A Grammatical Analysis of Hebrews 12-13

12:1 Τοιγαροῦν καὶ ἡμεῖς τοσοῦτον ἔχοντες περικείμενον ἡμῖν νέφος μαρτύρων, ὄγκον ἀποθέμενοι πάντα καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν, δι᾽ ὑπομονῆς τρέχωμεν τὸν προκείμενον ἡμῖν ἀγῶνα Τοιγαροῦν καὶ. Τοιγαροῦν is somewhat of a rare word in the NT(appears only here and in 1 Thess. 4:8). It was used more often in Classical Greek and appears to be fading in Koiné, thus it may be considered an emphatic "therefore" (especially because the word rarely begins a sentence, as it does here where it precedes the καὶ, see BDF §451(3)). Robertson describes this word as a "splendid peroration" (ATR, 432). It references all of Hebrews 11. "Therefore, in light of all these people of faith before us and because of God's promises to us…" ἡμεῖς. Emphatic use of the pronoun (Wallace, 323) which is inclusive of both the speaker and the audience (Wallace, 396, 398). τοσοῦτον. "Pertaining to a high degree of quality … in a positive sense" (BDAG, 7402.3.a). ἔχοντες. Pres act ptc nom mas pl ἔχω. Causal participle. περικείμενον. Pres mid ptc acc neut sg περίκειμαι. Adjectival participle describing νέφος. ἡμῖν. Locative dative. Verbs compounded with the preposition περι- take their objects in the dative (BDF §202). νέφος. Though this word looks like a nom masc, it is actually a 3rd declension acc neut. μαρτύρων. Genitive of content. The cloud is made up of witnesses. ὄγκον … πάντα. The noun and its attributive adjective have been separated by a participle (see also τοσοῦτον … περικείμενον above). Though this reads awkwardly to the English mind, in Greek oratory it is a rhetorical way to vivify the speech. BDF expounds, "Rhetorically stylized [language] in any way frequently pulls [connected words] apart in order to give greater effect to the separated elements by their isolation" (§473). In this case, ὄγκον is the emphasized word (§473(2)). This style of Auctor's preaching is evident throughout the book of Hebrews. See more examples in Hebrews 1:4, 5; 11:32; 12:8. ἀποθέμενοι. Aor mid ptc nom masc pl ἀποτίθημι. Attendant circumstance. Should be translated as an imperative. See Wallace, 644. καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν. The καὶ connects ἁμαρτίαν with ὄγκον and can be considered a hendiadys. They are both encumbrances in running a race, ὄγκον being literal and ἁμαρτίαν spiritual. It is almost as if the author is explicating what a ὄγκος looks like in the race of faith, namely the sin which easily ensnares us. δι᾽ ὑπομονῆς. Prepositional phrase describing how we ought to run. τρέχωμεν. Pres act subj 1st pl τρέχω. Hortatory subjunctive. The main verb of the sentence (all others are subordinate) and carries the strongest emphasis. προκείμενον. Pres pas ptc acc mas sg πρόκειμαι. Adjectival participle describing ἀγῶνα. ἡμῖν. Locative dative. Verbs compounded with προ- take their objects in the locative. Robertson cites this clause as an example (ATR, 525). τὸν … ἀγῶνα. "The sense ‘athletic competition’ transfers to the moral and spiritual realm, a competition, contest, race" (BDAG, 101.1). 12:2 ἀφορῶντες εἰς τὸν τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν Ἰησοῦν, ὃς ἀντὶ τῆς προκειμένης αὐτῷ χαρᾶς ὑπέμεινεν σταυρὸν αἰσχύνης καταφρονήσας ἐν δεξιᾷ τε τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ θεοῦ κεκάθικεν. ἀφορῶντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl ἀφοράω. Participle of means. This participle describes the method in which running the race must be accomplished, "by looking unto Jesus." τὸν … ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν. Granville Sharp Rule (Wallace, 270-290). Jesus is both the beginner and the finisher (Wallace, 274). τῆς πίστεως. Objective genitive, attributed to both ἀρχηγὸν and τελειωτὴν. Describes what Jesus is the founder and perfecter of. Ἰησοῦν. Placed at the end of the clause for greater attention and emphasis. "In Greek in general [Blass] suggests that lively and animated discourse gives rise to dislocations of words" (ATR, 420). Also placed in apposition to τὸν τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν. ὃς. Relative pronoun. Referring to Ἰησοῦν, it matches its antecedent in gender and number but not in case, because here it functions as the subject of ὑπέμεινεν. ἀντὶ. Though BDAG cites the preposition in this verse with substitutional meaning, "in place of" (706.2), I have a hard time understanding the verse in this way. I think BDAG's fourth entry, "because of, for the purpose of" (706.4), makes much more sense. So most English versions have translated the verse (ESV, RSV, NET, NIV, NAS, NET, KJV). Robertson views ἀντὶ here this way as well that Jesus faces "the cross in order to get the joy" (ATR, 574). See Wallace's brief discussion, 367-368. προκειμένης. Pres pas ptc gen fem sg πρόκειμαι. Adjectival participle describing χαρᾶς. This is the third time in this sentence that the verb κεῖμαι has appeared (a) with a preposition in composition (b) as an adjectival participle and (c) followed by a locative dative. The repetition adds a sense of heightened vividness and enhanced rhetoric, "There is a crowd set around us, a race set before us, as Jesus had joy set before him." αὐτῷ. Locative dative. See note above on "προκείμενον ἡμῖν." τῆς … χαρᾶς. This noun is genitive because ἀντὶ takes its object in this case. ὑπέμεινεν. Aor act ind 3rd sg ὑπομένω. σταυρὸν. Accusative direct object of ὑπέμεινεν. αἰσχύνης. The verb καταφρονέω takes its object in the genitive (ATR, 511-512). καταφρονήσας. Aor act ptc nom masc sg καταφρονέω. Participle of manner. The phrase ὑπέμεινεν σταυρὸν αἰσχύνης καταφρονήσας might be a possible chiasm, drawing attention to the shame of the cross. ὑπέμεινεν σταυρὸν αἰσχύνης καταφρονήσας ἐν δεξιᾷ. Locative dative. "By the right hand side." This word has the imagery of power. τε. A marker of sequential events. BDAG 7280.1. τοῦ θρόνου. Genitive of place. When δεξιός is used to symbolize power, the referent noun is usually in the genitive. So here and throughout Hebrews (1:3; 8:1; 10:12). τοῦ θεοῦ. Genitive of possession. κεκάθικεν. Prf act ind 3rd sg καθίζω. The stative aspect of the perfect tense emphasizes the permanent position of Jesus Christ seated at the right hand of God. That this verb is placed at the end of the sentence is emphatic. 12:3 ἀναλογίσασθε γὰρ τὸν τοιαύτην ὑπομεμενηκότα ὑπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀντιλογίαν, ἵνα μὴ κάμητε ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν ἐκλυόμενοι. ἀναλογίσασθε. Aor mid impv 2nd pl ἀναλογίζομαι. The "considering" is a further explanation of what it means to be ἀφορῶντες εἰς τὸν Ἰησοῦν. Considering the example Jesus set for us should inspire us to run the race with even more endurance. γὰρ. "Marker of inference, certainly, by all means, so, then" (BDAG, 1599.3). Here γὰρ is emphasizing a strong exclamation and should be translated "indeed." τοιαύτην. Attributive adjective describing ἀντιλογίαν and correlating it with ὑπέμεινεν σταυρὸν. τὸν … ὑπομεμενηκότα. Prf act ptc acc masc sg ὑπομένω. Substantival Participle acting as the direct object of ἀναλογίσασθε. Blass argues that the perfect tense emphasizes and abiding example from the life of Christ (BDF §342(5)). ὑπὸ. Preposition identifying the agent. τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν. Genitive of agency. "The genitive of agency is closer in force to ὐπό + the genitive (expressing ultimate agent) than to διά + the genitive (expressing intermediate agent)" (Wallace, 126). εἰς ἑαυτὸν. The prepositional phrase describes the direction of the hostility, towards himself. Because of the semantics of ἀντιλογίαν, εἰς could be translated "against." ἀντιλογίαν. The direct object of ὑπομεμενηκότα is placed at the end of the clause and is awkwardly separated from its attributive adjective τοιαύτην for dramatic rhetorical effect. ἵνα. Subordinating conjunction indicating purpose. μὴ κάμητε. Aor act subj 2nd pl κάμνω. Purpose. ταῖς ψυχαῖς. Locative Dative. See ATR, 524. ὑμῶν. Genitive of possession. ἐκλυόμενοι. Pres mid ptc nom masc pl ἐκλύομαι. Result participle, so Wallace, 639. Robertson sees this participle as a complementary participle, completing the idea of κάμνω (ATR, 1121). That it is indicating the result of κάμνω is clear, whether or not it is necessary to complete the verb can be argued. I would say the participle complements the verb by showing the result, but the supplementation is not necessary. 12:4 Οὔπω μέχρις αἵματος ἀντικατέστητε πρὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἀνταγωνιζόμενοι. Οὔπω. A negating adverb of extent of time, not yet. μέχρις αἵματος. Prepositional phrase denoting extent: to what degree or how far, up to the point of blood. See ATR, 645, 975. ἀντικατέστητε. Aor act ind 2nd pl ἀντικαθίστημι. πρὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν. Because of the hostile language (ἀντικαθίστημι, ἀνταγονίζομαι) this phrase should be translated "against sin." ἀνταγωνιζόμενοι. Pres mid ptc nom masc pl ἀνταγονίζομαι. Participle of means. This participle is hard to distinguish between manner or means because the nuances can be difficult to detect. Since this participle seems to further explicate the verb ἀντικαθίστημι, I have chosen to classify it as a means participle (see Wallace's discussion on identifying the nuances of modal participles, 627-628.) Burton writes, “The participle expressing manner or means often denotes the same action as that of the principal verb, describing it from a different point of view” (Moods and Tenses, 172). Though this is not always the case, we see that statement holding true here since ἀνταγονίζομαι denotes nearly the same action as ἀντικαθίστημι. 12:5 καὶ ἐκλέλησθε τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἥτις ὑμῖν ὡς υἱοῖς διαλέγεται· υἱέ μου, μὴ ὀλιγώρει παιδείας κυρίου μηδὲ ἐκλύου ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος καὶ. This coordinating conjunction serves more specifically to introduce a rhetorical question. ἐκλέλησθε. Prf mid ind 2nd pl ἐκλανθάνομαι. This verb with the εκ- prefix is rare, only attested this one time throughout both the Greek Old and New Testaments. It is more powerful than the verb ἐπιλανθάνομαι and means "to forget altogether" (BDAG, 2382). τῆς παρακλήσεως. Genitive of direct object. Verbs of remembering or forgetting take their direct objects in the genitive. See BDF, §175. ἥτις. Relative pronoun referring to παρακλήσεως matches the person and number (feminine, singular) but is found in the nominative case because it is the subject of διαλέγεται. ὑμῖν. Dative of advantage. ὡς. Relative adverb indicating a certain role. "Marker introducing the perspective from which a pers., thing, or activity is viewed or understood as to character, function, or role" (BDAG, 8075.a.α.). υἱοῖς. Comparisons described by ὡς can be found in the dative, so here. διαλέγεται. Pres mid ind 3rd sg διαλέγομαι. υἱέ. Vocative. μου. Possessive. μὴ ὀλιγώρει. Pres act impv 2nd sg ὀλιγωρέω. Prohibition. παιδείας. Genitive of direct object. Verbs of emotion take their direct objects in the genitive. See BDF, §176. κυρίου. Genitive of possession. μηδὲ ἐκλύου. Pres mid impv 2nd masc sg ἐκλύομαι. Prohibition ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ. Genitive of agency. Describing the agent of the passive participle ἐλεγχόμενος. ἐλεγχόμενος. Pres pass ptc nom masc sg ἐλέγχω. Temporal participle that tells us not to give up when reproved by the Lord. 12:6 ὃν γὰρ ἀγαπᾷ κύριος παιδεύει, μαστιγοῖ δὲ πάντα υἱὸν ὃν παραδέχεται. ὃν. The relative article introduces a relative clause: ὃν ἀγαπᾷ κύριος. The article is the accusative direct object of both ἀγαπᾷ and παιδεύει. γὰρ. Explanatory marker introducing reason. ἀγαπᾷ. Pres act ind 3rd sg ἀγαπάω. κύριος. Because there is no article preceding κύριος, the author may have used this term as though it were a personal name, such as how Adonai has come to be used as a personal name. See BDF, §260. παιδεύει. Pres act ind 3rd sg παιδεύω. μαστιγοῖ. Pres act ind 3rd sg μαστιγόω. This word has two listed meanings in BDAG, to flog with a whip and to punish with discipline in mind. Based on the context, the second definition concerning discipline is fitting. δὲ. A coordinating conjunction that furthers the author's argument. πάντα υἱὸν. Accusative direct object of παραδέχεται. ὃν. Relative article with the antecedent υἱὸν and agrees with its gender and number (masc, sg), but is in the accusative case because it is the direct object of παραδέχεται. παραδέχεται. Pres mid ind 3rd sg παραδέχομαι. "To accept the presence of someone in a hospitable manner, receive, accept" (BDAG, 5566.2). The Greek scribes of the Septuagint made this verse from Prov. 3:12 into a chiasm which isn't the original structure of the Hebrew text: ὃν ἀγαπᾷ παιδεύει μαστιγοῖ ὃν παραδέχεται 12:7 εἰς παιδείαν ὑπομένετε, ὡς υἱοῖς ὑμῖν προσφέρεται ὁ θεός. τίς γὰρ υἱὸς ὃν οὐ παιδεύει πατήρ; εἰς παιδείαν. Indicating purpose. ὑπομένετε. Pres act impv 2nd pl ὑπομένω. This is the fourth time in just this chapter that the root endure/endurance has been used (12:1, 2, 3). It is clearly a key word and one of the theme of these closing chapters, as endurance is needed greatly for this great race of faith. ὡς. Comparative particle signifying "like" or "as." υἱοῖς. Dative plural because of the noun it is being compared to ὑμῖν. ὑμῖν. The persons being "dealt with" from the verb προσφέρω are found in the dative case (BDAG 6349.3). προσφέρεται. Pres mid ind 3rd sg προσφέρω. Frequently this verb means bring, offer, or present. In this instance, however, it is best to be translated with its less common meaning, "To behave towards or deal w. someone in a certain way" (BDAG, 6349.3). ὁ θεός. Nominative subject. τίς. Adjectival use of the interrogative pronoun (Wallace, 346). The rhetorical question asked by the author has the implied answer: none. γὰρ. Introducing reason. υἱὸς. The lack of the article makes υἱὸς and πατήρ generic nouns, maintaining the qualitative force (ATR, 794). ὃν. Relative article agrees with its antecedent υἱὸς in gender and number but is in the accusative case because it is the direct object of παιδεύει. οὐ παιδεύει. Pres act ind 3rd sg παιδεύω. πατήρ. See note on υἱὸς. Though υἱὸς is anarthrous, it seems strange for πατήρ to lack an anaphoric article. BDF mentions that in Koiné it is actually common for anaphora to be ignored at times (BDF, §257). Though literally it is, "a father," it is understood with context to be read, "his father." 12:8 εἰ δὲ χωρίς ἐστε παιδείας ἧς μέτοχοι γεγόνασιν πάντες, ἄρα νόθοι καὶ οὐχ υἱοί ἐστε. εἰ. Introduces the protasis of a first-class conditional clause, "assumed true for the sake of the argument." This verse is cited as an example in Wallace, 694. δὲ. Mild adversative. χωρίς. Preposition genitive. ἐστε. Pres act ind 2nd pl εἰμί. The indicative mood is necessary for the protasis of first-class conditions. παιδείας. Genitive because of the preposition χωρίς. The noun is separated from the preposition by ἐστε which once again creates emphatic, impassioned speech (BDF, §473(2)). ἧς. Relative article receives from its antecedent παιδείας its gender and number, but not its case. It happens to be in the same case as its antecedent (genitive) because it is the object genitive of μέτοχοι. μέτοχοι. Predicate nominative. γεγόνασιν. Prf act ind 3rd pl γίνομαι. Equative verb that emphasizes the maturing process of discipline. πάντες. Nominative subject of γεγόνασιν. ἄρα. Inferential particle. Can be used in the apodosis for "then" when the protasis has εἰ (BDF,§451(2)). νόθοι. Nominative plural, predicate nominative. καὶ. This conjunction is contrastive because of the following οὐχ. οὐχ. Simple negation. υἱοί. Nominative plural, predicate nominative. ἐστε. Pres act ind 2nd pl εἰμί. Equative. 12:9 εἶτα τοὺς μὲν τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας εἴχομεν παιδευτὰς καὶ ἐνετρεπόμεθα· οὐ πολὺ [δὲ] μᾶλλον ὑποταγησόμεθα τῷ πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ ζήσομεν; εἶτα. "A transition word to mark an addition to something just stated, furthermore, then, next" (BDAG, 2311.2) τοὺς … πατέρας. First accusative direct object of εἴχομεν. μὲν. Introducing a concessive clause. The comparison will be emphasized in the second clause identified by the adversative δὲ. This μὲν is drawing attention to τῆς σαρκὸς and will be contrasted with τῶν πνευμάτων. τῆς σαρκὸς. Descriptive genitive, fleshly fathers. ἡμῶν. Genitive of possession. εἴχομεν. Impf act ind 1st pl ἔχω. παιδευτὰς. Double accusative, second accusative direct object of εἴχομεν. The double accusative equates τοὺς πατέρας with παιδευτὰς. Robertson calls double accusatives with ἔχω the "predicate accusative" when used in apposition (ATR, 480). καὶ. Connective. ἐνετρεπόμεθα. Impf pass ind 1st pl ἐντρέπω. [δὲ]. Not provided in some of the better manuscripts (א, A, Byz) and probably not original, but is definitely implied as a completion of the μὲν. Its absence is common and an asyndeton. See BDF, §447(6). οὐ πολὺ μᾶλλον. Accusative of comparison (ATR, 532). ὑποταγησόμεθα. Fut pass ind 1st pl ὑποτάσσω. Usually followed with the dative of the entity to whom respect/submission is shown. τῷ πατρὶ. Dative because of the preceding verb ὑποταγησόμεθα. See note above. τῶν πνευμάτων. Genitive of subordination. καὶ. Sequential coordinating conjunction. Καὶ with the future tense signifies a further result (BDF §442(3)). ζήσομεν. Fut act ind 1st pl ζάω. 12:10 οἱ μὲν γὰρ πρὸς ὀλίγας ἡμέρας κατὰ τὸ δοκοῦν αὐτοῖς ἐπαίδευον, ὁ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ συμφέρον εἰς τὸ μεταλαβεῖν τῆς ἁγιότητος αὐτοῦ. οἱ μὲν. The phrase οἱ μὲν…ὁ δὲ is used "with reference to definitely designated persons … instead of repeating the nouns" (BDF, §250). See also Wallace, 211-213. Here οἱ is the article referring to τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας. γὰρ. Introducing reason. Frequently found after μὲν with this use. πρὸς ὀλίγας ἡμέρας. Very frequently πρὸς with the accusative is used to denote extension. Here is an expression to explain extent of time. BDF, §239(4); so ATR, 625. κατὰ. "Marker of norm of similarity or homogeneity, according to, in accordance with, in conformity with, according to" BDAG 3938.5. τὸ δοκοῦν. Pres act ptc acc neut sg δοκέω. Substantival participle. BDF, §413(3). Robertson writes, "The use of the neuter participle as an abstract substantive is not so common in the N. T. as in the ancient Greek," but then goes on to cite this verse as one of the uncommon examples (ATR, 1109). αὐτοῖς. Dative of possession. ἐπαίδευον. Impf act ind 3rd pl παιδεύω. ὁ δὲ. See note above on οἱ. Here the article is referring to τῷ πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων. ἐπὶ. Marking a purpose, goal, or result. BDAG, 2922.11. τὸ συμφέρον. Pres act ptc acc neut sg συμφέρω. Substantival participle. BDF, §413(3). The substantive of συμφέρω is used to signify profit or advantage (see BDAG, 6988.2.γ.). εἰς. Εἰς τὸ with an infinitive denotes purpose or result. Here I feel it is purpose. τὸ μεταλαβεῖν. Aor act inf μεταλαμβάνω. τῆς ἁγιότητος. Genitive of direct object. Wallace comments more specifically, "This is an instance of the partitive direct object. (Generally speaking, if a verb can take either a gen. or acc. direct object, the accusative will be used when the object is apprehended as a whole; the genitive will be used when the object is apprehended in part.) The participation that believers can have in God’s holiness is not complete, but derived and partial. The gen. seems to be used to reflect this" (132-133). αὐτοῦ. Genitive of possession. 12:11 πᾶσα δὲ παιδεία πρὸς μὲν τὸ παρὸν οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι ἀλλὰ λύπης, ὕστερον δὲ καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν τοῖς δι᾽ αὐτῆς γεγυμνασμένοις ἀποδίδωσιν δικαιοσύνης. πᾶσα. Nominative feminine adjective of παιδεία. δὲ. Simple continuation. παιδεία. This is the eighth time (and the last time) in this chapter that a form of παιδεία shows up. Discipline has been a key theme in this section, but now the author will begin to transition to his final exhortations. πρὸς. See note above on πρὸς ὀλίγας ἡμέρας. Robertson notes that the metaphorical uses of πρὸς are numerous, this verse being one example (ATR, 625). τὸ παρὸν. Pres act ptc acc neut sg πάρειμι. Substantival participle. See note above on τὸ δοκοῦν. The phrase πρὸς τὸ παρὸν is an expression to explain a period of time. See BDF, §239(4); so ATR, 625. μὲν. Concessive particle introducing a clause to be contrasted later by a δὲ clause. οὐ. Simple negation. δοκεῖ. Pres act ind 3rd sg δοκέω. χαρᾶς. Genitives following εἰμί verbs can be genitives of relationship and signify "belonging to" or considered a predicate genitive. See BDF, §162(7). However, Robertson mentions that χαρᾶς and λύπης could be ablatives (515) but his definition of the ablative seems to emphasize source more than it does separation. While I do not agree with his definition of the ablative genitive, I do agree that these nouns are likely genitives of source which are indeed a subcategory of the ablative, but not the emphasis. Wallace defines, "The ablatival genitive basically involves the notion of separation. …This idea can be static (i.e., in a separated state) or progressive (movement away from, so as to become separated)" (107). εἶναι. Pres act inf εἰμί. ἀλλὰ. Blass points out that in Hebrews the author seems to very diligently avoid hiatus, a break or paused caused by two colliding vowels. I did not want to use footnotes, but felt this one would be very supplemental to Blass' statement. William Trollope describes that "the Greeks in general, and the Attic writers more especially, carefully avoided the harshness of sound produced by the concurrence of two vowels, whether in the middle of a word, or at the end of one word followed by another beginning with a vowel; and the hiatus was remedied by contraction, by crasis, and by the apostrophus or elision" (Trollope, A Greek Grammar to the New Testament and to the Common or Hellenic Diction of the Later Greek Writers, 10). This likely helped the phonetic flow of the sermon. Blass cites this verse as an odd example in Hebrews when hiatus is seen between εἶναι / ἀλλὰ (BDF, §486). I suppose this implies a break in Auctor's speech and amplifies the intensity of the great contrast: ἀλλὰ λύπης! λύπης. Genitive of source (ablative) or predicate genitive. See note on χαρᾶς. ὕστερον. Adverbial particle pointing to a later point of time. δὲ. Adversative. Introducing a clause to contrast the μὲν clause. καρπὸν. Accusative direct object of ἀποδίδωσιν. εἰρηνικὸν. Accusative adjective attributing καρπὸν. Wallace cites this verse as an example of an anarthrous noun-adjective construction with attributive, not predicate, relation (312). τοῖς … γεγυμνασμένοις. Prf pass ptc dat masc pl γυμνάζω. Substantival. This word has connotations of intense training and exercise. δι᾽ αὐτῆς. Genitive of means. ἀποδίδωσιν. Pres act ind 3rd sg ἀποδίδωμι. Frequently used of yielding plants. δικαιοσύνης. Possibly genitive of product, the peaceful produce of righteousness. Might also be genitive of source, the peaceful fruit (coming) from righteousness. That the author separates δικαιοσύνης from καρπὸν and places it at the end of the sentence is clearly emphatic and a good demonstration of Greek rhetoric: "Rhetorically stylized [language] in any way frequently pulls [connected words] apart in order to give greater effect to the separated elements by their isolation" (BDF, §473). 12:12 Διὸ τὰς παρειμένας χεῖρας καὶ τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα ἀνορθώσατε, Διὸ. Inferential conjunction, for this reason. Referring to what was mentioned concerning the Lord's discipline in vv.10-11. παρειμένας. Prf pass ptc acc fem pl παρίημι. Attributive. τὰς … χεῖρας. Direct object. καὶ. Simple copulative gives two direct objects for ἀνορθώσατε. παραλελυμένα. Prf pass ptc acc neut pl παραλύω. Attributive. τὰ … γόνατα. Direct object. ἀνορθώσατε. Aor act impv 2nd pl ἀνορθόω. There is fantastic poetic parallelism in this verse. See ATR, 1200. 12:13 καὶ τροχιὰς ὀρθὰς ποιεῖτε τοῖς ποσὶν ὑμῶν, ἵνα μὴ τὸ χωλὸν ἐκτραπῇ, ἰαθῇ δὲ μᾶλλον. καὶ. Adds a second command in addition to ἀνορθώσατε: ποιεῖτε. τροχιὰς. Accusative direct object of ποιεῖτε. ὀρθὰς. Could be understood as a double accusative, make straight the paths, or as a simple attributive adjective, make straight paths. ποιεῖτε. Pres act impv 2nd pl ποιέω. Robertson points out there is unintentional rhythm in this sentence, forming a hexameter (ATR, 421). Blass furthers that this hexameter is flawless and intentional and after it "follow two equally flawless trimeters in succession" in vv.14 and 15 (BDF, §487). τοῖς ποσὶν. Dative of advantage. Though the dative of advantage is typically found with persons and not things, I found this case usage the most fitting in the context (especially since the possessive ὑμῶν implies that you are the benefactor). ὑμῶν. Genitive of possession. ἵνα. Introducing a purpose clause. μὴ. Μὴ is used to negate the subjunctive. τὸ χωλὸν. Nominative neuter subject. ἐκτραπῇ. Aor pass subj 3rd sg ἐκτρέπω. ἰαθῇ. Aor pass subj 3rd sg ἰάομαι. δὲ μᾶλλον. "Marker of an alternative to someth., rather" (BDAG 4696.3). 12:14 Εἰρήνην διώκετε μετὰ πάντων καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν, οὗ χωρὶς οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν κύριον, Εἰρήνην. Fronted accusative direct object of διώκετε. διώκετε. Pres act impv 2nd pl διώκω. μετὰ πάντων. Is the audience commanded to seek peace in the company of all, or to seek peace with all? Blass supports the former (BDF, §227(3)) along with BDAG ("in a friendly … fashion," 4837.A.2.c.α.). καὶ. Simple copulative gives two direct objects for διώκετε. τὸν ἁγιασμόν. Accusative direct object of διώκετε. οὗ. Relative pronoun agreeing with ἁγιασμόν in gender and number. Genitive because it is the object of the preposition χωρὶς. χωρὶς. This preposition almost always precedes the genitive it describes, except here where it is postpositive. Blass notices this odd formation avoids a hiatus and maintains special rhythm (BDF, §487), which Robertson disagrees with (ATR, 420-422). See my brief discussion of hiatus with εἶναι ἀλλὰ above. οὐδεὶς. Nominative subject of ὄψεται. ὄψεται. Fut mid ind 3rd sg ὁράω. τὸν κύριον. Accusative direct object of ὄψεται. Robertson classifies this verb as a punctiliar (or aoristic) future (ATR, 871). 12:15 ἐπισκοποῦντες μή τις ὑστερῶν ἀπὸ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ, μή τις ῥίζα πικρίας ἄνω φύουσα ἐνοχλῇ καὶ δι᾽ αὐτῆς μιανθῶσιν πολλοί, ἐπισκοποῦντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl ἐπισκοπέω. Participle of means. μή. Negates the aorist subjunctive ἐνοχλῇ. BDF §370(1); ATR, 995. τις. Indefinite pronoun, nominative subject of ἐνοχλῇ. ὑστερῶν. Pres act ptc nom masc sg ὑστερέω. Adjectivally attributing τις. ἀπὸ τῆς χάριτος. This prepositional phrase has an ablative sense, signifying separation from the grace of God. τοῦ θεοῦ. Genitive of possession. μή. See above. τις. Indefinite pronoun describing ῥίζα. ῥίζα. Nominative subject of ἐνοχλῇ. πικρίας. Genitive of quality; so BDF, §165; Wallace, 81; ATR, 496. ἄνω. Adverb attributing φύουσα. φύουσα. Pres act ptc nom fem sg φύω. Adjectival. Intransitive active verb (ATR, 800). ἐνοχλῇ. Pres act subj 3rd sg ἐνοχλέω. The μὴ+subjunctive clause is subordinate to ἐπισκοποῦντες. See BDF §461(1). καὶ. Coordinating conjunction signifying a further result. δι᾽ αὐτῆς. Instrumental prepositional phrase. μιανθῶσιν. Aor pass subj 3rd pl μιαίνω. πολλοί. Nominative subject of μιανθῶσιν. 12:16 μή τις πόρνος ἢ βέβηλος ὡς Ἠσαῦ, ὃς ἀντὶ βρώσεως μιᾶς ἀπέδετο τὰ πρωτοτόκια ἑαυτοῦ. μή. Negates the implied subjunctive ᾖ, of which πόρνος and βέβηλος are predicate. τις. Indefinite pronoun, subject of the implied ᾖ. πόρνος. Predicate nominative of the implied ᾖ. BDF §128(4). ἢ. Marker of alternative. βέβηλος. Predicate nominative of the implied ᾖ. ὡς. Comparative particle signifying "like" or "as." Ἠσαῦ. Proper noun. ὃς. Relative pronoun agrees with Ἠσαῦ in gender and number, but the case is nominative because it is the subject of ἀπέδετο. ἀντὶ. Signifying replacement, instead of. BDAG βρώσεως. Wallace states that this is a genitive of price because it is a transaction being made (122); however, it is more likely in the genitive case because of the preposition ἀντὶ; so BDF §208. μιᾶς. Cardinal adjective attributing βρώσεως. ἀπέδετο. Aor mid ind 3rd sg ἀποδίδωμι. τὰ πρωτοτόκια. Accusative direct object of ἀπέδετο. ἑαυτοῦ. Genitive of possession. The reflexive pronoun draws more attention to the subject of the action. 12:17 ἴστε γὰρ ὅτι καὶ μετέπειτα θέλων κληρονομῆσαι τὴν εὐλογίαν ἀπεδοκιμάσθη, μετανοίας γὰρ τόπον οὐχ εὗρεν καίπερ μετὰ δακρύων ἐκζητήσας αὐτήν. ἴστε. Prf act ind 2nd pl οἶδα. There is ambiguity over whether this is a perfect indicative or a perfect imperative (ATR, 941). γὰρ. Marker of clarification. ὅτι. Content of cognition marker. καὶ. Additive. μετέπειτα. Adverbial attributing ἀπεδοκιμάσθη. θέλων. Pres act ptc nom masc sg θέλω. Adverbial temporal. κληρονομῆσαι. Aor act inf κληρονομέω. Complementary of θέλων. τὴν εὐλογίαν. Direct object of κληρονομῆσαι. ἀπεδοκιμάσθη. Aor pass ind 3rd sg ἀποδοκιμάζω. μετανοίας. Genitive of purpose. γὰρ. Explanatory. τόπον. Accusative direct object of εὗρεν. οὐχ. Simple negation. εὗρεν. Aor act ind 3rd sg ἀποδοκιμάζω. καίπερ. Concessive of the participle ἐκζητήσας. ATR, 1154. μετὰ δακρύων. Instrumental; see ATR, 611. ἐκζητήσας. Aor act ptc nom masc sg ἐκζητέω. Concessive participle because of καίπερ. αὐτήν. Direct object of ἐκζητήσας . The personal pronoun could refer to either "repentance" or "the blessing," but Genesis 24:34-41 shows he was seeking the blessing, and so that is probably the referent here. 12:18 Οὐ γὰρ προσεληλύθατε ψηλαφωμένῳ καὶ κεκαυμένῳ πυρὶ καὶ γνόφῳ καὶ ζόφῳ καὶ θυέλλῃ Οὐ. Simple negation. γὰρ. Marker of cause. προσεληλύθατε. Prf act ind 2nd pl προσέρχομαι. ψηλαφωμένῳ. Pres pass ptc dat masc sg ψηλαφάω. Substantival. Locative. καὶ. Additive. κεκαυμένῳ. Perf pass ptc dat masc sg καίω. Adjectival attributing πυρὶ. πυρὶ. Locative dative. The locative is always used with verbs beginning with προς- (BDF, §202). καὶ. Additive. γνόφῳ. Locative dative. καὶ. Additive. ζόφῳ. Also locative dative. καὶ. Still additive. θυέλλῃ. Still locative. 12:19 καὶ σάλπιγγος ἤχῳ καὶ φωνῇ ῥημάτων, ἧς οἱ ἀκούσαντες παρῃτήσαντο μὴ προστεθῆναι αὐτοῖς λόγον, καὶ. Still additive. σάλπιγγος. Descriptive genitive, or maybe more specifically genitive of source. ἤχῳ. Locative dative, still from προσεληλύθατε. καὶ. You guessed it! Additive. φωνῇ. Locative. ῥημάτων. I could see this genitive a few different ways… It could possibly be an objective genitive if we see "sound" as an action noun. We could also have here just a plain old descriptive genitive. I think what makes the most sense is epexegetical genitive, where ῥημάτων defining what the φωνῇ is. ἧς. Relative pronoun agrees with φωνῇ in gender and number, but is in the genitive case because it is the objective genitive of ἀκούσαντες. οἱ ἀκούσαντες. Aor act ptc nom masc pl ἀκούω. Substantival. Nominative subject of παρῃτήσαντο. παρῃτήσαντο. Aor mid ind 3rd pl παραιτέομαι. μὴ. Negating the infinitive. ATR, 1094. προστεθῆναι. Aor pass inf προστίθημι. Complementary of παρῃτήσαντο. αὐτοῖς. Dative of disadvantage. λόγον. Accusative of general reference…err, I mean— accusative subject of the infinitive!! 12:20 οὐκ ἔφερον γὰρ τὸ διαστελλόμενον· κἂν θηρίον θίγῃ τοῦ ὄρους, λιθοβοληθήσεται· οὐκ. Simple negation. ἔφερον. Impf act ind 3rd pl φέρω. γὰρ. Furthering the argument. τὸ διαστελλόμενον. Pres pass ptc acc neut sg διαστέλλω. Substantive. κἂν. Crasis of καί+ἐάν meaning if even. θηρίον. Nominative neuter subject of θίγῃ and also λιθοβοληθήσεται. θίγῃ. Aor act subj 3rd sg θιγγάνω. τοῦ ὄρους. Genitive of direct object. θιγγάνω is a verb of touching (sensation) and so its direct object is in the genitive case, BDF §170; ATR, 508. λιθοβοληθήσεται. Fut pass ind 3rd sg λιθοβολέω. Compound verb of λίθος and βάλλω. 12:21 καί, οὕτω φοβερὸν ἦν τὸ φανταζόμενον, Μωϋσῆς εἶπεν· ἔκφοβός εἰμι καὶ ἔντρομος. καί. Intensive coordinating conjunction, even. οὕτω. "Marker of a relatively high degree," BDAG 5445.2. Attributing φοβερὸν. φοβερὸν. Neuter, predicate nominative. ἦν. Impf act ind 3rd sg εἰμί. τὸ φανταζόμενον. Pres pass ptc nom neut sg φαντάζω. Substantival, subject of ἦν. Thought the substantive follows the verb, and φοβερὸν precedes it, we can be sure that this participle is the subject and not the predicate because it has the article, which is one of Decker's rules for determining the nominative predicate (Decker, A Koiné Greek Grammar, 54). Μωϋσῆς. Proper noun, subject of εἶπεν. εἶπεν. Aor act ind 3rd sg λέγω. ἔκφοβός. Predicate adjective. εἰμι. Pres act ind 1st sg εἰμί. καὶ. Additive. ἔντρομος. Predicate adjective. 12:22 ἀλλὰ προσεληλύθατε Σιὼν ὄρει καὶ πόλει θεοῦ ζῶντος, Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπουρανίῳ, καὶ μυριάσιν ἀγγέλων, πανηγύρει ἀλλὰ. Strong adversative, contrasting Οὐ from 12:18. προσεληλύθατε. Prf act ind 2nd pl προσέρχομαι. Σιὼν. Proper noun, locative, indeclinable. For dative of place in this verse, see ATR, 536. ὄρει. Dative of place (locative); see ATR, 542. καὶ. Additive. πόλει. Locative dative. θεοῦ. Genitive of possession. The possessive implies God's lordship and reign over the city. ζῶντος. Pres act ptc gen masc sg ζάω. Adjectival, attributing θεοῦ. Ἰερουσαλὴμ. Locative dative (indeclinable). Epexegetical = πόλει. Proper nouns in opposition often lack the article (ATR, 760). ἐπουρανίῳ. Adjectival attributing Ἰερουσαλὴμ. καὶ. Additive. μυριάσιν. Locative. The plural emphasizes the great number of angels. ἀγγέλων. Genitive of content, the myriads are made up of angels. πανηγύρει. Locative. 12:23 καὶ ἐκκλησίᾳ πρωτοτόκων ἀπογεγραμμένων ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ κριτῇ θεῷ πάντων καὶ πνεύμασι δικαίων τετελειωμένων καὶ. Additive. ἐκκλησίᾳ. Locative. πρωτοτόκων. Genitive of content. Could also be considered an objective genitive if we choose to see ἐκκλησίᾳ as an action verb. ἀπογεγραμμένων. Prf pass ptc gen masc pl ἀπογράφω. Adjectival attributing πρωτοτόκων, probably a genitive of simple apposition (for definition see Wallace, 94). ἐν οὐρανοῖς. This prepositional phrase is locative. Prepositional phrases can be considered definite even when the article is absent, so here. See ATR, 792. καὶ. Additive. κριτῇ. Locative noun, attributing θεῷ and acting as a title. θεῷ. Locative. Pairs of anarthrous words (such as throughout 12:22-24) can be considered definite; ATR, 793. πάντων. Genitive of subordination. καὶ. Additive. πνεύμασι. Locative. δικαίων. Genitive of possession. The substantival adjective is definite even though it lacks the article. See ATR, 793. τετελειωμένων. Prf pass ptc gen masc pl τελειόω. Adjectival attributing δικαίων, probably a genitive of simple apposition (for definition see Wallace, 94). 12:24 καὶ διαθήκης νέας μεσίτῃ Ἰησοῦ καὶ αἵματι ῥαντισμοῦ κρεῖττον λαλοῦντι παρὰ τὸν Ἅβελ. καὶ. Additive. διαθήκης. Objective genitive, object of μεσίτῃ. νέας. Adjective in the attributive position describing διαθήκης. μεσίτῃ. Locative noun, titular of Ἰησοῦ. Ἰησοῦ. Locative dative, indeclinable. καὶ. Additive. αἵματι. Locative. ῥαντισμοῦ. Genitive of purpose. κρεῖττον. Adverbial accusative, limiting λαλοῦντι and setting up a comparison. λαλοῦντι. Pres act ptc dat neut sg λαλέω. Adjectival attributing αἵματι. παρὰ. Comparatives are frequently followed by prepositions (ATR, 667). τὸν Ἅβελ. Accusative case because this is the structure for comparisons with the participle παρὰ. See Wallace's footnote (10) on p. 297. 12:25 Βλέπετε μὴ παραιτήσησθε τὸν λαλοῦντα· εἰ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι οὐκ ἐξέφυγον ἐπὶ γῆς παραιτησάμενοι τὸν χρηματίζοντα, πολὺ μᾶλλον ἡμεῖς οἱ τὸν ἀπ᾽ οὐρανῶν ἀποστρεφόμενοι, Βλέπετε. Pres act impv 2nd pl βλέπω. μὴ. Negates the subjunctive παραιτήσησθε. παραιτήσησθε. Aor mid subj 2nd pl παραιτέομαι. Prohibition. The μὴ+subjunctive clause is subordinate to Βλέπετε and can possibly be considered an asyndeton. See BDF, §461(1); so ATR, 430. τὸν λαλοῦντα. Pres act ptc acc masc sg λαλέω. Substantival accusative direct object. εἰ. Introduces the protasis of a first-class conditional clause. γὰρ. Marker of reason introducing the conditional clause. ἐκεῖνοι. Nominative subject ἐξέφυγον. The demonstrative pronoun refers to the Israelites who were the original hearers of τὸν λαλοῦντα. In the grammar of this passage, the pronoun refers to οἱ ἀκούσαντες in 12:19. οὐκ. Simple negation. ἐξέφυγον. Aor act ind 3rd pl ἐκφεύγω. ἐπὶ γῆς. Prepositional phrase describing τὸν χρηματίζοντα. That it is so far separated from the substantivized participle is explained in BDF §474(5)(c). Concerning the lack of the article: "The article is omitted with γή especially after prepositions (formulaic expressions)" (BDF, §253). παραιτησάμενοι. Aor mid ptc nom masc pl παραιτέομαι. Temporal attributing ἐξέφυγον. τὸν χρηματίζοντα. Pres act ptc acc masc sg χρηματίζω. Substantival accusative direct object of παραιτησάμενοι. πολὺ μᾶλλον. Accusative of comparison (ATR, 532). Marker of the apodosis (BDF, §372(1)). ἡμεῖς. Subject of the future indicative ellipsis [οὐκ ἐκφευξόμεθα]. οἱ … ἀποστρεφόμενοι. Pres mid ptc nom masc pl ἀποστρέφω. Adjectival attributing ἡμεῖς. This verb is an aorist passive, yet transitive so it can have an accusative direct object (see ATR, 472-473). τὸν. Only the article is used here to avoid repeating the noun χρηματίζοντα. See notes on articles in 12:10. ἀπ᾽ οὐρανῶν. Contrasting ἐπὶ γῆς and attributing τὸν. See note on ἐπὶ γῆς, the same rule concerning the article applies with οὐρανός and prepositional phrases. 12:26 οὗ ἡ φωνὴ τὴν γῆν ἐσάλευσεν τότε, νῦν δὲ ἐπήγγελται λέγων· ἔτι ἅπαξ ἐγὼ σείσω οὐ μόνον τὴν γῆν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν οὐρανόν. οὗ. Genitive of possession. T relative pronoun refers to τὸν λαλοῦντα. ἡ φωνὴ. Subject of ἐσάλευσεν. τὴν γῆν. Direct object of ἐσάλευσεν. ἐσάλευσεν. Aor act ind 3rd sg σαλεύω. τότε. Adverb denoting a past point of time. νῦν. Adverb denoting the present. δὲ. Adversative, contrasting τότε from νῦν. ἐπήγγελται. Prf mid ind 3rd sg ἐπαγγέλλομαι. λέγων. Pres act ptc nom masc sg λέγω. Participle of means. ἔτι. "That which is added to what is already at hand," BDAG, 3188.2.b. ἅπαξ. Adverb attributing σείσω. ἐγὼ. Subject of σείσω. σείσω. Fut act ind 1st sg σείω. οὐ μόνον. The phrase "not only" must be complemented by an adversative additive, "but also." τὴν γῆν. Accusative direct object. ἀλλὰ καὶ. The phrase is a strong adversative that supplies an addition. τὸν οὐρανόν. Accusative direct object. 12:27 τὸ δὲ ἔτι ἅπαξ δηλοῖ [τὴν] τῶν σαλευομένων μετάθεσιν ὡς πεποιημένων, ἵνα μείνῃ τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα. τὸ. Nominative neuter subject of δηλοῖ, introducing content. "The article τό is used as in classical before quoted words, sentences and sentence fragments" BDF, §267(1). The phrase "statement" can be supplied in translation; see Wallace, 237-238. The τό signifies that the quoted words are used verbatim (ATR, 765). δὲ. Marker of transition to a side-explanation of the previous argument. ἔτι. See above. ἅπαξ. See above. δηλοῖ. Pres act ind 3rd sg δηλόω. [τὴν] … μετάθεσιν. τῶν σαλευομένων. Pres pass ptc gen neut pl σαλεύω. Substantival objective genitive. ὡς. Marker of clarification. πεποιημένων. Prf pass ptc gen neut pl ποιέω. Substantival epexegetical genitive. ἵνα. Indicating result. μείνῃ. Aor act subj 3rd sg μένω. τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα. Pres pass ptc nom neut pl σαλεύω. Substantival. Nominative subject of μείνῃ. The μὴ inserted between the article and participle negates the action of the passive participle. 12:28 Διὸ βασιλείαν ἀσάλευτον παραλαμβάνοντες ἔχωμεν χάριν, δι᾽ ἧς λατρεύωμεν εὐαρέστως τῷ θεῷ μετὰ εὐλαβείας καὶ δέους· Διὸ. Indicating conclusion. βασιλείαν. Accusative direct object of παραλαμβάνοντες. ἀσάλευτον. Attributive position, describing βασιλείαν. παραλαμβάνοντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl παραλαμβάνω. Causal. ἔχωμεν. Pres act subj 1st pl ἔχω. Hortatory subjunctive. χάριν. Accusative direct object of ἔχωμεν. δι᾽ ἧς. Relative clause attributing and subordinating the volitive subjunctive λατρεύωμεν (ATR, 934, 955). The antecedent of ἧς is χάριν. λατρεύωμεν. Pres act subj 1st pl ἔχω λατρεύω. Hortatory subjunctive. Robertson mentions this could possibly be taken as a futuristic subjunctive (ATR, 955). εὐαρέστως. Adverb attributing λατρεύωμεν. τῷ θεῷ. Dative of advantage. μετὰ εὐλαβείας. Instrumental phrase. It also describes the manner based on the nature of the two nouns which express an attitude. Therefore it this phrase describes both means and manner of λατρεύωμεν. καὶ. Additive to the prepositional phrase. δέους. Part of the μετὰ prepositional phrase. See above. 12:29 καὶ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν πῦρ καταναλίσκον. καὶ. Appearing with γὰρ, this further explains why we give thanks and serve God, and emphasizes the following reason. γὰρ. Marker of reason. Blass mentions that καὶ γὰρ is a conjunction in which each particle retains its own force (BDF, §452.3). ὁ θεὸς. Nominative subject. ἡμῶν. Possession. πῦρ. Nominative predicate. καταναλίσκον. Pres act ptc nom neut sg καταναλίσκω. Adjectival. Attributive position. 13:1 Ἡ φιλαδελφία μενέτω. Ἡ φιλαδελφία. Nominate subject of μενέτω. μενέτω. Pres act impv 3rd sg μένω. It must be remembered in translation that 3rd person imperatives are just as commanding, not only permissible, of the action; see Wallace, 485-486. 13:2 τῆς φιλοξενίας μὴ ἐπιλανθάνεσθε, διὰ ταύτης γὰρ ἔλαθόν τινες ξενίσαντες ἀγγέλους. τῆς φιλοξενίας. Genitive direct object because ἐπιλανθάνεσθε is a verb of forgetting. See BDF §175. μὴ. Used with the imperative for prohibition. ἐπιλανθάνεσθε. Pres mid impv 2nd pl ἐπιλανθάνομαι. διὰ ταύτης. Illustrating cause. The demonstrative refers to the action of forgetting. γὰρ. Marker of cause or reason. ἔλαθόν. Aor act ind 3rd sg λανθάνω. Blass notes "the use of special verbs to express an adverbial idea: ‘secretly, unconsciously’ can be expressed by λανθάνω with a participle" (BDF §435). τινες. Indefinite pronoun, subject of ἔλαθόν. ξενίσαντες. Aor act ptc nom masc pl ξενίζω. The participle supplements the main verb ἔλαθόν directly without any connectives; see ATR, 400, 860. ἀγγέλους. Accusative direct object of ξενίσαντες. This accusative case usage is mentioned in ATR, 475. 13:3 μιμνῄσκεσθε τῶν δεσμίων ὡς συνδεδεμένοι, τῶν κακουχουμένων ὡς καὶ αὐτοὶ ὄντες ἐν σώματι. μιμνῄσκεσθε. Pres mid impv 2nd pl μιμνῄσκομαι. τῶν δεσμίων. Genitive of direct object because the verb is an action of remembering. See BDF §175. ὡς. Comparative. συνδεδεμένοι. Prf pass ptc nom masc pl συνδέω. Substantival predicate nominative. Considered a present perfect by Blass (BDF §341). τῶν κακουχουμένων. Pres pass ptc gen masc pl κακουχέω. Substantival genitive of direct object because the verb is an action of remembering. ὡς καὶ. An additional comparative. αὐτοὶ. Predicate nominative. ὄντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl εἰμί. ἐν σώματι. Locative dative. 13:4 Τίμιος ὁ γάμος ἐν πᾶσιν καὶ ἡ κοίτη ἀμίαντος, πόρνους γὰρ καὶ μοιχοὺς κρινεῖ ὁ θεός. Τίμιος. Predicate nominative, the ἔστω is omitted. See BDF, §128(6); ATR, 396. ὁ γάμος. Nominative subject of implied ἔστω. ἐν πᾶσιν. Prepositional phrase extending the command to everyone. καὶ. Adding to the command ἔστω. ἡ κοίτη. Subject of ἔστω. ἀμίαντος. Predicate nominative. πόρνους. Accusative direct object of κρινεῖ. γὰρ. Explanatory marker. καὶ. Adds another direct object too κρινεῖ. μοιχοὺς. Accusative direct object of κρινεῖ. κρινεῖ. Fut act ind 3rd sg κρίνω. ὁ θεός. Subject. 13:5 Ἀφιλάργυρος ὁ τρόπος, ἀρκούμενοι τοῖς παροῦσιν. αὐτὸς γὰρ εἴρηκεν· οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ οὐδ᾽ οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω, Ἀφιλάργυρος. Also a predicate nominative, the ἔστω is omitted. See BDF, §128(6); ATR, 396. ὁ τρόπος. Nominative subject of implied ἔστω. ἀρκούμενοι. Pres pass ptc nom masc pl ἀρκέω. τοῖς παροῦσιν. Pres act ptc dat neut pl πάρειμι. αὐτὸς. Nominative pronoun, subject of εἴρηκεν. γὰρ. Marker of reason. εἴρηκεν. Impf act ind 3rd sg λέγω. οὐ μή. Strong negation, used with the subjunctive. σε. Accusative direct object of ἀνῶ. ἀνῶ. Aor act subj 1st sg ἀνίημι. Though the subjunctive implies uncertainty, οὐ μή with the subjunctive is completely certain that this will not take place; BDF, §365(3). See also §431. οὐδ᾽ οὐ μή. Strong additive negation, used with subjunctive. σε. Accusative direct object. ἐγκαταλίπω. Aor act subj 1st sg ἐγκαταλείπω. See note on ἀνῶ regarding the subjunctive. 13:6 ὥστε θαρροῦντας ἡμᾶς λέγειν· κύριος ἐμοὶ βοηθός, [καὶ] οὐ φοβηθήσομαι, τί ποιήσει μοι ἄνθρωπος; ὥστε. Showing an actual result. Often followed by an accusative subject of the infinitive. θαρροῦντας. Pres act ptc acc masc pl θαρρέω. Adverbial, attributing means to λέγειν. ἡμᾶς. Accusative of general reference…err, I mean— accusative subject of the infinitive!!! Blass points out that an accusative subject of the infinitive is not always necessary in construction, and so some manuscripts omit ἡμᾶς (BDF, §407). λέγειν. Pres act inf λέγω. κύριος. Subject of implied ἐστιν. See note on the anarthrous κύριος in 12:6. ἐμοὶ. Dative of possession, most likely. Could also be considered dative of advantage. βοηθός. Predicate nominative. [καὶ]. "Some important MSS (‌א‎‏‎* C* P 0285vid 33 1175 1739 pc lat) lack καί (kai), but because the omission conforms to the wording of Psa 118:6 (117:6 LXX), it is suspect," NET Study Bible. οὐ. Negation particle. φοβηθήσομαι. Fut pass ind 1st sg φοβέω. Blass points out that, unlike Attic Greek, Koiné distinguishes between the future passive and middle (BDF, §79; so ATR, 819). Robertson expounds that this verb is a future durative (ATR, 871). τί. Interrogative particle. Accusative direct object of ποιήσει. ποιήσει. Fut act ind 3rd sg ποιέω. μοι. Dative of advantage (or disadvantage, as it may be). ἄνθρωπος. Subject of ποιέω. Since the noun is anarthrous, the author is seeing "man" generically. 13:7 Μνημονεύετε τῶν ἡγουμένων ὑμῶν, οἵτινες ἐλάλησαν ὑμῖν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, ὧν ἀναθεωροῦντες τὴν ἔκβασιν τῆς ἀναστροφῆς μιμεῖσθε τὴν πίστιν. Μνημονεύετε. Pres act impv 2nd pl μνημονεύω. τῶν ἡγουμένων. Pres mid ptc gen masc pl ἡγέομαι. Substantival genitive of direct object. ὑμῶν. Possessive genitive. οἵτινες. Relative pronoun referring to τῶν ἡγουμένων. Nominative subject of ἐλάλησαν. ἐλάλησαν. Aor act ind 3rd pl λαλέω. ὑμῖν. Dative of direct object, or possibly advantage. τὸν λόγον. Accusative direct object of ἐλάλησαν. τοῦ θεοῦ. Possessive genitive. ὧν. Relative pronoun, referring to οἵτινες (BDF, §293). Probably demonstrating possession of both τὴν ἔκβασιν and τὴν πίστιν. ἀναθεωροῦντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl ἀναθεωρέω. Participle of means. τὴν ἔκβασιν. Direct object of ἀναθεωροῦντες. τῆς ἀναστροφῆς. Robertson classifies this as an ablative genitive (ATR, 514). I agree that this is an ablative genitive of source. μιμεῖσθε. Pres mid impv 2nd pl μιμέομαι. Robertson cites this verse as an example of an imperative used in a relative clause; ATR, 955. τὴν πίστιν. Direct object. 13:8 Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς ἐχθὲς καὶ σήμερον ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς. Subject of implied ἐστιν. This verse is a wonderful example of how a copula is not always necessary. See ATR, 395. ἐχθὲς. Adverb of past time. καὶ. Showing continuity. σήμερον. Adverb of present time. ὁ αὐτὸς. Predicate nominative. καὶ. Showing continuity. εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Prepositional phrase signifying "eternally." 13:9 Διδαχαῖς ποικίλαις καὶ ξέναις μὴ παραφέρεσθε· καλὸν γὰρ χάριτι βεβαιοῦσθαι τὴν καρδίαν, οὐ βρώμασιν ἐν οἷς οὐκ ὠφελήθησαν οἱ περιπατοῦντες. Διδαχαῖς. Instrumental dative (means). ποικίλαις. Dative plural adjective, attributive position. καὶ. Additive. ξέναις. Dative plural adjective, attributive position. μὴ. Negates the imperative mood. παραφέρεσθε. Pres pass impv 2nd pl παραφέρω. This passive imperative is used permissibly (Wallace, 441). καλὸν. Predicate nominative of an implied ἐστιν, it is good. γὰρ. Explanatory. χάριτι. Instrumental dative (means). βεβαιοῦσθαι. Pres pass inf βεβαιόω. Epexegetical infinitive of the omitted copulative, ἐστιν. τὴν καρδίαν. Accusative subject of the infinitive. οὐ. Negates βεβαιοῦσθαι (ATR, 1166) and contrasts βρώμασιν with χάριτι. βρώμασιν. Instrumental dative (means). ἐν οἷς. Instrumental prepositional phrase to introduce a relative clause. οὐκ. Simple negation. ὠφελήθησαν. Aor pass ind 3rd pl ὠφελέω. οἱ περιπατοῦντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl περιπατέω. Substantival, nominative subject of ὠφελήθησαν. 13:10 ἔχομεν θυσιαστήριον ἐξ οὗ φαγεῖν οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἐξουσίαν οἱ τῇ σκηνῇ λατρεύοντες. ἔχομεν. Pres act ind 1st pl ἔχω. θυσιαστήριον. Accusative direct object ἐξ οὗ. Ablative prepositional phrase which can also denote location/place. φαγεῖν. Aor act inf ἐσθίω. οὐκ. Simple negation. ἔχουσιν. Pres act ind 3rd pl ἔχω. ἐξουσίαν. Accusative direct object. οἱ … λατρεύοντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl λατρεύω. Substantival subject of ἔχουσιν. τῇ σκηνῇ. Locative dative attributing the location in which the λατρεύοντες served. 13:11 ὧν γὰρ εἰσφέρεται ζῴων τὸ αἷμα περὶ ἁμαρτίας εἰς τὰ ἅγια διὰ τοῦ ἀρχιερέως, τούτων τὰ σώματα κατακαίεται ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς. ὧν. Genitive of possession (possessing τὸ αἷμα). γὰρ. Furthering the explanation. εἰσφέρεται. Pres pass ind 3rd sg εἰσφέρω. ζῴων. Genitive of apposition, attributing ὧν. More specifically, Robertson classifies this as a genitive of incorporation (ATR, 718-719). τὸ αἷμα. Nominative subject of εἰσφέρεται. περὶ ἁμαρτίας. Describing the purpose of τὸ αἷμα, because of. BDF, §229(1). εἰς τὰ ἅγια. Locative prepositional phrase. διὰ τοῦ ἀρχιερέως. Expresses the agent. τούτων. Demonstrative pronoun, referring to ὧν. Genitive of possession (possessing τὰ σώματα). Blass sees this as an emphatic pronoun (BDF, §284(3)). τὰ σώματα. Nominative subject of κατακαίεται. κατακαίεται. Pres pass ind 3rd pl κατακαίω. ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς. Prepositional phrase of location/place (could be considered ablative). 13:12 Διὸ καὶ Ἰησοῦς, ἵνα ἁγιάσῃ διὰ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος τὸν λαόν, ἔξω τῆς πύλης ἔπαθεν. Διὸ. Introducing a conclusion. καὶ. Correlative conjunction signifying "likewise, also." Ἰησοῦς. Nominative subject. ἵνα. Purpose. ἁγιάσῃ. Aor act subj 3rd sg ἁγιάζω. διὰ … αἵματος. Instrumental phrase. τοῦ ἰδίου. Possessive. Emphasizes the possessor, Ἰησοῦς. τὸν λαόν. Direct object of ἁγιάσῃ. ἔξω τῆς πύλης. Prepositional phrase of location/place (could be considered ablative). Attributing ἔπαθεν. ἔπαθεν. Aor act ind 3rd sg πάσχω. 13:13 τοίνυν ἐξερχώμεθα πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν αὐτοῦ φέροντες· τοίνυν. Particle of inference. A rarer word similar to τοιγαροῦν in 12:1. See ATR, 425. ἐξερχώμεθα. Pres mid subj 1st pl ἐξέρχομαι. Hortatory subjunctive. πρὸς αὐτὸν. Accusative of direction. ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς. Prepositional phrase of location/place (could be considered ablative). This is the third time in this passage ἔξω is used, and Auctor is clearly making the point that following Christ means going out and being active with our faith, not passive. τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν. Accusative direct object of φέροντες. αὐτοῦ. Genitive of possession. φέροντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl φέρω. 13:14 οὐ γὰρ ἔχομεν ὧδε μένουσαν πόλιν ἀλλὰ τὴν μέλλουσαν ἐπιζητοῦμεν. οὐ. Simple negation. γὰρ. Marker of reason. ἔχομεν. Pres act ind 1st pl ἔχω. ὧδε. Adverb of place attributing ἔχομεν. μένουσαν. Pres act ptc acc fem sg μένω. πόλιν. Direct object of ἔχομεν. ἀλλὰ. Strong adversative. τὴν μέλλουσαν. Pres act ptc acc fem sg μέλλω. Substantival accusative direct object of ἐπιζητοῦμεν. ἐπιζητοῦμεν. Pres act ind 1st pl ἐπιζητέω. 13:15 Δι᾽ αὐτοῦ [οὖν] ἀναφέρωμεν θυσίαν αἰνέσεως διὰ παντὸς τῷ θεῷ, τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν καρπὸν χειλέων ὁμολογούντων τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ. Δι᾽ αὐτοῦ. Explaining means, through him. [οὖν]. Aids in the transition from the indicative to hortatory subjunctive. ἀναφέρωμεν. Pres act subj 1st pl ἀναφέρω. θυσίαν. Accusative of direct object. αἰνέσεως. Adverb attributing ἀναφέρωμεν. διὰ παντὸς. Emphasizes the adverb, continually at all times. τῷ θεῷ. Dative of indirect object. τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν. An expression of clarification, id est. καρπὸν. Accusative case because it is epexegetical to θυσίαν. On accusative apposition, see ATR, 399. χειλέων. Genitive of source. ὁμολογούντων. Pres act ptc gen masc pl ὁμολογέω. Genitive of apposition, describing χειλέων. τῷ ὀνόματι. "Dative as a necessary compliment," BDF, §187(4). Robertson sees this as a simple indirect object (ATR, 541) which I agree with. It seems Blass just wants to be a little more pedantic with this dative. αὐτοῦ. Genitive of possession. 13:16 τῆς δὲ εὐποιΐας καὶ κοινωνίας μὴ ἐπιλανθάνεσθε· τοιαύταις γὰρ θυσίαις εὐαρεστεῖται ὁ θεός. δὲ. Weak adversative. τῆς εὐποιΐας. Genitive of direct object (with a verb of remembering; BDF §175). καὶ. Additive. κοινωνίας. Genitive of direct object. TSKS construction qualifies this for Granville Sharp's rule and is cited by Wallace as an example; see Wallace, 287. μὴ. Negates the imperative and creates a prohibition. ἐπιλανθάνεσθε. Pres mid impv 2nd pl ἐπιλανθάνομαι. τοιαύταις. Demonstrative pronoun attributing θυσίαις and referring back to τῆς εὐποιΐας καὶ κοινωνίας. γὰρ. Explanatory. θυσίαις. Blass calls this a dative of cause and not means (BDF, §196); so ATR, 532. εὐαρεστεῖται. Pres pass ind 3rd sg εὐαρεστέω. ὁ θεός. Subject of εὐαρεστεῖται. 13:17 Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν καὶ ὑπείκετε, αὐτοὶ γὰρ ἀγρυπνοῦσιν ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ὡς λόγον ἀποδώσοντες, ἵνα μετὰ χαρᾶς τοῦτο ποιῶσιν καὶ μὴ στενάζοντες· ἀλυσιτελὲς γὰρ ὑμῖν τοῦτο. Πείθεσθε. Pres pass impv 2nd pl πείθω. τοῖς ἡγουμένοις. Dative of advantage. ὑμῶν. Possessive. καὶ. Additive. ὑπείκετε. Pres act impv 2nd pl ὑπείκω. αὐτοὶ. Nominative subject of ἀγρυπνοῦσιν. γὰρ. Marker of reason. ἀγρυπνοῦσιν. Pres act ind 3rd pl ἀγρυπνέω. ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν. Prepositional phrase expressing the interest in which the action is done. ὑμῶν. Possessive. ὡς. Comparative particle. λόγον. Accusative direct object of ἀποδώσοντες. ἀποδώσοντες. Fut act ptc nom masc pl ἀποδίδωμι. Adverbial. The future participle is rare and used to supplement the main verb with purpose (BDF, §351(1)). So ATR, 1128. ἵνα. Introduces purpose. μετὰ χαρᾶς. Means. τοῦτο. Direct object of ποιῶσιν. Refers to the actions of the leaders, namely ἀγρυπνοῦσιν. ποιῶσιν. Pres act subj 3rd pl ποιέω. καὶ. Additive. μὴ. Negates the participle στενάζοντες. στενάζοντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl στενάζω. Participle of manner, describing ποιῶσιν. ἀλυσιτελὲς. Predicate nominative of implied ἐστιν. γὰρ. Marker of reason. ὑμῖν. Dative of advantage (or lack thereof, in this case). τοῦτο. Subject of implied ἐστιν. 13:18 Προσεύχεσθε περὶ ἡμῶν· πειθόμεθα γὰρ ὅτι καλὴν συνείδησιν ἔχομεν, ἐν πᾶσιν καλῶς θέλοντες ἀναστρέφεσθαι. Προσεύχεσθε. Pres mid impv 2nd pl προσεύχομαι. The present imperative here can mean "continue praying as you have been doing." See BDF, §336. περὶ ἡμῶν. Identifying the persons to pray for. πειθόμεθα. Pres pass ind 1st pl πείθω. γὰρ. Marker of reason. ὅτι. Content; ὅτι often follows verbs of believing (BDF, §397(2)). καλὴν. Attributive adjective. συνείδησιν. Accusative direct object ἔχομεν. ἔχομεν. Pres act ind 1st pl ἔχω. Blass points out the literary 1st person plural which is common in epistolary literature (BDF, §280). So Wallace, 396; ATR, 407. ἐν πᾶσιν. Explains the circumstances, in all [ways, respects]. καλῶς. Adverb attributing ἀναστρέφεσθαι. θέλοντες. Pres act ptc nom masc pl θέλω. Participle of means. ἀναστρέφεσθαι. Pres pass inf ἀναστρέφω. Complementary of θέλοντες. 13:19 περισσοτέρως δὲ παρακαλῶ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, ἵνα τάχιον ἀποκατασταθῶ ὑμῖν. περισσοτέρως. Adverb attributing παρακαλῶ. Though this word is a comparative, there is nothing it is being compared to, therefore it is used "absolutely" (ATR, 664). So BDF, §102. δὲ. Maker of inference. παρακαλῶ. Pres act ind 1st sg παρακαλέω. τοῦτο. Accusative direct object of ποιῆσαι. Referring to προσεύχεσθε. ποιῆσαι. Aor act inf ποιέω. Complementary. ἵνα. Purpose. τάχιον. Adverbial accusative. See ATR, 545. ἀποκατασταθῶ. Aor pass subj 1st sg ἀποκαθιστάνω. ὑμῖν. Locative dative. 13:20 Ὁ δὲ θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης, ὁ ἀναγαγὼν ἐκ νεκρῶν τὸν ποιμένα τῶν προβάτων τὸν μέγαν ἐν αἵματι διαθήκης αἰωνίου, τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦν, δὲ. Transition marker. Ὁ θεὸς. Subject of καταρτίσαι in the next verse. τῆς εἰρήνης. Genitive of product. ὁ ἀναγαγὼν. Aor act ptc nom masc sg ἀνάγω. Substantive. Begins a relative clause. ἐκ νεκρῶν. Ablative phrase. τὸν ποιμένα. Direct object of ἀναγαγὼν. τῶν προβάτων. Genitive of subordination. τὸν μέγαν. Adjective attributing τὸν ποιμένα. ἐν αἵματι. Instrumental (or means). διαθήκης. Descriptive genitive. αἰωνίου. Attributive position. τὸν κύριον. Accusative direct object of ἀναγαγὼν. Titular of Ἰησοῦν. ἡμῶν. Possessive. Ἰησοῦν. Accusative direct object of ἀναγαγὼν. 13:21 καταρτίσαι ὑμᾶς ἐν παντὶ ἀγαθῷ εἰς τὸ ποιῆσαι τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ, ποιῶν ἐν ἡμῖν τὸ εὐάρεστον ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας, ἀμήν. καταρτίσαι. Aor act opt 3rd sg καταρτίζω. Only use of the optative in the entire epistle to the Hebrews, noted by Blass in BDF, §384; so ATR, 327. It expresses an obtainable wish or prayer (Wallace, 481). ὑμᾶς. Accusative direct object. ἐν παντὶ. Instrumental phrase. ἀγαθῷ. Instrumental dative. εἰς τὸ. εἰς τὸ + the infinitive denotes purpose. ποιῆσαι. Aor act inf ποιέω. Telic (purpose) infinitive. τὸ θέλημα. Accusative direct object of ποιῆσαι. αὐτοῦ. Possessive. ποιῶν. Pres act ptc nom masc sg ποιέω. Participle of manner, attributing καταρτίσαι. ἐν ἡμῖν. Locative. τὸ εὐάρεστον. Accusative direct object. ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ. Genitive preposition of location. The preposition can signify "be pleasing in the sight of." See BDF, §214(6). διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Agent. ᾧ. Relative article referring to Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Locative or possibly dative of possession. ἡ δόξα. Subject of the omitted ἐστιν. εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. The prepositional phrase denotes extent of time. ἀμήν. Particle of strong affirmation. 13:22 Παρακαλῶ δὲ ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, ἀνέχεσθε τοῦ λόγου τῆς παρακλήσεως, καὶ γὰρ διὰ βραχέων ἐπέστειλα ὑμῖν. Παρακαλῶ. Pres act ind 1st sg παρακαλέω. δὲ. Marker of transition into the closing remarks of this epistle. ὑμᾶς. Direct object. ἀδελφοί. Vocative. ἀνέχεσθε. Pres mid imp 2nd pl ἀνέχω. τοῦ λόγου. Genitive of direct object. τῆς παρακλήσεως. Epexegetical genitive. καὶ γὰρ. Marker of reason, the combination of the two conjunctions is emphatic. Blass mentions that καὶ γὰρ is a conjunction in which each particle retains its own force (BDF, §452.3). διὰ βραχέων. Manner. ἐπέστειλα. Aor act ind 1st sg ἐπιστέλλω. Robertson defines this as an epistolary aorist (ATR, 845). ὑμῖν. Dative of recipient. 13:23 Γινώσκετε τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἡμῶν Τιμόθεον ἀπολελυμένον, μεθ᾽ οὗ ἐὰν τάχιον ἔρχηται ὄψομαι ὑμᾶς. Γινώσκετε. Pres act impv 2nd pl γινώσκω. Could be either imperative or indicative; I think the former makes more sense in context. This verb naturally introduces indirect discourse (ATR, 1122-1123). τὸν ἀδελφὸν. Accusative of cognition. BDF, §416(2). ἡμῶν. Possessive. Τιμόθεον. Proper noun, accusative of content. ἀπολελυμένον. Prf pass ptc acc masc sg ἀπολύω. Adjectival, probably a predicate accusative. μεθ᾽ οὗ. Prepositional phrase of association attributing ὄψομαι. ἐὰν. Introducing the protasis of a first-class conditional clause. τάχιον. Adverbial accusative (Wallace, 199). Comparative absolute; see BDF, §244. ἔρχηται. Pres mid subj 3rd sg ἔρχομαι. ὄψομαι. Fut mid ind 1st sg ὁράω. The future tense completes the apodosis of the conditional clause. ὑμᾶς. Accusative direct object. 13:24 Ἀσπάσασθε πάντας τοὺς ἡγουμένους ὑμῶν καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἁγίους. Ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας. Ἀσπάσασθε. Aor mid impv 2nd pl ἀσπάζομαι. πάντας. Adjective attributing τοὺς ἡγουμένους. τοὺς ἡγουμένους. Pres mid ptc acc masc pl ἡγέομαι. Substantival accusative direct object. ὑμῶν. Possessive. καὶ. Additive. πάντας. Adjective attributing τοὺς ἁγίους. τοὺς ἁγίους. Accusative direct object. Ἀσπάζονται. Pres mid ind 3rd pl ἀσπάζομαι. ὑμᾶς. Accusative direct object. οἱ. Definite article functioning has a demonstrative pronoun (Wallace, 236). Often used this way with prepositional phrases (ATR, 766). Nominative subject of ἀσπάζονται. ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας. This prepositional phrase is a genitive of source (ablative). Robertson and Blass point out that this phrase is ambiguous and does not identify the origin of the letter (ATR, 548; BDF, §437). 13:25 Ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν. Ἡ χάρις. Nominative subject of the omitted copulative ἔστω. μετὰ. Marker of association, with. πάντων. Adjective attributing ὑμῶν. ὑμῶν. Genitive because of the preposition μετὰ. 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