strong interaction, weak interaction, and electromagnetism. Because the weak interaction can transform elementary particles from one kind into another, the ToE should also yield a deep understanding of the various different kinds of possible particles. The usual assumed path of theories is given in the following graph, where each unification step leads one level up: In Unification physics where four fundamental forces are tried to unify . It means Four natural forces which are mediated by four particles ( photon, vector boson , gluons and gravitons) are created from one particle . It is called super unification. GUT means three forces ( Photon, vector bosons, and GLUON ) could be unified as these are made up of one type of fundamental particle called energy basic building blocks . while gravitons are made up of two types of fundamental particles i.e energy basic building blocks and matter basic building blocks . Hence super unification cannot be proved. Had graviton is made up of one type of basic building blocks , the coupling constant could have merged at energy 10^16 GeV. But instead of that it is merging at energy 10^19GeV.

Throughout our readings, the concept of beauty has emerged as a universal concept. Spanning human history, significant resources have been spent to immortalize it in art. From the days of the Egyptians with their stunning hieroglyphics to the immortal statues of ancient Greece, universal standards of beauty have long been established that have born the test of time. We also find consistent commonalities in art. For example, over the millennia, many sculptures were created with consistent mathematical patterns such as the waist-hip ratio (WHR). The WHR testifies to certain foundational standards that have been constant through time. Another universal standard is the concept of symmetry, which, across the ages, exists as a common theme. Architectural classics such as the Pyramids of Egypt or the Taj Mahal of India illustrate a beauty and balance which transcends time. We are starting to find out the importance of symmetry in biological systems too, as recent research has indicated the preference for facial symmetry in mate selection. It has been demonstrated that human beings have an innate way of detecting which potential mates may have superior genes. In order to protect the future of the species, these traits help offspring to be resistant to toxins, parasites, and disease, but how do we account for our desire for certain standards of beauty? Is it just an arbitrary evolutionary accident that worked? Or is it that same power that draws us toward a masterpiece of architecture or a breathtaking sunset? Is some innate force at work that binds humankind together in a timeless desire for the perfect? Is our desire for symmetry merely a weak reflection of the very forces that bind our universe together? In this paper I plan to examine the universality of symmetry as it expresses itself in the macro-universe, the micro-universe, and the metaphysical.

Physics Today, 2005

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2023

Amazon KDP, 2020

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the cosmological understanding of the Universe. It replaces the existing “Big Bang” model with a new cosmological model called, “White Singularity-Black Singularity (WS-BS) Model”, which accommodates a modified “Steady State” concept within itself. The present form of gravity is replaced with a new phenomenon called, “Energy Rejecting Space (ERS) Gravity”. Einstein’s “Space-Time” is replaced with “Energy-Space-Time” and the curving of space-time around energy bodies becomes a characteristic of the energy-space-time structure around them. It claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, which accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” within itself. That means, for a finite entity (or an observer) of the Universe, the absolute empty space becomes infinite when it is explored and becomes a point (nothing) when it is not. The mass-less energy (Light-Photon) components spread instantaneously in the absolute empty space, resulting in an infinite speed of light with an infinite rate of time-flow with respect to any observer, whose rate of time-flow is finite. At the same time, the speed-ratio of light is maintained at the constant “c”, with respect to the local rate of time-flow, everywhere. A Quantum world or Sub-Atomic World is a region that interfaces the Classical world with Absolute Empty Space. Hence there, the speed of light becomes super-luminal with a higher rate of time-flow, as we observe from the classical world. Because of this super-luminal nature of the light, the sub-atomic particles appear to be present in multiple locations of the quantum world, same time. And, this explains the Quantum Weirdness like Uncertainty, Wave-particle duality, Entanglement etc. As far as the origin of the Universe is concerned, it is an event infinitely past in time, with respect to our local (finite) flow of time, since an exponential function of time (e^t) assumes zero value, only when “t” is negative infinity. Also, as per this new model, every energy component of this universe is the anti-energy component of the remaining energy components, put together. Hence, the “Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry” issue doesn’t arise too. As far as the end of the Universe is concerned, it would be an infinitely future point in time with respect to our local (finite) flow of time at a “hypothetical endpoint” in space, beyond all black holes. It is here, the sequence of mergers of cosmological bodies like Black Holes, Super Massive Black Holes etc. within galaxies and further within and among the local groups, would hypothetically find an end. But the Universe would survive forever, as there is no scope for stopping the in-flow of energy into the Universe from the point (absolute empty space) of origin. In the old scheme of things, most of the physical (including quantum-physical and astrophysical) phenomena were initially conjectured and hypothesized, and then mathematised and experimentally verified. The “Theory of Grand Settlement” now gives a new set of Conjectures and Hypotheses, keeping at the same time the mathematics and the experimental observations, almost the same. And, surprisingly, this new theory resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

THEORY OF EVERY THING [8] A Theory of Everything would unify all the fundamental interactions of nature: gravitation, strong interaction, weak interaction, and electromagnetism. Because the weak interaction can transform elementary particles from one kind into another, the ToE should also yield a deep understanding of the various different kinds of possible particles. The usual assumed path of theories is given in the following graph, where each unification step leads one level up: In Unification physics where four fundamental forces are tried to unify . It means Four natural forces which are mediated by four particles ( photon, vector boson , gluons and gravitons) are created from one particle . It is called super unification. GUT means three forces ( Photon, vector bosons, and GLUON ) could be unified as these are made up of one type of fundamental particle called energy basic building blocks . while gravitons are made up of two types of fundamental particles i.e energy basic building blocks and matter basic building blocks . Hence super unification cannot be proved. Had graviton is made up of one type of basic building blocks , the coupling constant could have merged at energy 10^16 GeV. But instead of that it is merging at energy 10^19GeV. Gravity is a force mediated by energised gravitons and it is a quantum phenomenon and comes under quantum physics like tunnel effect rather than classical physics . Both the effects are triggered by MIND , the Theory of Every Thing . Hence we can unify Quantum Mechanics and Gravity . Unification physics is different phenomenon and that is used for the search of God particles or fundamental particles and fundamental interaction i.e. MIND.

2021

E=mc^2 as a wave equation describes a light speed propagation of the state of symmetry breaking in the space. Time and energy can be concretely defined as measurements of the degree of spatial asymmetry. All the hierarchy problems and the origin of mass and/or mean lifetime of electron and nucleons can be addressed in one shot by assuming the probability of the spontaneous symmetry breaking to be 1/(2.04×10^21). The entity of quarks and hadrons and the mechanism of quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are revealed by calculations supposing that hadrons are rigid body type particles while leptons are mass point type particles, and that in high energy collision the former may either have one or two out of three spatial dimensions collapse into the latter type, or enlarge the spatial expanse of one dimension in a discrete manner. The quantum entanglement can be explained by combining the superluminal phase velocity of de Broglie wave and the relativity of simultaneity, such that both locality and realism remain intact. An updated theory of gravity is proposed, which is not only compatible with quantum mechanics but also has convincingly denied the existence of dark energy and revealed that dark matter is actually the energy that mediates the interactions between Fermions. All the four fundamental interactions saw a super unification, as four different aspects of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the space as a field composed of binary states. Eventually, an astonishing scenario for the birth and evolution of the universe is proposed. Our universe began from two symmetry breakings which had simultaneously occurred 23.1 billion years ago. The probability of spontaneous symmetry breaking decreases, and accordingly do the masses of all elementary particles, as the cosmological event horizon expands at the speed of light.