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CALL FOR PAPERS Risking the Future exposes a tension at the heart of contemporary thinking around risk and its effects, and in particular the role of risk in either blocking or facilitating access to possible futures. On the one hand, the phrase is cautionary, a reminder that the future is at risk and that risks have to be calculated and managed to avoid or learn to live within catastrophic circumstances. On the other hand, the phrase is hopeful, a recognition that a certain type of risk is necessary to generate a speculative opening to a future worth living. In this way, although risk manifests in complex historical and contemporary patterns across the economic, legal, ecological, social, cultural, aesthetic and political spheres, it is most urgently felt where the exercise and effects of power are tied to potential loss and gain, and where these losses and gains shape the lives of those least able to resist them. In this light, rethinking the relation of risk and futurity suggests a tension between the calculation, management and adoption of risk on one hand, and what it actually means to live a life at risk on the other. For those living in fragile circumstances – situations in which race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion and poverty intersect in ways that render existence itself radically vulnerable; situations in which it is increasingly difficult to avoid or resist political instability, conflict, economic precarity, health crises, and ecological catastrophe – the question of risk exists at a very different intensity, and has very different implications than it does for individuals, groups and even whole societies who regard risk principally in terms of its calculation, distribution and management undertaken to guarantee continued flourishing, often in the very systems that place the vulnerable at risk.
Risking the Future exposes a tension at the heart of contemporary thinking around risk and its effects, and in particular the role of risk in either blocking or facilitating access to possible futures. On the one hand, the phrase is cautionary, a reminder that the future is at risk and that risks have to be calculated and managed to avoid or learn to live within catastrophic circumstances. On the other hand, the phrase is hopeful, a recognition that a certain type of risk is necessary to generate a speculative opening to a future worth living. In this way, although risk manifests in complex historical and contemporary patterns across the economic, legal, ecological, social, cultural, aesthetic and political spheres, it is most urgently felt where the exercise and effects of power are tied to potential loss and gain, and where these losses and gains shape the lives of those least able to resist them. In this light, rethinking the relation of risk and futurity suggests a tension between the calculation, management and adoption of risk on one hand, and what it actually means to live a life at risk on the other. For those living in fragile circumstances – situations in which race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion and poverty intersect in ways that render existence itself radically vulnerable; situations in which it is increasingly difficult to avoid or resist political instability, conflict, economic precarity, health crises, and ecological catastrophe – the question of risk exists at a very different intensity, and has very different implications than it does for individuals, groups and even whole societies who regard risk principally in terms of its calculation, distribution and management undertaken to guarantee continued flourishing, often in the very systems that place the vulnerable at risk.
Redescriptions, 2020
Historical Social Research, 2016
The current meaning and the centrality of the concept of “risk” has to be understood as historically and locally situated. Deborah Lupton (2005) explains that changes in the meaning and use of risk are associated with the emergence of modernity, this is, with the ‘industrialized world’ and the incorporation of capitalism, and the institutions of surveillance and nuclear weaponry (Idem:5). It was during the eighteenth century when the concept of risk began to be ‘scientized’ and it started to be related to new mathematical ideas of probability. By the nineteenth century, the notion of risk started to be located in human beings and in their conduct. This way, it started to be assumed that unanticipated outcomes may be the consequence of human action (Ibid). In this sense, the concept of 'risk' in Western societies is central and to look at the ways in which it operates says a lot about “how we think about ourselves, others, organizations, institutions and governments and the non-human world” (idem:15). Our awareness and knowledge of these risks, and others, contribute to various aspects of subjectivity and social life, including how we live our everyday lives, how we distinguish ourselves and the social groups of which we are members from other individuals and groups, how we perceive and experience our bodies, how we spend our money and where we choose to live and work (idem:14). This report looks at different theories and ideas on risk. The aim is to examine this naturalized and apparently neutral concept and to consider its complex productive character. First, I explore Ulrich Beck’s classical theory on ‘Risk Society’ (1992) and after, I delve into Mary Douglas’s (2003) research on danger/risk as a political element in the communities. Finally, risk is approached from theories of governmentality. Although these sociocultural and philosophical approaches to ‘risk’ are radically different, as Lupton (2005) notices, all agree that there are a number of important new features in notions of risk in contemporary societies and that risk has become “a central cultural and political concept by which individuals, social groups and institutions are organized, monitored and regulated” (idem:26). Risk has become an increasingly pervasive concept of human existence becoming a central aspect of human subjectivity. At the same time, the belief that risk is something that can be managed through human intervention is generalized and therefore, “risk is associated with notions of choice, responsibility and blame” (Ibid). For these reasons, a critique of risk will be essential to understand individuals’ and populations’ conducts, governing mentalities and logics in neoliberalism, as well as preventive laws and measures in contemporary societies.
Risk and sociocultural theory: New directions and …, 1999
This article examines the ways in which understand-ings of uncertainty have evolved during the development of modern-ity, and in particular, how they are expressed in the notion of 'risk'. It demonstrates how this concept is embedded in socioeconomic contexts and grounded in particular temporal orientations, specifically as expressed in notions of determinism and indeterminism. It suggests that, although the concept of risk initially embodied an orientation to the future as something that was predictable and open to human intervention, transformations in the structure of capitalism mean that its utility is now to be found in its role as a guide for action in late modern societies, in which the future has 'collapsed' into an indeterminate present. KEY WORDS • determinism • indeterminism • modernity • risk • temporality
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