Gurtekin Demir Lydian Pottery at Daskyleion

Lydian Painted Pottery at Daskyleion R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52. (2002), pp. 111-143. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0066-1546%282002%2952%3C111%3ALPPAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K Anatolian Studies is currently published by British Institute at Ankara. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/biaa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org Tue Sep 25 12:54:30 2007 Anatolian Studies 52 (2002): 111-43 Lydian painted pottery at Daskyleion* R. Gul Gurtekin-Demir Ege University Abstract Ancient literary sources indicate that Daskyleion was under the control of the Lydian kingdom from the late seventh century to the mid sixth century BC, before it was made a regional Achaemenid capital of the Persian empire. This literary evidence is supported by the archaeological data. Lydian painted pottery from Daskyleion includes examples of so-called early Fikellura, Ephesian, Ephesianising, bichrome, streaked and marbling wares. Study of this pottery and comparison with parallels from Sardis suggest that most of it was imported from Sardis between the last quarter of the seventh century and the fifth century. A little over 15% of the sixth and fifth century pottery seems to have been produced outside Sardis. ~zet Antik kaynaklar Daskyleion'un Pers ~ m ~ a r a t o r l u ~ u ' nsatraplik un merkezi olmasindan once, MO 7. yiizyil sonlan ile 6. yiizyil ortalari arasinda, Lidya Kralliginin egemenligi altinda oldugunu soylemektedir. Bu bulgular arkeolojik verilerle de desteklenmigtir. Daskyleion'da bulunmq olan boyali Lidya seramigi erken Fikellura, Efes tipi, Efes tipi taklidi, bikrom, damarli boyali ve mermer taklidi seramik gruplanna ait orneklere sahiptir. Bu seramigin incelenmesi ve Sardis'de bulunmug olan benzerleriyle kiyaslanmasi, bunlann buyiik bir qogunlugunun MO 7. yiizyilin son qeyregi ile 5. yiizyillar arasinda Sardis'ten ithal edildigini ortaya koymaktadir. 6. ve 5. yiizyillara ait orneklerin %15 den biraz fazlasinin Sardis diginda uretilmig oldugu tahmin edilmektedir. askyleion is located 60km to the south of ancient Cyzicus, southeast of the lake Manyas Kuggolu (ancient Daskylitis Lirnne) and west of the modem village of Ergili. It was a prominent centre during the Archaic and Classical periods because of its geographical significance on the Propontus, and is additionally important today because of its multi-cultural (Phrygian, Lydian, Mysian, Greek and Persian) society and material culture. This article concerns Lydian pottery excavated between 1988 and 1999 under the direction of Professor Tomris Bakir. Many different classes of Lydian pottery known from Sardis, the centre of the Lydian Kingdom, D were found at Daskyleion during these excavations. These include early Fikellura, Ephesian, Ephesianising, red bichrome, white bichrome, streaked and marbling wares. Black-on-red pottery of Sardian manufacture has not been attested at Daskyleion, although there are examples of black-on-red pottery that come from other still unknown centres of Anatolia (inventory numbers 1295, 1302, 1355 and two uninventoried pieces). Although most of the Lydian pottery discovered at Daskyleion appears to have been made at Sardis, some pieces do not seem to be of Sardian manufacture, suggesting provincial production. * I am grateful to Professor Tomris Balur for giving me the opportunity to study the Lydian painted pottery from Daskyleion. I am also grateful to Professor Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr for his kindness in letting me study the Lydian pottery from Sardis, and for his helpful comments on the earlier drafts of this article. I would also like to thank Dr J.J. Coulton for his stimulating contribution to this study, and Professor Giiven Balur for sharing his ideas on the earlier drafts. 1. left b. bottom c. century L. length D. diameter Pres. preserved Ext. exterior r. right H. height t. top Inv. no. inventory number th. thickness W. width Int. interior Clay colour readings are based on the Munsell Soil Color Charts (1994 edition). All dimensions are given in metres. All dates refer to centuries or years BC. Abbreviations used in the catalogue and text are as follows. Anatoliatz Studies 2002 Lydian pottery is best attested at Sardis. There is no other centre that gives a broader view for the determination of painting techniques, styles, pottery classes, shapes and their chronology. The major painting techniques of black-on-red and bichrome wares attested on the Lydian pottery are taken from the Anatolian koine, but have distinctive local decorative conventions. Marbling and streaky wares seem to be local inventions. Ephesian and early Fikellura wares were produced under the influence of the east Greek wild goat style. A substantial proportion of the pottery shapes is from the Greek repertory; Anatolian shapes (for example, Phrygian) are rare. The provenances of the Lydian pottery discovered at centres outside Sardis, such as Gordion, Daskyleion, Ephesus, Smyrna, etc., indicate that this pottery was predominantly found in centres that were under Lydian control. The finds from Gordion (personal examination) and Daskyleion, on the other hand, show that some of them have been locally produced. Relevant pottery found in the near vicinity of Sardis (such as Alagehir [Giirtekin-Demir 2001 : 65701 and Kula) shows that at least some of the pottery was provincially produced. The lydion was the only Lydian shape that was exported and imitated outside Lydian territory and indeed outside Anatolia (Greenewalt 1966: 117). Closely datable contexts for the Lydian pottery are rare at Daskyleion, but a relative chronology could be developed for the various deposits. The major part of the Lydian pottery presented here was recovered in the excavations on Hisartepe, the major city mound of ancient Daskyleion. A smaller amount of Lydian pottery was excavated at Biltenler. a sector in a field east of Hisartepe mound, where the civil settlement seems to have extended. This sector was briefly excavated in 1995. The Lydian pottery discovered in trenches Biltenler I (catalogue numbers 88, 139, 15 l ) , 21 (89) and 22 (116, 119, 168, 169, 179, 185) comes from undatable contexts. Other pottery presented here was discovered as surface material collected from nearby fields. Lydian pottery was found in many sectors of Hisartepe (fig. l), but much of it in undatable contexts. At the mid northern end of the mound, there were undated contexts with Lydian pottery in trenches F5 North (38. 41-2, 60-1, 65-6, 101, 156. 166, 186). F7 (31, 58), F7bl (86) and F7b6 (64), and in trenches 18 (47, 123, 127) and 19 (19, 117-18. 136, 170). Similarly undated contexts with Lydian pottery were found in trench 23 (78) at the northern end of the mound and trench 24 (143) on the western slope. In the middle part of the mound, Lydian pottery was found in undated deposits in trench 57 (1 1) near its eastern edge, trench 4 (9) and between trenches 1 and 3 (30, 106, 194) near its western edge. Trench 3 in this area (32, 57, 97, 1 1 5) proved to be a refilled trench from the excavations directed by Akurgal in 1955-1956, so that none of the finds from this trench are from an undisturbed context. On the eastern slope of the mound, a terrace wall, probably built in the early Achaemenid period, was partially uncovered in trench 25 (sondages 2, 3, 4) and part of a defensive wall, probably used during the preAchaemenid period (pre mid sixth century), was found in trenches N10 and M9. No deposits from these trenches provided evidence for the chronology of Lydian painted pottery. This is no surprise since the major goal of these excavations was to clarify the outer faces and the extent of the walls. Excavated levels here often revealed a mixture of artefacts from different periods (from Archaic to Byzantine times), and gave the impression that the earth of most of the levels had been washed down from the mound as time passed. Catalogue numbers 2, 14. 28, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54-6. 62. 67. 73, 75, 81, 85, 98, 100, 128-9, 133, 172, 175, 182. 187 and 193 came from the early Achaemenid terrace wall area, while catalogue numbers 27, 80, 99, 120 and 192 came from the city wall sectors. The important diagnostic deposits came from trenches F5, F6, F6 East, F6 North and F6 East-North at the mid northern end of the mound, and from trench 1 in the middle part of the mound, near its western edge. These trenches revealed remains of residential units, and trench 1 revealed pottery in a storeroom. These deposits will be discussed further below. Early Fikellura ware (fig. 2) A group of pottery from Sardis, mostly of skyphoi and flask-like vessels, has been called early Fikellura by Greenewalt (1971), because it reflects the preceding wild goat style tradition and includes elements suggesting a pre-Fikellura style. The name has not been universally approved (Schaus 1986: 289. n. 127; Schaus 1992: 152, 174; Cook 1992: 262), and Greenewalt himself now has some reservations (personal communication). But I prefer to retain the name rather than introduce a new one. Fine creamy-white slip and manganese glaze on the exterior, and red metallic sheen with an iron oxide content on the interior, and clay that seems to contain little or no mica mark the technical characteristics of these vases (Greenewalt 197 1 : 155-6). Among the distinctive decorative motifs are astragallike nodules on the bud stems, rosettes and split rays (Greenewalt 197 1: 157). Greenewalt suggests that this early Fikellura pottery was made somewhere in western Lydia (i.e. outside the Greek area of Asia Minor) during the period ca. 625-575 (Greenewalt 1971: 163, 165). a. Trench 23 b. Trench 24 c. Trench F5 north d. Trench F5 e. Trench F6 north f. Trench F6 ( b l , c l ) g. Trench F6 east-north h. Trench F6 east i. Trench 18 j. Trench 19 k. Trench 1 I. Trench 3 Fig.1. Topogrxzphicp l u ~of'Hisal-tepe, Dash leiori 113 m. Trench F7 n. Trench F7b6 o. Trench J7 p. Trench 4 r. Trench M9 s. Trench N10 - 0 25m Anatolian Studies 2002 Early Fikellura pottery has been published from Sardis (Greenewalt 1971) and Gordion (Schaus 1992: 152,174, 175), and illegally excavated material in Manisa Museum has been discussed by Kokten (1987). Daskyleion can now be added to the short list of sites that have yielded this sparingly distributed class of pottery, although only two sherds have so far been identified. A skyphos rim and body fragment was discovered during the excavations at Daskyleion directed by Akurgal in the mid 1950s (Gurtekin 1992: pl. 24, E14). To the left it carries a goose, and to the right a pendent bud stem and a partially preserved open palmette flower. Catalogue number 1 is attributed to this group because of its characteristic technical features and because the goat (or deer) walking right with its underbelly reserved and spotted, the stemmed bud with a short horizontal line crossing the stem at top, and the palmette petals are very similar to those found on examples from Sardis (Greenewalt 1971: pl. 9, fig. 3, EF15). However, the use of additional colour on the foreleg of the goat (or deer) and on one of the petals is an unusual feature for this class (Greenewalt 1971: 157). Catalogue 1 . Skyphos. Body fragment. Trench 1, APP, ARI. Inv. no: 374. Pres. H: 0.037; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (SYR 618); slightly micaceous. Decoration in matt dark reddish brown glaze (SYR 312) and in dark red (2.5YR 316) added over a fine white slip on the ext. On the ext., from 1. to r., walking goat (or deer) to right (front leg in additional red colour over glaze); stemmed bud; partially preserved palmette (one petal in additional red colour over glaze). Int., plain painted in glossy red (10R 518). Fig. 2. Early Fikellura ( I ) Ephesian ware (figs 3,4) Another class of Lydian fine ware showing influences from east Greek wild goat style pottery has been called Ephesian ware because it was first identified at Ephesus (Greenewalt 1973: 92, n. 2). The fabric has a characteristically micaceous, gritty texture or friable structure (Greenewalt 1973: 109). The fine and delicate decoration combines narrow bands of pattern (mostly ladder, dogtooth, spaced squares, criss-crosses and tongues) reminiscent of the conventions of seventh and sixth century Anatolian pottery, such as black-on-red and bichrome wares, with the floral ornament (for example, palmette chains) and animal friezes found in the wild goat style. Ephesian ware has a very limited distribution in western Anatolia, having been previously found only at Ephesus (Greenewalt 1973: 92, n. 2; Kerschner 1997: 186-8, figs 22-5), Miletus (Greenewalt 1973: 95, no. 8), Metropolis (Meri~:personal communication), Sardis (Richter 1960: 303, fig. 423; Greenewalt 1973: 95-108, nos 9-27), and modern Gure (Ugak province; Metropolitan Museum NY no. 1977.11.3 [Greenewalt:personal communication]). The production centre is unknown. Although Cook considered Ephesian ware unlikely to have been made at Sardis (Cook, Dupont 1998: 45, n. 22), the relatively large quantity recovered at Sardis and the similarity of fabric and glaze to the local pottery there suggest that Sardis or a site in the near environs might be the production centre (Greenewalt 1973: 119-20). The period of production probably falls between the second half of the seventh century and the first half of the sixth (Greenewalt 1973: 116-7). An unpublished Ephesian ware example was found during the excavations at Daskyleion carried out by Akurgal in the 1950s: two non-joining fragments from a bowl or a dish with very fine, shiny white slip. On the exterior is a series of squares under the rim; alternately red and brown, framed in squares, and with borders above and below. Below this is a third border, whose dividers are alternately yellow and brown. Another dark brown band and an end of a ray are placed at the end. The interior has light brick-red slip and dark brown borders (Greenewalt: personal communication). Only one rim fragment (2) in Ephesian ware style has been found so far during the excavations at Daskyleion conducted by Bakir. This example is decorated with a series of tongues on the exterior, and with a series of spaced squares containing criss-cross in red and dots in dark on the upper surface of the rim. This piece of pottery has a very fine, smooth and bright white slip. Decoration is rendered in matt very dark gray glaze, and in bright yellowish red glaze with a very delicate and precise drawing. The decoration of a series of spaced squares with criss-cross on the rim plate suggests a dish Gurtekin-Demir Fig. 3. Ephesian ware (2) Fig. 4. Ephesian ware (2, int. and ext.) rather than a lid for the form of this example. However, it seems more probable that it does indeed belong to a lid, because the delicate drawing is on the exterior and the interior is plain. The position of the tongues (round ends facing downwards) supports this conclusion. Catalogue 2 . Lid (?). Rim and body fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSP. Inv. no: 1682. Pres. H: 0.02; Pres. L: 0.03; th: 0.006. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 311); micaceous. Decoration in matt very dark gray (5YR 311) and in yellowish red (5YR 416-516) on fine white slip. Ext., single line forming the upper border of a series of tongues, outlined and shaded alternately in red, resewed and in dark. Int., plain glossy red painted. On the upper surface of rim, two lines framing a series of spaced squares containing criss-cross in red and dots in dark. Ephesianising ware (figs 5-7) Another class of pottery from Daskyleion reflects, and in many ways imitates, the painting technique and decorative system of Ephesian ware, but without its delicacy. Greenewalt (1973: 92) noted an imitative, ersatz Ephesian ware from Sardis, and has suggested (personal communication) that the Ephesian ware defined above may be an extra fine version of this, rather than a model which was imitated. I use the term 'Ephesianising' to describe the less delicate ware. The main similarities are the colour scheme, with white slip, dark glaze and additional red, and the simple linear abstract patterns (chiefly ladder and dog-tooth patterns). The main ornaments of the Ephesianising examples are painted in matt dark glaze on a white-cream slip, which varies in quality. The major feature that distinguishes Ephesianising ware from Ephesian ware is the lack of delicate and precise drawing on the former. All Ephesianising ware found at Daskyleion is free-hand drawn, while some kind of tool (compass?) seems to have been used on Ephesian ware. One other distinction is the quality of paint. White slip, dark glaze and additional red colours are all matt finished in the Ephesianising group of pottery from Daskyleion, and the white slip, contrary to Ephesian ware, is dull, except on fragments 15-17, which have bright and fine white slip. The rarity of Ephesian ware at other centres, and two different drawing techniques observed on Ephesianising ware from Daskyleion might point to a single workshop producing Ephesian ware and more than one workshop that imitates it. Another distinction between these two groups of pottery is that Ephesian ware includes elaborate floral decorations (lotus flower and bud chains) and animal friezes in the wild goat style in addition to narrow bands of simple geometric patterns, whilst Ephesianising ware seems to be decorated only with narrow bands of geometric patterns (largely ladder, dog-tooth and spaced squares). Anntolian Studies 2002 Borrowings from both Anatolian and east Greek wild goat style syntax on Ephesian ware are apparent, while reflections of Anatolian syntax and the lack of wild goat style animal and floral decoration are observed on the Ephesianising examples uncovered so far. The reflection of Anatolian pottery on both Ephesianising and true Ephesian wares can be paralleled with Anatolian black-onred and bichrome wares. The colour combinations of Ephesianising and Ephesian wares are reminiscent of bichrome examples found at Sardis (Ramage. A 1994: pl. 14.5.2; Rainage, N H 1994: fig. 15.1.3. pls 15.5.1-2), Gordion (Sams 1978: 228) and in southwestern Anatolia (Mellaart 1955: 131-6, nos 18, 20-2, 26, 28. 29, 45, 51. 55, 57, 64-6, 72, 87, 91, 114, 124, 128-30; Birmingham 1964: 30). The ornamentation of bichrome ware is applied with broader, looser pattern rows. It is usually of hatched and chequered areas in the case of Phrygian examples. and mostly of concentric circles, concentric semicircles. concentric hooks. and of wavy lines and latticed squares on Lydian examples (Giirtekin 1998: 125-40. 155-6). Pottery of black-on-red technique has a red slip with matt dark manganese glazed decoration. On some examples, decorative motifs are applied directly on burnished clay, on others over red slip, together with bands of white (Giirtekin 1998: 22-6). The latter type of colour scheme is like the colour combination of bichrome pottery; the main difference, however, is the use of different pattern ornaments. The overall application of pattern ornaments on black-on-red pottery in the late seventh and sixth centuries is comparable to those of Ephesian and Ephesianising wares, especially ladder, dog-tooth, and spaced squares with dots and/or criss-cross rows arranged in narrow bands. Ephesianising pottery is only attested at Sardis and Daskyleion. Unpublished pottery from Sardis reveals the same imperfection of the drawing as seen on the Daskyleion examples; the period of production is probably around the date when Ephesian ware was in use (the second half of the seventh century and the first half of the sixth). The firing and texture of the Ephesianising pottery from Daskyleion show two distinctive aspects. One group of fragments (3-14) is moderately fired and has a powdery-looking surface with matt dark and red glazes, while on the other hand, hard-fired clay, glossy red glaze and matt dark glaze is observed on the other group of fragments (15-17). This distinction is also observed on the application of white slip as mentioned below. Slips on most of the fragments (3-14) -unlike true Ephesian ware - are thinly applied and have a matt finish, although 15-1 7 indicate bright and thickly applied fine white-cream slip, similar to that found on Ephesian ware. Red is directly painted on white slip as in the Ephesian ware, however, on the fragments numbered 3-14 white slip is applied over a red painted surface and on 15-17 white slip is directly applied over clay. Therefore, it is clear that there are two different types of application of white slip on Ephesianising ware from Daskyleion. All examples from Daskyleion are fragmentary, making it impossible to observe the general scheme of ornamentation. According to the general idea suggested by the preserved decoration of the dishes (3-1 5), narrow bands with dog-tooth or ladder patterns were the main decoration No animal figures or floral decorations are preserved T h ~ sscheme of decoration 1s also obsened on a 11d and a stand (16-17) One d~fferentpattern can be noted here, and that 1s the cross-hatched hour-glass on the stand fragment (17), which seems not to have been used in the pattern repertoire of true Ephesian ware (Greenewalt 1973: pl. 1. fig. 2). Dishes with out-curved rims are abundant in the shape repertory of Ephesianising ware from Daskyleion. The rest of the shapes consist of lids and stands. Dishes and lids, the two major shapes of Ephesian ware are also seen in Ephesianising ware from Sardis. The shapes used in Ephesianising pottery from Sardis reveal more variety than the true Ephesian type. Among these are dinos (Inv. nos P58.610:1124 and P58.611:1125) and krater (not inventoried in HOB, W 6-101s 95-97, *97.80-97.50). Cutnlogue 3. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench I , ARN. D (rim): 0.336; Pres. H: 0.03; th: 0.006. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616) with gray core; highly micaceous. Decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 5i4) on white slip (IOYR 8 i l ) on the ext. White slip on red (1 OR 418) painted surface on the ext. Rim slightly out-curved. Ext., from t. to b.. single line forming the upper and lower borders of a band with series of square spaces with pendent short lines; two lines; plain red painted. Int.. red painted. 4. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench F6 East. BUH. Pres. H: 0.017; th: 0.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6i6): highly micaceous. Decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 5i4) on white slip (IOYR 8i1). White slip on red ( I OR 418) painted surface. Rim slightly out-curving. Ext.. from t. to b.. two narrow bands framing dog-tooth pattern: single reserved band; single band framing the upper border of ladder pattem. Int.. red painted. 5. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench F6, CMG. Inv. no: 1136. D (rim): 0.21 : Pres. H: 0.03: th: 0.006. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6i6); highly micaceous. Rim slightly out-curving. Decoration in very dark gray (10YR 811) on white slip (poorly preserved). White slip on red painted surface (10R 4%). Ext., from t. to b., single line framing the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattem; single line framing the upper border of ladder pattern. Int., red painted. Giirtekin-Demir Fig. 5. Ephesianising ware (3-8, 10) 6. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench F6 East, CKV. Inv. no: 1073. Pres. H: 0.02; th: 0.005. Clay reddish brown (5YR 514); highly micaceous. Rim slightly curved outwards. Decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 514) on white slip (poorly preserved). White slip on red painted surface (10R 418). Int., red painted. 7. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench F6 East, BVJ. Inv. no: 786. D (rim): 0.322; Pres. H: 0.02; th: 0.007. Clay red (2.5YR 516) with gray core; highly micaceous. Decoration in reddish brown (5YR 413) on white slip. White slip on red (10R 418) painted surface on the ext. Rim slightly out-curved. Ext., single line forming the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern. Int., red painted. 8. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench F5, BYC. Pres. H: 0.018; th: 0.007. Clay brown (7.5YR 514); highly micaceous. Ext. and int, red slipped (10R 416). Int., white coat (poorly preserved) over the slip. Decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 514). Ext., from t. to b., single line framing the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; single line forming the upper frame of ladder pattern. Int., red painted. 9. Dish. Body fragment. Trench 4, ATF. Pres. L: 0.025; Pres. W: 0.018; th: 0.005. Clay light red (2.5YR 718); highly micaceous. Ext. and int. red slipped (10R 416). Decoration in dark gray (7.5YR 411) on white coat (poorly preserved). Int., from t. to b., single line forming the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; Anatolian Studies 2002 Fig. 6. Ephesianising ware (11, 13-14, 16-17) single line framing the upper and lower borders of ladder pattern; one line forming the upper border of dog-tooth pattern (partially preserved). 10. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench 1, ANP. Pres. H: 0.017; Pres. W: 0.035; th: 0.0050.007. Clay brown (7.5YR 514); highly micaceous. Ext. and int., red slipped (10R 416). Decoration in brown (7.5YR 413) on white coat (IOYR 812). Ext., from t. to b., single line framing the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; single line forming the upper and lower borders of ladder pattern. 11. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench 57, BHO. Pres. H: 0.014; Pres. W: 0.035; th: 0.007. Clay brown (7.5YR 514); highly micaceous. Ext. and int. red slipped (10R 416). Decoration in brown (7.5YR 413) on white coat. Ext., band with dog-tooth pattern. 12. Dish. Lower body fragment. Trench F6 North, CLY. Inv. no: 1145. Pres. L: 0.039; Pres. W: 0.037; th: 0.005. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); highly micaceous. Decoration in dark gray (5YR 411). Ext., red painted (5YR 516). Int., decoration on white slip (10YR 811) over red painted surface, Giirtekin-Demir Fig. 7. Ephesianising ware (13, 15, 17) from t. to b., single line (out of white slip); single line framing the upper (out of white slip) and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; single line. 13. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench F6, BKM. D (rim): 0.37; Pres. H: 0.024; th: 0.007. Clay light red (2.5YR 616); highly micaceous. Ext. and int. white slipped. Decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 313). Rim slightly out-curved. Ext., from t. to b., two lines; single line forming upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern. Int., from t. to b., single line; single line forming upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern. On the upper surface of the rim, ladder pattern. 14. Dish. Rim fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSA. Inv. no: 1637. Pres. H: 0.026; Pres. W: 0.025; th: 0.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618); highly micaceous. Decoration in very dark gray (5YR 311). Ext., white slipped, from t. to b., single line forming the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; single line forming the upper and lower borders of a band (worn out). Int., white slipped (worn out). On the upper of rim, two short vertical lines on red Dainted surface (2.5 YR 311). 15. Dish? Body fragment. Trench F6, CON. Inv. no: 1266. Pres. H: 0.024; th: 0.009. Clay reddish-yellow (5YR 618) with gray core; highly micaceous. Ext. and int. white slipped. Decoration in dark brown ( 7 . 5 ~ 414) ~ and yellowish red ( 5 y ~518). EX^., concentric squares (lower part preserved). Int., from t. to b., two lines forming the lower border of dog-tooth Pattern; plain red painted. 16. Lid. Rim fragment. Trench F6, CON. Inv. no: 1265. Pres. H: 0.016; th: 0.008. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618); highly micaceous. Ext., white slipped; decoration in dark brown (7.5YR 414) and in yellowish red (5YR 518). Int., red painted (5YR 518). Rim slightly flaring. Ext., from t. to b., reserved band; single line framing the upper and lower borders of ladder pattern; single line forming the upper and lower frames of dog-tooth pattern. On the upper surface of the rim, dog-tooth pattern, framed by two upper lines and one lower line. 17. Stand. Rim and body fragment. Trench F6 East, CUT. Inv. no: 1226. D (base): 0.19; Pres. H: 0.052; th: 0.01. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618) with gray core; highly micaceous. Int. and ext., white slipped. Decoration in dark brown (7.5YR 414) and yellowish red (5YR 518). Ext., from t. to b., single band in red; single line framing the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; one line forming the upper and lower borders of two adjacent rows of ladder pattern; single line framing the upper and lower borders of dog-tooth pattern; single band in red; single line forming the upper and lower borders of the register: a row of cross-hatched hour-glasses. Int., red painted. Bichrome ware (fig' 8, Examples from Sardis demonstrate the general characteristics of Lydian bichrome ware, since no other Lydian site has furnished so manv exam~les.Two colours -red - together with and dark brown to creamy-white slip are used for the decoration of Lydian bichrome ware. Two distinct techniques were distinguished by Ramage (personal communication) on the bichrome ware from Sardis: white bichrome and red bichrome, named after the dominant colour on the pottery (Giirtekin 1998: 109-40). The Ornaments and shapes of the two types of bichrome ware from Sardis differ. On white bichrome concentric circles, cross-hatched or latticed squares, chequerboards, lattices and triangles are common ornaments. Three-quarter circles arranged like scales are rare. The range of concentric hooks, the most prevalent ornament of red bichrome, is not common on white bichrome. The shapes of white bichrome are the pitcher, one-handled cup and dinos, together with other open and closed shapes that cannot be defined precisely. By far the most common ornaments on Lydian red bichrome ware are pendent concentric hooks, pendent and ascendant concentric semicircles and wavy lines. Popular shapes are skyphos and skyphos-krater for open black Anatolian Studies 2002 Fig. 8. Bichrome ware (23, 28) vessels; oinochoe and amphora for closed vessels. At both Daskyleion and Sardis red bichrome is more common than white bichrome. Study of bichrome ware from Sardis suggests a date of production between the eighth century and the sixth century. However, the red bichrome type seems to start later than the white, in the seventh century (Giirtekin 1998: 119-23). White bichrome (fig. 9) White bichrome notably has bright and often thickly rendered creamy-white slip applied in relatively broad bands, on which decoration is painted in red orland brownish black. It is more reminiscent of Phrygian Fig. 9. White bichrome ware (18-20, 22) bichrome ware, especially in the execution of ornaments in broad bands and its spacey use of white background. The colours preferred in Phrygian bichrome ware (Sams: personal communication) are purplish black to dark brown and a red that is sometimes purplish in tone, as is common in the reds of Lydian pottery. Parallel elements of ornamentation such as cross-hatching, alternately painted in red and brown, dotted cross-hatching and chequerboards occur in both Lydian and Phrygian bichrome ware. Triangles, complex zigzag rows, meanders and complex lozenge panels, and similar ornament - alien to Lydian white bichrome ware - are favoured on Phrygian bichrome ware. Gurfekin-Demir There are only a few examples of Lydian white bichrome from Daskyleion, and all may be products of Sardis, to judge from close parallels at that site. There are three elements of decoration at Daskyleion: small concentric full circles (18, 19, 21); concentric threequarter circles arranged like scales (20); and groups of short vertical wavy lines (22). All are compass-drawn. Short vertical wavy lines and small concentric circles are common in bichrome and other polychrome wares from both Phrygia (Sams 1974: figs 2-5,9, 11, 19; 1994: pl. 55 no. 1038) and southern Anatolia (Mellaart 1955: pl. 8 no. 103, pl. 9 no. 129). Small concentric circles are sometimes executed in a slightly different way -mostly as filling ornaments in figural scenes on Lydian wild goat style (Bilgin et al. 1996: pl. XLVII, fig. 17). Concentric three-quarter circles arranged like scales appear to be alien in many known schools of local pottery from Anatolia. On the other hand, they are observed on some of the unpublished Lydian pottery from Sardis (Inv. no. P64.263: 6338 and not inventoried in PN 1965, W 275-2801 S 325330, *86.70-86.20 and in PN1967, W 271-2761 S 320335, *87.60). In fact, it seems to be an occasionally preferred pattern on Lydian pottery in general. Catalogue 18. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench 1, AKT. Pres. H: 0.01; Pres. W: 0.027; th: 0.005. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Ext. and int. white slipped. Decoration in black (5YR 2.511). Ext., single line. Int.. two concentric circles. 19. Closed vessel. Shoulder fragment. Trench 19, DKE. Inv. no: 1532. Pres. L: 0.041; Pres. W: 0.075; th: 0.012. Clay red (2.5YR 516) with gray core; micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) on cream-white slip. Ext., from t. to b., band; concentric circle with a central dot. Red bichrome (fig. 10) Red, either as painted areas or as plain clay, is the dominant colour on red bichrome ware. Rows of pendent concentric hooks, a very common decoration on Lydian painted pottery, are attested on the examples numbered 24-7. 29, 30, 32 and 33, which may be imports from Sardis. Pottery decorated with pendent concentric hooks is reported from several places in Anatolia. There are a few examples from Gordion (Korte, Korte 1904: 178, Abb. 16, no. 2; Kohler 1980: 87, fig. 29), Ephesus (Brein 1978: 726, pl. 224, Abb. 17; Gasser 1992: 192), Smyrna (Akurgal 1950: 37, Abb. 2), Larisa (Boehlau, Schefold 1942: Taf. 24, no. 3) and Xanthus (Metzger 1972: pl. 24, no. 107), which may be imports from Sardis. There is a fair amount of relevant pottery from Cilicia, which includes both imports from Cyprus and also local imitations of Cypriot ware (for example, Goldmann, Cox 1963: fig. 83, nos 1042, 1059). Parallels from Sardis have generally compass-drawn concentric hooks on the shoulders of closed vessels. below rlm level on skyphoi and skyphos-kraters, and on the interior and exterior of some dishes. The horizontal wavy-line, on the other hand, is common on the rims of carinated dishes and in dividing bands (Giirtekin 1998: 114-19). These schemes of decoration also occur on the examples from Daskyleion as seen on examples 23-33. Four basic shapes are attested at Daskyleion: dish (23), skyphos-krater (24-5), one-handled cup (28) and pitcher (oinochoe?, 29). Other sherds of open vessels (26-7) or closed vessels (30-3) probably belong to one of these four shapes. These are the commonest shapes of red bichrome ware from Sardis, in addition to skyphoi, dinoi and amphorae (Giirtekin 1998: 116-19, 140). Catalogue 20. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, BKZ. Inv. no: 653. Pres. L: 0.024; Pres. W: 0.023; th: 0.004. Clay yellowish red (5YR 5i6); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) on cream-whlte slip. Ext., concentric three-quarter circles arranged like scales. 2 1. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Surface find, BKO. Pres. L: 0.024; Pres. W: 0.044; th: 0.005. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Decoration in red ( l 0 R 418) on cream-white slip (IOYR 815). Ext.. partially preserved two concentric circles. 22. Closed vessel. Shoulder fragment. Surface find, AAA. Pres. L: 0.039; Pres. W: 0.06; th: 0.013. Clay light red (2.5YR 618) with gray core; micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 418) and dark reddish brown (5YR 312) on white slip. Ext., from t. to b., two lines in brown and a red line in between; one brown line forming the upper and lower borders of four vertical wavy lines; brown painted. 23. Dish. Rim and body fragment. Trench F5, BRT. D (rim): 0.033; Pres. H: 0.027; th: 0.001. Clay light reddish brown (5YR 614); micaceous. Flaring rim, carinated below. Ext. and int.. cream-white slipped. Decoration in red (2.5YR 416). Ext., traces of red; red palnted over slip on the rim. Int., from t. to b., horizontal wavy-line on slipped band; red painted. 24. Skyphos-krater. Shoulder fragment. Trench F6 North, CHG. Inv. no: 1038. Pres. L: 0.021; Pres. W: 0.018; th: 0.006. Clay yellowish red (5YR 518); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 416) and dark reddish brown (5YR 312). Ext., from t. to b., brown line framing the lower part of red band; single line bordering the upper part of concentric vertlcal lines (presumably the part of a concentric hook) in brown. Int., brown band. 25. Skyphos-hater. Shoulder fragment. Trench 1, AJB. Pres. L: 0.029; Pres. W: 0.035; th: 0.006. Anatolian Studies 2002 Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 518) and in dark reddish brown (5YR 312). Ext., from t. to b., two lines, one in red and the other in brown; brown line bordering the upper part of two vertical lines (presumably the upper part of a concentric hook). 26. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CTJ. Pres. L: 0.028; Pres. W: 0.026; th: 0.005. Clay red (2.5YR 518); micaceous. Decoration in dark reddish gray (2.5YR 311) on the ext. Ext., vertical lines presumably the upper part of a concentric hook. Int., plain red painted 27. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench M9, ECU. Pres. L: 0.031; Pres. W: 0.017; th: 0.003. Clay red (2.5YR 518); micaceous. Decoration in very dark gray (5YR 311) on the ext. Ext., from t. to b., very little preserved of concentric hook; two lines forming the upper border of plain red painted (10R 518) area. Int., streaky painted in red (10R 518) to dark reddish gray (10R 311). 28. One-handled cup. Rim and body fragment. Terrace wall, sondage 3, EKC. Inv. no: 2074. D (rim): 0.039; Pres. H: 0.035. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 518). Pendent concentric circles below rim; horizontal band below. 29. Closed vessel (oinochoe?). Shoulder fragment. Surface find, AIT. Pres. L: 0.06; Pres. W: 0.065; th: 0.0050.008. Clay brown (burnt, lOYR 513); micaceous. Decoration in dark red to black (burnt, 5YR 2.511412). Ext., partially preserved concentric hook(?) and a broad band below. 30. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Area between trenches 1 and 3, AVS. Pres. L: 0.044; Pres. W: 0.041; th: 0.005. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 416) and dark reddish brown (5YR 312). Ext., from t. to b., lower part of concentric hook(?); two lines in brown forming the upper border of plain red painted area. 3 1. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F7, EED. Pres. L: 0.036; Pres. W: 0.03; th: 0.005. Clay red (2.5YR 518); micaceous. Decoration in very dark gray (5YR 311) on the ext. Ext., from t. to b., plain red (10R 518) painted; two lines. 32. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench 3, AMA. Pres. L: 0.029; pres.W: 0.038; th: 0.006. Clay brown (7.5YR 514); micaceous. Decoration in very dark gray (7.5YR 311). Ext., partially preserved concentric hook. 33. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CUR. Inv. no: 1335. Pres. L: 0.028; Pres. W: 0.036; th: 0.006. Clay reddish brown (5YR 514); micaceous. Decoration in very dark gray (7.5YR 311). Ext., partially preserved concentric hook. Fig. 10. Red bichrome ware (23, 29, 32) Streaked ware (figs 11-14) The streaky technique (Giirtekin 1998: 242-5, 250-5) and the marbling technique (discussed below) both feature diluted paint. The vessel is intentionally brushed overall, which generally creates colour tones between red and brownish-purplish black, often with a metallic sheen. The main difference between the two techniques is that the diluted paint in streaked ware is applied overall in broad areas and without any attempt to make omamentation like the wavy-line bands and curls of marbling. On the marbling ware, on the other hand, there is a tendency to create adjacent wavy lines or curls with a multiple brush tool. Gurtekin-Demir The common scheme of decoration is plain painted, occasionally ornamented by leaving certain areas (notably the handle zones) reserved. Another convention involves the addition of simple patterns (mainly series of narrow bands, dots, dot-rosettes, tongues, etc.) in an additional colour (white andlor purplish red). Skyphoi, kraters, oinochoai and amphorae are the most favoured shapes of this group of Lydian ware. The main period of production falls into the seventh and the sixth centuries, but some examples suggest a beginning in the late eighth century, and some others show a continuation in the fifth to fourth centuries (Giirtekin 1998: 244-5). Although most of the streaked pottery fragments from Daskyleion are plain streaky painted, some of them have decorations with either added white or motifs on a reserved ground. Therefore, three types of decoration may be distinguished. The first type is plain streaky painted, which is usually executed on skyphoi where the handle zone is left reserved (39-45, 57). The second type has added white on a streaky background (47-52, 6 1, 63-70). The decorations with added white colour include only narrow bands. Examples of streaked ware with added white from the capital of the Lydian kingdom show a greater variety: dots, dot-rosettes, tongues, petals (Butler 1922: 119, fig. I11 no. 125; Shear 1922: 396-405; Richter 1953: 119, pl. 32; Oliver 1968: 199, fig. 8; Muscarella 1971: pl. V, fig. 12; Mclaughlin 1983: 4; Hanfmann, Mierse 1983: 58, fig. 113; Din? 1993: fig. 130; Giirtekin 1998: 250-5). The last type of decoration from Daskyleion is represented on a krateriskos (58), on which a range of petals is placed on a reserved band in the shoulder zone. Parallels of this last type of decoration from Sardis indicate that the ornaments are most often applied on a reserved, non-slipped broad band, which generally occurs on the shoulder of the vessel (Gurtekin 1998: 266), occasionally supplemented with added white decoration (Giirtekin 1998: 274, no. 131). Only two similar krateriskoi, with the same decoration of petals on a reserved band on the handle zone, are reported from western Anatolia; one of them is from a grave context at Assos dating to 540-520 (Utili 1999: 65, Abb. 28 no. 512, 138, Abb. XX no. 512) and the other is an unpublished example from Xanthus mentioned by Utili (1999: 65). The shape repertory from Daskyleion consists primarily of the skyphos (34-57), and to a lesser extent the amphora (59, 60) and krateriskos (58). Skyphoi generally have a conical foot (34-6, 51, 52, 54-6), but two have a ring base (37-8). Skyphoi and amphorae are common streaked ware shapes at Sardis, while the column-krater, a very popular shape of this painted technique at Sardis, is not represented at Daskyleion; there is only a single krateriskos (58). Most of the streaked ware from Daskyleion seems to have been made at Sardis to judge from the close similarity of fabric and glaze. Some examples (34-6, 49, 58, 63, 65) seem to be from a different production centre. Catalogue 34. Skyphos. Base and lower body fragment. Trench F6 East. CAN, CAP. D (base): 0.055; Pres. H: 0.068; th: 0.004-0.006. Clay yellowish red (7.5YR 616) to reddish yellow (7.4YR 716); non-micaceous, with grit and grog temper. Conical foot. Ext., matt streaky glaze in reddish yellow (5YR 618) to black (5YR 2.511). Int., plain matt painted in black (5YR 2.511). 35. Skyphos. Base and lower body fragment. Trench F6, COJ. Inv. no: 1135. D (base): 0.042; Pres. H: 0.03 1: th: 0.002-0.004. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); slightly micaceous. Conical foot. Ext. and int., matt streaky glaze in dark brown (7.5YR 312) to very dark gray (7.5YR 3il). 36. Skyphos. Base and lower body fragment. Trench F6, CIH. D (base): 0.054; Pres. H: 0.027; th: 0.0030.005. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618); slightly micaceous. Conical foot. Ext., matt streaky glaze in red (2.5YR 418). Int., parallel lines encircling the tondo. 37. Skyphos. Base and lower body fragment. Trench F6, CHZ. D (base): 0.06; Pres. H: 0.016; th: 0.0030.005. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 616); micaceous. Ring base. Ext. and int., slightly glossy streaky glaze in yellowish red (5YR 516) to black (5YR 2.511). 38. Skyphos. Base and lower body fragment. Trench F5, CFO. D (base): 0.075; Pres. H: 0.025; th: 0.0060.008. Clay light red (2.5YR 618); micaceous. Ring base. Ext., streaky glaze in yellowish red (5YR 516) to black (5YR 2.511). 39. Skyphos. Rim and body fragment. Trench F5, CRZ. Inv. no: 1166. D (rim): 0.1; Pres. H: 0.041; Pres. W: 0.062; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Ext., glaze in streakily applied red (10R 416) over cream-white slip except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. 40. Skyphos. Rim, handle and body fragment. Trench F6 North. CNJ. D (rim): 0.14: Pres. H: 0.037; Pres. W: 0.053; th: 0.004. Clay light red (2.5YR 618); micaceous. Ext., glaze in streakily applied red (2.5YR 418) except for reserved handle zone. 41. Skyphos. Rim and handle fragment. Trench F5 North, CUY. Inv. no: 1320. D (rim): 0.1; Pres. H: 0.026; Pres. L: 0.053; th: 0.003. Clay red (5YR 516); micaceous. Glaze red (5YR 417). Ext., streaky painted except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. Anatolian Stildies 2002 L__ . I Fig. 1I. Streaked ware (34-8, 51-2, 54-6) 42. Skyphos. Rim and handle fragment. Trench F5 North, CTJ. Pres. H: 0.037: Pres. L : 0.035; th: 0.003-0.005. Clay yellowish red ( 5 Y R 516);micaceous. Glaze dark red (2.5YR 3i6). Ext., streaky glaze on cream-white slip, except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. 44. Skyphos. Rim, handle and body fragment. Trench F6 East, BUI. Inv. no 754. D (rim): 0.080; Pres. H : 0.05;Pres. L : 0.056: th: 0.005. Clay strong brown (7.5YR 5i6): micaceous. Glaze reddish brown (2.5YR 414) to dark reddish gray (2.5YR 311). Ext.. streaky glaze except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. 43. Skyphos. Rim and body fragment. Trench 1. ANN. Inv. no: 149. D (rim): 0.104; Pres. H: 0.037: Pres. L: 0.05;th: 0.003. Clay yellowish red (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Glaze red ( 5 Y R 4i6) to dark reddish brown ( 5 Y R 3,'2). Ext., streaky glaze except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. 45. Skyphos. Rim and body fragment. Trench F6 c l . BFO. Pres. H: 0.066; Pres. L: 0.068; th: 0.0040.006. Clay light red (2.5YR 618);micaceous. Glaze red (2.5YR 518) to dark reddish gray (2.5YR 311). Ext., streaky glaze except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. Giirtekin-Demir Fig. 12. Streaked ware (39-40, 42-4, 46, 57) 46. Skyphos. Rim and handle fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSP. Pres. H: 0.024; Pres. L: 0.029; th: 0.004. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Glaze red (10R 416) int., and reddish black (10R 2.511) ext. Ext., streaky glaze except for reserved handle zone. Int., plain painted. 47. Skyphos. Body fragment. Trench 18, DCJ. Pres. L: 0.025; Pres. W: 0.022; th: 0.0025. Clay red (10R 518); slightly micaceous. Glaze red (10R 416) to reddish black (10R 2.511). Ext., two bands in added white over streaky glaze surface. Int., plain painted. Atzatoliar~Studies 2202 p p p p - Fig. 13. Streaked E.ar-e (58-60) 48. Skyphos. Body fragment. Terrace wall, DSS. Pres. L: 0.025; Pres. W: 0.03; th: 0.003. Clay light red (2.5YR 6:6); slightly micaceous. Glaze dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2.5/3). Ext., single horizontal line in added white over streaky glaze surface. Int., plain painted. 5 I. Skyphos. Conical foot fragment. Trench F6 b l , BBU. Pres. H: 0.022: Pres. W: 0.023: th: 0.004. Clay light red (2.5YR 618); micaceous. Glaze red (2.5YR 518) to reddish black (2.5YR 2.511). Ext., single horizontal line in added white over streaky glaze surface. 49. Skyphos. Lower body fragment. Trench 1, APN. Pres. L: 0.041: Pres. W: 0.029; th: 0,0030.007. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); non-micaceous: with slightly gritty temper. Glaze reddish brown (2.5YR 414) ext.. very dark brown (7.5YR 2.513) int. Ext., single horizontal line in added white over streaky glaze surface. Int., plain painted 52. Skyphos. Conical foot fragment. Terrace wall, south, sondage 2, EIl. Pres. H: 0.028; Pres. W: 0.014; th: 0,003. Clay reddish pink (7.5YR 714); micaceous. Glaze dark reddish brown (2.5YR 314). Ext., two horizontal lines in added white over glaze. 50. Skyphos. Lower body fragment. Terrace wall, DSS. Pres. L: 0.03; Pres. KJ: 0.039; th: 0.002. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Glaze yellowish red (5YR 516) to dark reddish brown (5YR 3i2). Ext.. two horizorital lines in added white over streaky glare surface. Int., single horizontal line added white over streaky glaze. 53. Skyphos. Several joining fragments of lower body. Surface find. Pres. L: 0.045; Pres. W: 0.048; th: 0.0030.007. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 7i6); micaceous. Int. and ext.. streaky glaze in strong brown (7.5YR 5i6) to black (7.5YR 2.5i1). Gurtekin-Demir 54. Skyphos. Conical foot fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DNS. D (base): 0.048; Pres. H: 0.03. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 716); slightly micaceous. Ext. and int., streaky glaze in red (10R 518) to dusky red (10R 313). 55. Skyphos. Conical foot fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DTF. D (base): 0.045; Pres. H: 0.024. Clay light red (2.5YR 616); slightly micaceous. Ext., streaky glaze in red (2.5YR 518) to reddish black (2.5YR 2.511). 56. Skyphos. Conical foot fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSA. D (base): 0.026; Pres. H: 0.042. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Ext., streaky glaze in dark reddish brown (5YR 2.512). Int., glaze worn. 57. Skyphos. Rim and handle fragment. Trench 3, AKI. Pres. H: 0.03; Pres. W. 0.047; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618) with a gray core; micaceous. Glaze dark reddish gray (2.5YR 311). Ext., single band along the rim; handle zone reserved; plain painted on the handle and below handle band. 58. Krateriskos. Trench F7, EDY. Inv. no: 1921. D (rim): 0.10; D (base): 0.049; H: 0.103; th: 0.003. Clay light red (2.5YR 616); slightly micaceous with tiny white inclusions. Glaze black (7.5YR 2.511) to yellowish red (5YR 518). Brush strokes on the rim. Ext., handle partially plain painted. Brush strokes on reserved band on the shoulder. Streaky painted on the lower body and base. 59. Amphora. Rim and neck fragment. Trench F6 bl, BZJ. Inv. no: 869. D (rim): 0.185; Pres. H: 0.049; th: 0.005-0.007. Clay very pale brown (IOYR 714); micaceous. Rim thickened out. Ext. and int., glossy streaky glaze. 60. Amphora. Rim and neck fragment. Trench F5 North, DKH. Pres. H: 0.031; Pres. W: 0.045; th: 0.005. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Glaze yellowish red (5YR 516) to dark reddish brown (5YR 312). Ext., streaky glaze. Int., streaky glaze until below rim. 62. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Terrace wall, sondage 4, DTF. Pres. L: 0.038; Pres. W: 0.042; th: 0.004. Clay light red (2.5YR 616). Glaze reddish brown (5YR 414). Ext., three horizontal parallel lines in added white over streaky glaze surface. 63. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6, AYL. Pres. L: 0.042; Pres. W: 0.03; th: 0.008. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); slightly micaceous; with grit temper. Glaze dark reddish brown (5YR 313). Ext., two horizontal lines in added white over streaky glaze surface. 64. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F7 b6, EJP. Pres. L: 0.022; Pres. W: 0.032; th: 0.003. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous; with slightly grit temper. Glaze dark reddish brown (5YR 312). Ext., two horizontal lines in added white over glazed surface. 65. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CUS. Pres. L: 0.018; Pres. W: 0.022; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 716); slightly micaceous; with slightly gritty temper. Glaze yellowish red (5YR 516) to very dark gray (5YR 311). Ext., two horizontal lines in added white over streaky glaze surface. 66. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CHN. Pres. L: 0.012; Pres. W: 0.022; th. 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 716); slightly micaceous; with slightly gritty temper. Glaze yellowish red (5YR 516) to very dark gray (5YR 311). Ext., single horizontal line in added white over streaky glaze surface. 67. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSP. Pres. L: 0.024; Pres. W: 0.04; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 716); slightly micaceous; with slightly gritty temper. Glaze red (2.5YR 516). Ext., single horizontal line in added white over streaky glaze surface. 61. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CTK. Pres. H: 0.041; Pres. L: 0.032; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Glaze reddish brown (5YR 514). Ext., two horizontal lines in added white over black painted line. - Fig. 14a. Streaked ware (49, 58) '. Fig. 14b. Streaked ware (69) 68. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, DJB. Pres. L: 0.026; Pres. W: 0.022: th: 0.003. Clay reddish yellow ( 5 Y R 716): non-micaceous; with slightly gritty temper. Glaze red ( 5 Y R 416). Ext., single horizontal line in added white over streaky glaze surface. 69. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6 c l , BIU. Pres. L: 0.044; Pres. W: 0.048; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow ( 5 Y R 716); micaceous. Glaze yellowish red ( 5 Y R 5i6) to very dark gray ( 5 Y R 3:l). Ext., two horizontal lines in added white over streaky glaze surface. 70. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5 North. DJB. Pres. L: 0.018: Pres. W: 0.015; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow ( 5 Y R 616); micaceous. Glaze reddish black ( 5 Y R 5i6). Ext., single horizontal line in added white over glossy streaky glaze surface. Marbling ware (figs 15, 16) The difference between the marbling technique and the similar streaked technique has been discussed above. In the marbling technique the paint is applied with a multiple brush in the form of vertical. horizontal and diagonal wavy-lines or sometimes in the form of curls. The paint is often laid on a cream-white slip, giving more brilliance and lustre to the colour of a single iron oxide base paint. The majority of this ware was produced in Lydia. at Sardis and its environs (Greenewalt 1966: 120; 1978: 39; Gurtekin 1998: 199), but it seems also to have been produced in some other places. with local clays and glazes. Marbling ware has a broader distribution in Anatolia than other Lydian painted ware. It is reported from Aiolis (Greenewalt 1966: 150, 152, 159. 208 [Pitane]; Greenewalt 1966: 9 1, n. 47, 152, 154 [Larisa]), Ionia (Akurgal 1950: 38-9; Cook 1958-1959: 31, n. 82 [Smyrna]; Holland 1944: 140 [Colophon]), Caria (Mierse 1986: 418-19, figs 357.1-2 [Aphrodisias]), Phrygia (Korte, Korte 1904: 189, fig. 18 1. nos 61-4; Greenewalt 1966: 152 [Gordion]; Haspels 195 1: 29-30, pl. 8b. nos 4, 5 [Midas city]; Mellaart 1955: 121, fig. 12 1 [Alibey Hoyiik]; Mellaart 1955: 12 1 [Emircik Hoyuk, Mancarll Hoyiik]: Osten 1937: 32, fig. 53, 44. pl. 11 [Aligar]; OzguC 1949: 59. pl. XXXI no. 211 [Kultepe]) and from Pisidia (Greenewalt 1968: pl. 1 [Burdur]; Dortliik 1977: Lev. 24, Res. 34 [Uylupmar]). Marbling ware, either from Sardis or elsewhere. was produced between the late seventh and the late fifth centuries (Greenewalt 1966: 144-5 1). A group of the marbling pottery from Daskyleion (78, 87, 99-101) has a different fabric and glaze from those found at Sardis. The clay of this group is non-micaceous and hard-fired, and is matt painted with a manganese glaze, unlike local Sardis examples, which have micaceous and friable clay and an iron oxide glaze. Another distinction is the vertical marbling decoration on three examples (99-101). Vertical marbling decoration has not been attested on the lydion at other sites. Greenewalt suggested that the vertical marbling is not a characteristic decoration for the lydion (Greenewalt 1966: 130). The fabric of other marbling ware from Daskyleion seems to be produced at Sardis or its environs. The majority of the fragments from Daskyleion belong to closed vessel shapes, which include the amphora (821, lekythos (97) and lydion (98-101). Other fragments of closed vessels (83-96) are unidentified. Body fragments of the lydion (98-101) belong to the globular, 'fat-bellied' type suggested by Greenewalt (Greenewalt 1966: 6-34). Greenewalt dated this type from the late seventh century to the late sixth century. As for the open vessels, two dish fragments (71-2) and eight open vessels, most of which are probably also dishes. are attested. Numbers 71 and 72 have shallow bowls with plain thin rims, painted in diagonal and vertical marbling respectively. These dishes have parallels from Sardis (Greenewalt 1966: 64-5). Marbling ware is occasionally combined with different ornaments. Number 83 is decorated with vertical marbling and a broad cross-hatched band. Another sherd (Gurtekin 1998: pl. 45, no. 118), from the 1955-1 956 excavations directed by Akurgal at Daskyleion, is decorated with a row of bud stems reminiscent of early Fikellura ornaments (Greenewalt 1971: pl. 4.2) -with curled marbling below. Another vase combining marbling with stemmed buds comes from Alagehir (Giistekin-Demir 2001 : lev. 2 1, figs 3-4). Other related pottery, combining the marbling technique with animal friezes, comes from Sardis (Greenewalt 1966: 125. 153 (M2); Greenewalt et al. 1990: 152-3, pls 15-16; Hanfinann 1962: 37, fig. 29; Hanfmann-Mierse 1983: fig. 76: Mellink 1988: 122. fig. 28; Giirtekin 1998: 203-4, nos 11 1, 113, pls 42-3; Sardis Inv. no. P68.36:7645), Alagehir (Gurtekin-Demir 200 1 : lev. 21. figs 5-6), Burdur (Greenewalt 1968: pl. 1, nos. 1-3) and an unknown site in Asia Minor (Greenewalt 1968: pls 23, nos 1, 2, 4; Philadelphia University Museum Inv. no. 66.1.1). Floral and geometric ornalnents are also used as subsidiary decoration on the examples found at Sardis (Greenewalt et al. 1995: 15, fig. 15a-b; Giirtekin 1998: 216, no. 120, pl. 46; Sardis Inv. no. P68.36: 7645), Burdur (Greenewalt 1968: pl. 1, nos 1-3). Daskyleion (Gurtekin 1998: no. 1 18, pl. 45) and Alagehir (Giirtekin 1998: 215, no. 115, pls 39-45). On the other hand, the closed vessel body fragment numbered 84 is painted with petals above a vertically marbled area, and the rim of number 82 is decorated with short vertical lines. Giirtekin-Demiv Catalogue 7 1. Dish. Rim and body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.031; Pres. W: 0.038; th: 0.005. Clay yellowish red (7.5YR 616); highly micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., diagonal marbling. Rim poorly preserved. 72. Dish. Body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.042; Pres. W: 0.05; th: 0.006. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); highly micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. Int., plain painted. 73. Skyphos. Two joining fragments of body and handle. Terrace wall, DTD. Pres. L: 0.098; Pres. W: 0.066; th: 0.0050.008. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616) with gray core; highly micaceous. Decoration between light red (2.5YR 616) and black (7.5YR 2.511) on cream-white slip. Ext., from 1. to r., plain streaky painted around handle; single vertical band; vertical marbling. Int., streaky painted. 74. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, BSM. Pres. L: 0.026; Pres. W: 0.048; th: 0.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration between red (2.5YR 416) and light red (2.5YR 618) on creamwhite slip. Ext., band forming the upper border of vertical marbling. Int., streaky painted. 75. Open vessel. Body fragment. Terrace wall, DSY. Inv. no: 1747. Pres. L: 0.032; Pres. W: 0.037; th: 0.005. Clay red (2.5YR 518); micaceous. Decoration in red (lOR 416) over cream-white slip. Int., plain red painted. 76. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, BOS. Inv. no: 906. Pres. L: 0.022; Pres. W: 0.03 1; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Decoration in very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5 12). Ext., partially preserved curled marbling. Int., metallic streaky painted. 80. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench N 10, DUJ. Inv. no: 1797. Pres. L: 0.035; Pres. W: 0.034; th: 0.003. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 414). Int., plain painted. Ext., curled marbling. 81. Krater. Neck and shoulder fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DPB. Inv. no: 1624. Pres. L: 0.039; Pres. W: 0.103; th: 0.005-0.006. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., from t. to b., single band on the neck; vertical marbling on the shoulder. Int., plain painted. 82. Amphora. Rim and neck fragment. Trench F6 North, CFU. Pres. H: 0.036; th: 0.007. Clay very pale brown (10YR 714); highly micaceous. Rim curved outwards. Int. and ext. slipped very pale brown (lOYR 812-813). Decoration in very dark gray (IOYR 311). Ext., broad band on and below rim; vertical marbling. Int., band below rim. Short and vertical lines over the rim. 83. Closed vessel. Belly fragment. Trench F5, BTS. Pres. L: 0.06; Pres. W: 0.065; th: 0.0060.008. Clay pale brown (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 416) on a very pale brown (IOYR 812-813) slip. Ext., from 1. to r., vertical marbling; single vertical band; crosshatched area. Single mending hole survives. 84. Closed vessel. Shoulder fragment. Trench F5, BNK. Pres. L: 0.052; Pres. W: 0.047; th: 0.0060.007. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 414) on a very pale brown slip (10YR 812-813). Ext., from t. to b., single band bordering the lower part of petal row; vertical marbling. 77. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, BRA. Inv. no: 659. Pres. L: 0.018; Pres. W: 0.03; th: 0.002. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. Int., plain painted. 78. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench 23, DOS. Pres. L: 0.027; Pres. W: 0.03; th: 0.007. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); non-micaceous, with grit temper. Decoration in dark brown (7.5YR 614). Ext., curled marbling. Int., plain painted. 79. Open vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6, DCP. Pres. L: 0.042; Pres. W: 0.046; th: 0.0060.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 618); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 518) over cream-white slip. Ext,, vertical marbling. Int., plain painted. i1 I I Fig. 15. Marbling ware (82, 94) Anatolian Studies 2002 85. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Terrace wall, DSS. Inv. no: 1695. Pres. L: 0.035; Pres. W: 0.045; th: 0.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration between reddish black (2.5YR 2.511) and light red (2.5YR 618) on cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. 86. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F7 b l , EEF. Pres. L: 0.03; Pres. W: 0.022; th: 0.004. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in very dark gray (7.5YR 311). Ext., partially preserved curled marbling. 87. Closed vessel. Shoulder fragment. Trench F6 North, BYD. Pres. L: 0.067; Pres. W: 0.075; th: Fig. 16. Marbling ware (79, 81, 84, 87-8, 100) 0.006-0.008. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); non-micaceous with grit temper. Decoration in reddish brown (5YR 413). Ext., wide horizontal marbling. 88. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench Biltenler I, CDI. Inv. no: 956. Pres. L: 0.044; Pres. W: 0.039; th: 0.002. Clay very pale brown (IOYR 714); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 418) on cream-white slip. Ext., curled marbling. 89. Closed vessel. Neck fragment. Trench 1, APM. Pres. L: 0.07; Pres. W: 0.063; th: 0.002. Clay brown (1OR 514); micaceous. Decoration in red (1OR 418) on cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. Giirtekin-Demir 90. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench I, AJB. Pres. L: 0.031; Pres. W: 0.045; th: 0.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. One mending hole preserved. Decoration in red (2.5YR 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. 100. Lydion. Body fragment. Terrace wall, sondage 4, DTR. Inv. no: 1746. Pres. L: 0.053; Pres. W: 0.079. Clay light red (2.5YR 616). Decoration in red (10R 418). Vertical marbling on the ext. 91. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5, BTZ. Pres. L: 0.026; Pres. W: 0.04; th: 0.007. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 416) on cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. 101. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CTK. Pres. L: 0.026; Pres. W: 0.023. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616). Decoration in red (10R 418). Vertical marbling on the ext. 92. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5, BUK. Pres. L: 0.034; Pres. W: 0.027; th: 0.008. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Decoration in dark red (2.5YR 316) over cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. The lydion: banded, plain painted and unpainted (figs 17-19) The lydion was a popular shape among the Lydian wares, widely distributed and imitated, and ideally suited to its cosmetic content, which may have been baccaris (Greenewalt 1966: 103-16). Ancient literary sources inform us of the high quality of the baccaris which Croesus had at his disposal in Daskyleion (Masson 1962: 21, fig. 104). Lydia have been discovered not only in western Anatolia, but also in Greece, and in the Greek colonies in Italy, Sicily, Spain, France and around the Black Sea (Greenewalt 1966: 7, 52-9). It was probably the only Lydian shape that was exported and imitated outside Anatolia. It was locally produced in the east Greek centres and also in Athens, Sparta and Etruria (Boardman 1980: 99). In general, the Lydian lydia have marbling, streaked or banded decoration, although some of them are either plain painted or unpainted. They were mainly produced during the sixth and fifth centuries in western Anatolia (Greenewalt 1966). In addition to those with marbling decoration (98101), there are many lydia from Daskyleion which are banded, plain painted and unpainted. The banded lydia have several rows of bands - narrow or broad (10265). Most of the banded lydia have narrow bands on the body and are plain painted on the neck and foot (102110, 112, 115, 117-19, 122, 123, 126-43, 147-58, 160, 162-5). Other banded lydia, on the other hand, are decorated with a single band, or several thick bands (11 1, 116, 120, 121, 125). The group numbered 166-91 include both plain painted and unpainted lydia. Three examples are horizontally fluted; numbers 192 and 193 are plain painted, the third, 194, is painted in alternately red and white bands. Parallels to 194 are found at Sardis (for example, Metropolitan Museum Inv. no. 26.199.204) and its royal cemetery, Bintepe, and have flutes alternately decorated with marbling, red and white paint (for example, Bilgin et al. 1996: 217, fig. 13a-b). Another horizontally fluted lydion with flutes painted alternately in red and white is now in Rome (Villa Guilia Inv. no. 20838). The development of the shape is discussed below. 93. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, BND. Inv, no: 674. Pres. L: 0.033; Pres. W: 0.033; th: 0.003-0.005. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); highly micaceous. Decoration in black (IOYR 211) over cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. 94. Closed vessel. Base and body fragment. Trench F6 East-North, COK. D (base): 0.072; Pres. H: 0.026; th: 0.003-0.007. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); highly micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., single band bordering the lower part of vertical marbling. 95. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5, BSC. Pres. L: 0.066; Pres. W: 0.098; th: 0.007. Clay light red (2.5YR 618); highly micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., vertical marbling. Two mending holes survive. 96. Closed vessel. Body fragment. Trench F5, CTJ. Inv. no: 1341. Pres. L: 0.029; Pres. W: 0.016; th: 0.003. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in dark red (2.5YR316) on cream-white slip. Ext., curled marbling. 97. Lekythos. Lower body fragment. Trench 3, AIH. Pres. H: 0.042; th: 0.005-0.009. Clay light brown (7.5YR 614); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) over cream-white slip. Ext., from t. to b., vertical marbling; plain painted. 98. Lydion. Belly fragment. Terrace wall, sondage 4, DTF. Pres. L: 0.037; Pres. W: 0.032; th: 0.006. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); highly micaceous. Decoration in black (5YR 2.511). Ext., from t. to b., horizontal marbling; plain painted. 99. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench N10, DVZ. Inv. no: 1796. Pres. H: 0.05. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Coarsely made vertical marbling. Anatolian Studies 2002 Fig. 17. Banded, plain painted and unpainted lydia (100, 102-4, 106-11) Gurtekin-Demir Catalogue 102. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Trench 1, AKT. Inv. no: 301. D (base): 0.03; D (belly): 0.065; Pres. H: 0.07. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); highly micaceous. Decoration in red (2.5YR 518). Narrow bands over cream-white slip on the upper body; single red band on the belly; lower body reserved; single red band on the base. 103. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Trench 1, AOA. Inv. no: 352. D (base): 0.031; D (belly): 0.065; Pres. H: 0.065. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); highly micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands over cream-white slip on the upper body; single red band on the belly; lower body reserved; red band on the base. 104. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CML. D (belly): 0.071; Pres. H: 0.062. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Decoration in red (2.5YR 518). Narrow red bands over cream-white slip on the upper body. 105. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. D (base): ca. 0.03; D (belly): 0.08; Pres. H: 0.087. Clay red (2.5YR 518); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands over cream-white slip on the upper body. 106. Lydion. Body fragment. Area between trench 1 and trench 3, BAO. Inv. no: 535. D. (belly): 0.081; Pres. H: 0.06. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 616); highly micaceous. Narrow red (10R 518) bands over cream-white slip on the upper body; single red band on the belly. 107. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 1, ANZ. Inv. no: 350. D (base): 0.088; Pres. H: 0.061. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow red (2.5YR 418) bands over cream-white slip on the upper body; single red band on the belly. 108. Lydion. Body fragment (three joining pieces). Surface find, CLH. Pres. H: 0.056. Clay reddish brown (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow reddish brown (5YR 414) bands on the upper body over cream-white slip. 109. Lydion. Neck and body fragment. Trench 1, AOR and APA. Inv. no: 360. D (belly): 0.072; Pres. H: 0.082. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); highly micaceous. Decoration in black to yellowish red (5YR 2,511-518) on cream-white slip, from t. to b., plain streaky painted on neck; narrow band on the upper body; single band on lower body. 110. Lydion. Rim and neck fragment (four joining pieces). Trench F6 b l , BDH. Pres. H: 0.05. Clay very pale brown (IOYR 714); highly micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 518) over cream-white slip. Int., plain painted below rim. Ext., narrow bands on the upper body. 111. Lydion. Rim, neck and shoulder fragment. Trench F6, AYS. Inv. no: 499. D (rim): 0.05; Pres. H: 0.05. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); slightly micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418). Int., single red band on and below rim. Ext., plain painted except the single reserved band on the shoulder. 112. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6, CII. Pres. H: 0.04. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418). Narrow bands over cream-white slip on the upper body; plain red painted on the lower body. 113. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 b l , BCH. Pres. H: 0.056. Clay pale red (10R 714); micaceous. Ext., narrow reddish yellow bands (5YR 618) over cream-white slip. 114. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Trench F6 East, BOV. Pres. H: 0.04. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Ext., narrow red bands (10R 418) over cream-white slip. 115. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 3, AMM. Pres. H: 0.07. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 418) over cream-white slip, from t. to b., narrow bands; plain painted. 116. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 22, DKT. Pres. H: 0.03 1. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Single red (10R 518) band over cream-white slip on the ext. 117. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 19, DLN. Pres. H: 0.045. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands on the ext. 118. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 19, DLB. Pres. H: 0.042. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow light red bands (2.5YR 618) over cream-white slip. 119. Lydion. Body fragment (two joining pieces). Trench 22, DIE. Pres. H: 0.042. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 516): micaceous. Narrow red bands (2.5YR 518) on ext. 120. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench N10, DUT. Pres. L: 0.053; Pres. W: 0.075. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 616); highly micaceous. Single band in black to yellowish red (5YR 2.511-516) on ext. 121. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, BUE. Pres. L: 0.047; Pres. W: 0.039. Clay red (2.5YR 516); micaceous. Single band in reddish brown (5YR 414). 122. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CNK. Pres. L: 0.024; Pres. W: 0.06. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands on the ext. 123. Lydion. Neck and body fragment. Trench 18, DDP. Pres. L: 0.054; Pres. W: 0.054. Clay light red (2.5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow red (2.5YR 518) bands on the ext. ilnatolian Studies 2002 124. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CLU. Pres. L: 0.056; Pres. W: 0.064 Clay yellowish red (5YR 5/6); micaceous. Worn. 125. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 19, DJE. Pres. L: 0.044; Pres. W: 0.065. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Single red (10R 418) band on the ext. 126. Lydion. Neck and body fragment. Trench F6, DCD. Pres. L: 0.052; Pres. W: 0.041. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Decoration in red (10R 5;8). Neck plain red painted; narrow red bands over cream-white slip on the upper body. 127. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 18. DBV. Pres. L: 0.046: Pres. W: 0.028. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow yellowish red bands (5YR 518) on cream-white slip. 128. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSD. Pres. L: 0.035; Pres. W: 0.033. Clay light reddish brown (5YR 614). Narrow yellowish red (5YR 416) bands over cream-white slip. 129. Lydion. Body fragment. Terrace wall, sondage 4, DTN. Pres. L: 0.031; Pres. W: 0.045. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow red (]OR 4 8 ) bands over cream-white slip. 130. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, CIV. Pres. L: 0.033; Pres. W: 0.035. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow yellowish red (5YR 5%) bands over cream-white slip. 13 1. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5, BUK. Pres. L: 0.028: Pres. W: 0.027. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Narrow yellowish red (5YR 518) bands over cream-white slip. 132. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 North. CHF. Pres. L: 0.024; Pres. W: 0.032. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow bands in dark reddish brown to red (2.5YR 313-518) over cream-white slip. 133. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DRU. Pres. L: 0.048; Pres. W: 0.036. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands. 134. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5. BUJ. Pres. L: 0.027; Pres. W: 0.032. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. N a r r o ~red (10R 518) bands over cream-white slip. 135. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5, BUK. Pres. L: 0.027: Pres. W: 0.037. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616): micaceous. Narrow light red (2.5YR 618) bands over cream-white slip. 136. Lyd~on.Body fragment. Trench 19. DCU. Pres. L. 0.029; Pres W. 0.036 Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 518)bands over cream-white slip. 137. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.034: Pres. W: 0.059. Clay yellow~shred (5YR 516). Red (l0R 4i8) bands on ext 138. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, CIL. Pres. L: 0.029: Pres. W: 0.048. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6:6); micaceous. Narrow bands in reddish yellow (5YR 618) over cream-white slip. 139. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench Biltenler 1, CCL. Pres. L: 0.027: Pres. W: 0.039. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow bands in very dark gray (5YR 311) over cream-white slip. 140. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 c l , BEU. Pres. L: 0.037; Pres. W: 0.024. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow bands in dark reddish gray (2.5YR 311) over cream-white slip. 141. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6, AZL. Pres. L: 0.048; Pres. W: 0.056. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow very dark gray (5YR 311) bands over cream-white sllp. 142. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6, AZL. Pres. L: 0.044; Pres. W: 0.06. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow bands in very dark gray to yellowish red (5YR 311-516) over creamwhite slip. 143. Lydion. Neck and body fragment (two joining fragments). Trench 24, DLG. Pres. L: 0.052; Pres. W: 0.065. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow reddish yellow (5YR 618) bands over cream-white slip. 144. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5, CPU. Pres. L: 0.049; Pres. W: 0.066. Clay yellou~ishred (5YR 5!6); micaceous. Narrow bands in reddish black to red (l0R 2.511-4!8) over cream-white slip. 145. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKK. Pres. L: 0.041; Pres. W: 0.072. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6i6): highly micaceous. Paint not preserved. 146. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BBF. Pres. L: 0.041; Pres. W: 0.066. Clay very pale brown (10YR 714). Paint not preserved 147. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.052; Pres. W: 0.057. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Poorly preserved narrow bands over cream-white slip. 148. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 b l . BCN. Pres. L: 0.049; Pres. W: 0.041. Clay yellowish red (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow bands in dark reddish gray to red (2.5YR 311-518) over cream-white slip. Giirtekin-Demir Fig. 18. Banded, plain painted and unpainted lydia (120, 166-7, 169, 171-5, 180-1, 193) Anatolian Studies 2002 149. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CHY. Pres. L: 0.052; Prcs. W: 0.061. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow bands in black to red (2.5YR 2.511-4i8) over cream-white slip. 150. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CGV. Pres. L: 0.049; Prcs. W: 0.036. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 61'6); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 5i8) bands over cream-white slip. 151. Lydion. Body fragmcnt. Trench Biltenler I, CDD. Pres. L: 0.055; Pres. W: 0.062. Clay yellowish red (5YR 5'6); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 4 8 ) bands over cream-white slip. 152. Lydion. Body fragmcnt. Trench F6 East. BSB. Pres. L: 0.045; Pres. W: 0.051. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 61'6); micaceous, Narrow red (10R 5%) bands over cream-white slip. 153. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 c l , BIV. Pres. L: 0.044; Pres. W: 0.05 1. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow red (2.5YR 416) bands over cream-white slip. 154. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 North, CHV. Pres. L: 0.055; Pres. W: 0.067. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Narrow red (2.5YR 518) bands over cream-white slip. 155. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CND. Pres. L: 0.058: Pres. W: 0.067. Clay yellowish red (5YR 56); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 4i8) bands over cream-white slip. 156. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CHM. Pres. L: 0.047; Pres. W: 0.043. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Narrow dark reddish gray (2.5YR 3il) bands. 157. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.043; Pres. W: 0.049. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6i6); micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands over cream-white slip. 158. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, CIV. Pres. L: 0.035: Pres. W: 0.049. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6,'6); micaceous. Narrow red (2.5YR 518) bands over cream-white slip. 159. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKH. Pres. L: 0.03: Pres. W: 0.056. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6'6): micaceous. Paint poorly preserved. 160. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East, CIY Pres. L: 0.054; Pres. W: 0.085. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616): highly micaceous. Narrow red (10R 518) bands over cream-white slip. 16 1. Lydion. Body fragmcnt. Surface find. BBF Pres. L: 0.071: Pres. W: 0.078 Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); highly micaceous. Pa~ntpoorly preserved. 162. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.05; Pres. W: 0.053. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616): micaceous. Narrow red (10R 418) bands over cream-u-hite slip. 163. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F6 East-North. CFR. Pres. L: 0.027: Pres. W: 0.058. Clay red (2.5YR 5:6); micaceous. Narrow dark reddish gray (2.5YR 3il) bands over cream-white slip. 164. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BBF. Pres. L: 0.025: Pres. W: 0.047. Clay red (2.5YR 5/61; slightly micaceous. Narrow bands in dark reddish brown (5YR 3'2) over creamwhite slip. 165. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5, BUV. Pres. L: 0.042; Pres. W: 0.065. Clay yellowish red (5YR 6i6); micaceous. Narrow red (2.5YR 5%) bands over cream-white slip. 166. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, CFO. D (belly): 0.074; Pres. H: 0.045. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6j6); micaceous. Not painted. 167. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Trench F6, DCE. D (base): 0.03; Pres. H: 0.074. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6i6j: micaceous. Partially preserved red (2.5YR 5%) paint on ext. 168. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 22, DIE. Pres. H: 0.047. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6.'6); micaccous. Paint worn out 169. Lydion. Body fragment (three joining pieces). Trench 22, DKT. D (belly): 0.078; Pres. H: 0.055. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6i6): micaceous. Not painted 170. Lydion. Neck and shoulder fragment. Trench 19. DJE. Pres. L: 0.047; Pres. W: 0.056. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 6;6): micaceous. Not painted. 171. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Surface find. D (base): 0.024; Pres. H: 0.089. Clay light red (2.5YR 6/8k micaceous. Not painted 172. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DSD. D (base): 0.039; Pres. H: 0.038. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Plain painted in duskv red to red (10R 3/4-418). 173. Lydion. Foot fragment. Surface find. D (base): 0.029: Pres. H: 0.057. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616). Not painted. 174. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench F6 East-North. DHY. D (base): 0.03: Pres. H: 0.041. Clay red (2.5YR 5%); highly micaceous. Plain red painted (10R 4:'s). Giirtekin-Demir 175. Lydion. Foot fragment. Terrace wall, DRT. D (base): 0.026; Pres. H: 0.036. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 616); highly micaceous. Plain painted in red (10R 518). 187. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DOU. Pres. H: 0.033. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Plain reddish brown (2.5YR 514) painted. 176. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CMS. D (base): 0.029; Pres. H: 0.035. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Plain red painted (2.5YR 416). 188. Lydion. Neck and body fragment. Surface find. Pres. H: 0.054; Pres. W: 0.026. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Plain red painted (2.5YR 416). 177. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench F6 East-North, CLU. D. (base): 0.026; Pres. H: 0.03 1. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Plain painted in reddish black to red (2.5YR 2.511-418). 189. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 21, DJN. Pres. L: 0.04; Pres. W: 0.05. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Not painted. 178. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench F6 East, CJH. D (base): 0.028; Pres. H: 0.03. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); highly micaceous. painted. 190. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKH. Pres. L: 0.027; Pres. W: 0.028. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Not painted. Not 191. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKH. Pres. L: 0.042; Pres. W: 0.052. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Burnt. Not painted. 179. Lydion. Foot fragment. Trench 22, DJV. D (base): 0.03; Pres. H: 0.026. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous. Plain painted. 180. Lydion. Body and foot fragment. Trench F6 c l , BHA. D (base): 0.026; Pres. H: 0.057. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Partially preserved red (10R 418) paint on ext. 192. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench N 10, DUF. Pres. H: 0.046. Clay reddish yellow (7.5YR 716); micaceous. Horizontal fluted body. Plain painted in very dark gray (5YR 311). Not 193. Lydion. Body fragment. Terrace wall, DSY. lnv. no: 1744. Pres. L: 0.043; Pres. W: 0.075. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); highly micaceous. Horizontal fluted body. Plain dark (5YR 2.511) painted. 182. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 25 (terrace wall), DNS. Pres. L: 0.041; Pres. W: 0.056. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616). Plain painted in reddish black (10R 2.511). 194. Lydion. Body fragment. Area between trench 1 and trench 3, AUR. Inv. no: 529. Pres. L: 0.077. Clay light red (2.5YR 616); micaceous. Horizontal fluted, alternately in red (2.5YR 418) and white (IOYR 812). 181. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, DUC. Pres. L: 0.033. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); highly micaceous. painted. 183. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find, BKI. Pres. L: 0.054; Pres. W: 0.06. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516); micaceous and gritty temper. Partially preserved red paint. 184. Lydion. Body fragment. Surface find. Pres. L: 0.03 1. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616). Not painted. 185. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench 22, DIE. Pres. L: 0.055; Pres. W: 0.065. Clay yellowish red (5YR 516). Not painted. 186. Lydion. Body fragment. Trench F5 North, DRD. Pres. L : 0.038; Pres. W: 0.058. Clay reddish yellow (5YR 616); micaceous. Not painted. - Fig. 19. Fluted lydion (194) Anatolian Studies 2002 Technical aspects: fabrics, slips and glazes Three main fabrics are observed for Lydian pottery at Daskyleion. Sardis fabric The clay of pottery from Sardis is soft, flaky, micaceous and has an orange-red colour. and most of the Lydian pottery from Daskyleion is similar in clay texture and also in glazes. This may mean that most Lydian pottery from Daskyleion was produced at the same centre as the local pottery from Sardis. The slip tends to vary from thinly to thickly applied. The slips of early Fikellura (1). Ephesian (2) and white bichrome wares (18-22) are thick, shiny and hard. The slips of most streaked and marbled wares, as well as of some lydia of Sardis production tend to be diluted and matt finished. By using a glaze with a high manganese content together with the essentially Greek type black glaze, with its iron-oxide content. Lydian vase decorators were able to achieve black and red colouring in a one stage - oxidising firing process (Greenewalt 1970: 58: 1978: 38). The manganese glaze was used also in Phrygia and Cilicia (Greenewalt 1978: 40). ‘Van-micaceous/slightly micuceo~~s red,fabric A small group of Lydian vessels from Daskyleion has a non-micaceous or slightly micaceous red fabric that is fine and hard fired. The fabric tends to be porous and frequently includes very tiny brownish black grits or tiny lime flecks. Slip was not favoured on this fabric, with the exception of number 164. Glaze tends to be often diluted and matt finished. Added white colour is observed on some of the streaked skyphoi (49,63,65) as narrow bands over a streaky background. This fabric is attested on some marbled ware (78, 87. 99-101), streaky are (346, 49. 58, 63, 65) and on lydia (99-101. 111, 164). Highly micaceous red to brown fabric Most of the Ephesianising ware (3-14) and one lydion (175) have a higher concentration of golden mica than the Sardian fabric. This fabric often tends to have a reddish brown colour with occasionally very tiny lime and brownish black grit flecks. Interior and exterior surfaces of the vessels are well smoothed. The slip is thin, matt and chalky. The slips of three Ephesianising vessels (15-17), on the contrary. are thickly applied. shiny and adhere strongly to the wall. Although the clay of examples 15-17 appears to be similar to other Ephesianising wares (3-14). the fine glaze and shiny thick slip points to a different workshop. The glaze on all the Ephesianising examples seems to be the manganese glaze favoured on vessels of Sardian fabric. Shape repertory General research on the shapes found in the Lydian pottery from Daskyleion shows a heavy preponderance of the lydion. Most of the lydia are decorated with bands. and a few pieces with marbling. Skyphoi and dishes are the next most common shapes. The skyphos is the commonest shape for streaked ware, the dish for Ephesianising ware. Some of the marbling open vessels might be skyphoi or dishes. These three shapes account for 91% of the Lydian pottery. A few pieces of skyphos-krater, krater, krateriskos. one-handled cup, amphora, lekythos, lid and stand complete the general repertory of shapes. Shapes which are favoured in Lydian pottery elsewhere, such as the fruit stand and column-krater, are not attested at Daskyleion, although the krateriskos (58) which seems to be produced somewhere other than Sardis. is actually a miniature version of the Lydian column-krater. Dish The dish was primarily used for Ephesianising, marbling. and red bichrome wares. The dish types used in each of these wares can be distinguished by their rim profile. Ephesianising dishes tend to have shallow bowls and outward tilted rims. There are three sub-categories: those with slightly flaring rims (4. 5, 8. 13); those with flaring, rounded rims (3,6, 11, 14); and those with flaring rims and a slightly inset profile on the interior (7, 10). The rim profiles observed on Ephesianising ware here are not attested on Ephesian ware (Greenewalt 1973: pl. 1.I), but there are similar examples on gray ware dishes at Daskyleion. A general date for this gray ware of the seventh to the early sixth century has been suggested by Polat (personal communication). The only marbling ware dish rim has a slightly in-curved rim, a thin wall and a shallow bowl (71). The bichrome dish has a flaring rim and a carination below (23). So far, no base fragments of the dishes have been excavated. Type of fabric Sardis fabric Non-micaceous/slightly micaceous red fabric Highly micaceous, red to brown fabric Table I . Fabric distribution of Lydian potter), from Percentage 85% 7% 8% Dash-leioiz Quantity 164 14 16 Giirtekin-Demir The most common type of decoration for dishes is Ephesianising (81%, 13 examples), the next most common is marbling (13%, two examples) and the least common is red bichrome (6%, one example). No other type of decoration is attested for this shape. Some unpublished examples of dishes in Ephesianising and bichrome wares were discovered during the excavations directed by Akurgal (Greenewalt: personal communication) Shyphos Most skyphoi from Daskyleion are streaky glazed. Although no complete skyphos has been found, it is possible to establish a general idea of the shape from both rim and base fragments. All the rims have a plain profile (39-46, 57) and handles are generally placed below rims (40-2, 44, 57). Generally a conical foot is preferred (34-6, 5 1, 52, 54-6), but sometimes there is a ring base (37-8). Of the single examples identified in marbling ware (73) and early Fikellura ware (I), no rim or base profiles survive. Of the 26 skyphoi 92% are streaky glazed. 4% marbling and 4% early Fikellura. Sbphos-hater An out-curved rim and globular bowl are the general characteristics of the Lydian skyphos-kraters from Sardis, which are generally rendered in red bichrome and streaky techniques (Giirtekin 1998: 116,252). Only two skyphos-kraters are represented at Daskyleion, both decorated in red bichrome (24-5). Rims are not preserved, but the transition from rim to bowl is well attested. One-handled cup Only one example of this shape is represented; it has a plain rim and is decorated in red bichrome (28). The sides below the rim tend to curve slightly out. Although the handle does not survive, the small handle projection on the rim suggests a vertical handle. Krater The single example of this form is painted in the marbling technique (81). A neck with a slightly flaring profile and part of the shoulder survive. Krateriskos A single example survives (58). It has a flaring rim, a nearly vertical neck, a swelling shoulder and a low conical foot. It is decorated in streaky glaze. The handles are directly attached with a piece of clay at the rim. These shape features, specifically the attachment of handles to rim without a handle plate, characterise the Lydian type of column-krater, which is typically decorated with streaky glaze (Hanfmann, Mierse 1983: figs 86, 127). A few parallel examples of krateriskos of the sixth century were also found at Sardis (PN, 1965, W 296-2981s 325-33 1, *86.00-85.60; PN, 1967, W2672721s 327-329, *85.4). Lydion The lydion constitutes the majority of all the vessels with Lydian decoration discovered at Daskyleion (a little over 60% of all the shapes). Two distinct types of lydion may be identified by their shape. The first type, called 'fatbellied type' and dated from the late seventh to the late sixth century by Greenewalt (1966: 6-20), has a flaring rim, a slightly out-curving neck, a globular body and a conical hollow foot. Examples from Daskyleion are numbered 98-105. 107, 109-11, 113-15, 117-20, 122, 124-31, 133-5, 138, 140-9, 155-66, 168, 170, 172-5, 179-81, 185, 187, 192-4. The second type, called the 'late type', has a flaring rim, near vertical or slightly outcurving neck, elliptically compressed body and a foot that is usually solid and cylindrical. It began to appear no later than the late sixth century and continued to be produced, in smaller numbers, in the fifth century, and perhaps also in the fourth (Greenewalt 1966: 35-7). Examples 106, 112, 123, 137, 150,167, 169, 171, 176-8 and 182 belong to this type. The few lydia painted in marbling (98-101) belong to the 'fat-bellied' type, as do those with horizontally fluted bodies (192-4). Examples 99-101 seem to have been produced somewhere outside Sardis, but the fabric of the three with horizontal fluting indicates that they were produced in a centre at Sardis. Most lydia (70%) are decorated with narrow bands or sometimes with one or two thicker bands; 4% are painted in marbling and 26% are plain painted or unpainted. Lekythos One example of this form is attested (97). The lower part of the vessel without its base survives and it has marbling decoration. Amphora Lydian pottery from Daskyleion contains remarkably few examples of this form (59-60, 82). Two amphora rim and neck fragments of streaky glazed ware (59-60), and one fragment of marbling ware (82) have been found so far. All have out-curving rims. Example 59 has a thickened (rectangular-shaped in cross section) rim, and can be paralleled to the Samian type of amphora of the late sixth century (Dupont 1999: 160, pl. 5.2). Number 60 has an almond-formed rim, which appears to be similar to a Milesian type of amphora of the second quarter of the sixth century (Dupont 1999: 159. pl. 2.6). .41zutolian Studies 2002 Lid Examples 2 and 16 are the only examples of lid represented in the Lydian painted pottery from Daskyleion. Number 2, in Ephesian ware, has a slightly inverted rim with a nearly vertical side on the exterior. Although the decoration is purely Ephesian, the profile of the rim has no direct parallel in Ephesian ware lids from other centres in Anatolia. The other lid example belongs to the Ephesianising group and has a flaring rim (I ti). This profile is well attested in the Ephesian ware lid examples from Sardis (Greenewalt 1973: pl. I, no. 25). Stand The stand painted in Ephesianising decoration (17) probably belongs to a krater. The krater with a high stand is attested in both local black-on-red pottery and in local Ephesianising pottery from Sardis (Ramage. A 1994: pl 14.5.3; HOB, 1962, E 5-10) 105-1 10. to *99.00). Datable deposits Deposit 1 (trench 1) The earliest deposits with Lydian pottery are in trench 1. A deposit in the eastern half of the trench. discovered in the eastern and norther11 parts of Room A, between levels *36.35 and 36.10, contains diagnostic imported Corinthian and Orientalising pottery. The Corinthian pottery includes aryballoi (Inv. nos 371, 373) and column-hater fragments (Inv. no. 372), which could be tentatively dated between the late seventh century and the mid sixth century. A closed vessel body fragment from the Orientalising period may be dated to the later part of the seventh century (Giirtekin 1996: 9 1. no. 9, pl. 20). This deposit could be dated between the later part of the seventh century to the first half of the sixth century. The early Fikellura skyphos fragment (1) was found in this deposit. Deposits 2-5 (t~*eizch F6) The strata associated with four floors included diagnostic pottery. These floors are recorded at *35.69, *36.15, "36.37 and at *36.60 a b o ~ esea level. Imported Attic pottery from these levels may be dated from the late sixth century to the early fifth century, during which the floor levels between the elevations *36.60 and *35.69 seem to have been renovated four times Deuosit 2 Deposit 2 is dated froin the second half of the sixth century to the early fifth century. Example 36 (streaky glazed skyphos) was found above the tloor level at "35.69 in a context that contained a little masters cup no. 27. third quarter of the sixth century) and a black figure cup-skyphos (TN: no. 110, late sixth century). Shapes Lydian Skyphos Dish Amphora - Skyphos-krater Krater Krateriskos One-handled cup - Lekythos Lid Stand , Percentage 63% 17% 11% 244 1 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Quantity 197 26 16 3 2 1 1 1 I 2 1 1 Table 2 Slziqe dictributlo~~ of L~~diiznpotto? ft-on? Dash~~le~on Total (~tzclz~d~ng unldentifird fragments) open i,essel23%, closed I e\se/ 7770 Deposit 3 Deposit 3 is dated from the late sixth to the early fifth century. Examples 113 and 180 (both lydia) were found on the floor level at *36.15 In a context that included a cassel cup (TN: no. 61, 540110) and a Corinthian black figure closed vessel (no in\ entory number, *36.2036.10. BHA. middle Corinthian). Deposit 4 Deposit 4 is dated from the late sixth to the early fifth century. Examples 5 1 (streaky glazed skyphos), 126 (lydion) and 148 (lydion) were found beloa a floor level at *36.37 in a closely datable context that included a black figure column-krater (TN: no. 170B, 490-470), a black figure lekanis (TN: no. 372, late sixth to early fifth century) and a red figure column-krater (TN: 5 19. fifth centu~y). De~osst5 Deposit 5 is dated from the late sixth to the early fifth century. Example 45 (streaky glazed skyphos) was found below a floor level at *36.60 sn a context together with fragments of a black figure cup-skyphos (TN: no. 142, 490-470), a red figure cup (TN: no. 486, fifth century) and red figure colutnn-hater (TN: no. 5 18. fifth century). Depo~zt6 (trench F6 East) A deposlt located In the eastern part of trench F6 gikes the second earliest deposlt, contemporary wsth deposit 1 Th~ad epos~tis a fill of small pleces of limestone, and was discovered in the southern half of the trench between *36 30 and *36.20 This depos~tcan be dated from the last quarter of the seventh to the first quarter of the sixth century w ~ t hthe help of imported Corinthian pottery (black figure closed vessel body fragments of 625-575. "35 30- 20. CAN) Included In t h ~ sdeposit ulerc Giirtekin-Demir example 34 (streaky glazed skyphos) and a Lydian dish with Lydian graffito dating from the late seventh to the early sixth century (Bakir, Gusmani 1993: 138, Abb. 4, Kat. Nr. 4). Deposits 7 and 8 (trench F6 North) A layer (deposit 7) between *36.60-36.50 that extends throughout the sector, contained a fair amount of Attic black glazed and black figure pottery which is tentatively dated from the late sixth to the early fifth century (for example, TN: no. 142). Example 82 (marbling amphora rim and neck fragment) was found within this layer. Another deposit (deposit 8) between *36.30-36.20 contained imported Attic and Corinthian pottery, including a middle Corinthian closed vessel body sherd (no inventory number, *36.30-36.20, CHG), an Attic band cup fragment (TN: no. 13, third quarter of the sixth century), an Attic black figure lekythos fragment (TN: no. 350, late sixth to early fifth century), an Attic black figure cup-skyphos fragment (TN: no. 126, late sixth to early fifth century), and an Attic black figure amphoralhydria fragment (TN: no. 184, late sixth century). This layer can be broadly dated to the sixth century, and included example 24 (bichrome skyphoskrater fragment). Deposits 9 and I0 (trench F6 East-North) Trench F6 East-North is near the northeastern end of trench F6. Deposit 9 included finds found over a stone pavement at *36.28. Datable finds in this deposit are an Attic black glazed kylix base fragment (Inv. no. 1234) and an Attic intentional red cup fragment (Inv. no. 1316), which would suggest a date in the early fifth century. Included in the deposit are examples 124 and 177 (lydia). Deposit 10 was discovered at *36.20-36.11, below the floor level ('"36.28). Attic black glazed kylix fragments (Inv. no. 1285, 1292) and an Attic black figure askos (Inv. no. 1186) give a date of the late sixth to the early fifth century. Example 104 (lydion) was found in deposit 10. Deposits I 1 and 12 (trench F5) Deposit 11 was excavated in the western part of the trench at *36.60-36.50. Datable fragments of an Attic black figure krater (TN: no. 161, 560-540), a cassel cup (TN: no. 48, 540-510) and an Attic red figure columnkrater (TN: no. 524, last quarter of the sixth to the early fifth century) suggest a date of approximately the second half of the sixth century. Included in deposit 11 was example 91 (marbled closed vessel body fragment). Deposit 12 is a context excavated at *36.45-36.10 below a stone pavement (at *36.45). It contained imported Attic fragments of black figure skyphos (TN: no. 87, late sixth to early fifth century), black figure cupskyphos from Haimon group (TN: no. 104, 495-480), black figure cup-skyphos (TN: no. 116, 480-470), red figure skyphos (TN: no. 470, fifth century) and red figure closed vessel (amphordpelikelpsykter? TN: no. 479, late sixth to early fifth centrury). The imported pottery suggests a broad sixth to early fifth century date for deposit 12. Examples 84 (marbling closed vessel shoulder fragment), 92 (marbling closed vessel body fragment), 131 (lydion) and 135 (lydion) were excavated within this deposit. Conclusion The Lydian painted pottery presented in this article ranges in date from the late seventh century to the early fifth century. This time period coincides with both Lydian and Achaemenid dominance at Daskyleion. The city took its name from the father of the Lydian king Gyges, Dascylus, who was exiled to this region with his mother, perhaps in the first half of the seventh century (Jacoby 1926: Nicolas of Damascus, frgs 43-5, 63). Historical records indicate Lydian control from the reign of Sadyattes (ca. 625-610) until the reign of Croesus in the middle of the sixth century (Jacoby 1926: Nicolas of Damascus, frg. 63; Masson 1962: 21, frg. 104; Bakir 1995: 273; 1997: 234). Archaeological evidence suggests that Daskyleion was a multi-cultural settlement of Lydian, Phrygian and local residents during both the Lydian and the Achaemenid periods of dominance (Bakir-Gusmani 1993: 141-4, Kat. Nr. 4; Bakir 1995: 273; 1997: 234-5). In the Achaemenid period, from the second half of the sixth century onwards, Daskyleion was an important satrapal capital. Lydian painted pottery started to arrive from the Lydian capital around the late seventh century, and during both the Lydian and Achaemenid periods imported Lydian pottery and local Lydianising pottery were both used at Daskyleion, together with imported Attic, Corinthian, Laconian, eastern Greek and Phrygian wares. Early Fikellura, Ephesian, Ephesianising and, perhaps, bichrome wares started to arrive around the later part of the seventh century and continued in the first half of the sixth century. Marbling ware, streaked ware, and banded, plain painted and unpainted lydia seem to appear around the early sixth century, that is, during the Lydian period. Red bichrome began in the mid sixth century, and, together with marbling ware, streaked ware, and banded, plain painted and unpainted lydia, it continued down into the early fifth century, that is, through the early Achaemenid period. Lydian pottery at Daskyleion was preferred as an extra, alternative type of pottery, but with a rich assemblage of shapes and painting techniques, beside the more widely used eastern Greek Anatolian Studies 2002 (chiefly southern Ionian) and mainland Greek (chiefly Attic and Corinthian) pottery. The situation at Sardis differs in that the Sardians used mostly local pottery and imported less from the Greek centres. Study of the Lydian pottery both from the Lydian capital. Sardis, and from Daskyleion shows that Daskyleion imported mostly simple local pottery (streaked and marbling wares, as well as plain painted, banded and unpainted lydia) and a small amount of fine ware (early Fikellura and Ephesian wares) from Sardis. Some of the streaked (34-6. 49, 58, 63, 65). marbling (78: 87, 99- 101) and banded lydia ( 111: 164) examples were provincially produced. The Lydian pottery types discovered at Daskyleion are the favoured types at Sardis as well. However, Lydian black-on-red, dark-on-white slip and local wild goat style are not attested at Daskyleion. Bibliography A bbreviation TN = Tuna-Norling, Y 1999: Dasbdeion 1. Die attische Keranzik (Arkeoloji Dergisi 6). Izmir Akurgal, E 1950: 'Bayrakli kazis~on rapor' Dil Tarih ve CogVafva Fakiiltesi Dergisi 8.1 : 1-5 1 Bakir, T 1995: 'Archaologische Beobachtungen iiber die Residenz in Daskyleion' in P Briant (ed.), Dans les pas des Dix-Mille: peuples etpays du Proche-Orient \!uspar un Grec (Pallas 43). Toulouse: 269-85 - 1997: 'Phryger in Daskyleion' in R Gusmani. M Salvini, P Vannicelli (eds), Frigi e Frigio. Atti de I" Simposio Interrzazionale (Roma, 16-1 7 ottobre 1993). Rome: 229-38 Bakir, T. Gusmani, R 1993: 'Graffiti aus Daskyleion' Kadnzos 32: 135-44 Bilgin, A I, Ding, G, Onder, M 1996: 'Lydia'daki iki tiimiiliis'de temizlik kazisi qali~malari'Arkeoloji Dergisi 4: 207-22 Birmingham, J 1964: 'Recent archaeological research in Turkey' Arzatolian Studies 14: 29-33 Boardman, J 1980: The Greeks Overseas. London Boehlau, J , Schefold. K 1942: Larisa am Hermos 3. Berlin Brein, F 1978: 'Geometrisch dekorierte Keramik aus Ephesos' in E Akurgal (ed.), The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical iirchaeo l o p . .4nkara: 72 1-8 Butler, H 1922: Sardis I. The E.xcavations. Part 1, 19101914. Leiden Cook, J M 1958-1 959: 'Old Smyrna 1948-1951 ' Annual ofthe British School at Athens 53-4: 1-34 Cook, R M 1992: 'The wild goat and Fikellura styles: some speculations' Oxford Journal of Archaeolop 11: 255-66 Cook, R M, Dupont, P 1988: East Greek Pottery*.London Din$. R 1993: Lydia Tiimiiliirleri. Unpublished PhD. University of lzmir Dortliik, K 1977: '1975 Uylupinar kazl raporu' Turk Arkeoloji Dergisi 24.2: 9-25 Dupont, P 1999: 'Production et commerce des amphores anciennes en mer Noire' in Y Garlan (ed.), Production et commerce des anzphores anciennes en rner Xoire. Colloque irzter~~rrtional organise d Istarzbul, 25-28 nzai 1994,par le GDR 830, avec le concoucc. du C!VRS, dzr DDR 1036, de I'lrzstitut Frar1qai.s d'Ett~des.4natolienneLs du ;VirzistPre dde Atfirires ~trangPreset de Univer.sitd de HauteBretagne. Aix-en-Provence: 143-62 Gasser, A 1992: 'Local archaic pottery from Ephesos' in F Blonde, J Y Perreault (eds), Les ateliers de potiers dans le rnonde grec, aus ipoques gdometrique, archaique et classique (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique Supplement 23). Paris: 189-93 Goldman, H. Cox, D H 1963: E~ccavationsat G k l i i Kule. Tarsus 3. The Imrz Age. Princeton Greenewalt Jr, C H G 1966: Lydian Pottery of the Si-xth Centuv?. BC. The Lydiori and Marbled Ware. Unpublished PhD. University of Pennsylvania - 1968: 'Lydian vases from Asia Minor' Caljfornia Studies irz Classical Antiquit? 1 : 139-54 - 1970: 'Orientalizing pottery from Sardis: the wild goat style' Califbrnia Studies in Classical Antiquity 3: 55-89 - 1971: 'Fikellura and "early Fikellura" pottery from Sardis' California Studies in Classical Antiquity 4: 153-80 - 1973: 'Ephesian ware' Calqornia Studies in Classical Antiquity 6: 91-122 - 1978: 'Lydian elements in the material culture of Sardis' in E Akurgal (ed.), Proceedings of the Xth International Congress o f Classical A r c h a e o l o ~ . Ankara: 37-45 Greenewalt Jr. C H, Cahill, N D. Dedeoglu, H, Herrmann, P 1990: 'The Sardis campaign of 1986' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplenze~zt26: 137-77 Greenewalt Jr, C H, Ratte, C, Rautman, M L 1995: 'The Sardis campaigns of 1992 and 1993' Ann~talof the American Schools of Oriental Research 53: 1-36 Giirtekin, R G 1992: Dasblt7ion 'dan ele gecerz Orientalizarz donem seramikleri. Unpublished Master of Arts. Ege University - 1996: 'Wild goat style pottery from Daskyleion' .drkeolqji Dergisi 4: 87-95 Unpub- 1998: L>,dia seranziginde yabanci etkiler. lished PhD. Ege University Giirtekin-Demir Giirtekin-Demir, R G 200 1: 'Three provincial marbling wares with eastern Greek aspects in Manisa Museum' Olba 4: 65-70 Hanfmann, G M A 1962: 'The fourth campaign at Sardis (1961)' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 166: 1-57 Hanfmann, G M A, Mierse, E 1983: Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Emes. Results of the Archaeological Explorations of Sardis 1958-1975. Cambridge. Haspels, C H E 195 1: Phrygie 3; La citk de Midas: ckramiques et trouvailles diverses. Paris Holland, L B 1944: 'Colophon' Hesperia 13 : 9 1- 17 1 Jacoby, F 1926: Fragmente der griechishen Historiker. Leiden Kerschner, M 1997: 'Ein stratifizierter Opferkomplex des 7. Jh. v. Chr. aus dem Artemision von Ephesos' Jahreshefte des ~sterreichischenArchaologischen Instituts in Wien 66: 86-226 Kohler, E L 1980: 'Cremations of the middle Phrygian period' in K De Vries (ed.), From Athens to Gordion: The Papers of a Memorial Symposium for Rodney Young. Philadelphia: 65-89 Kokten, Z T H 1987: Manisa Arkeoloji Miizesi'ndeki erken Fikellura tiirii buluntu grubu ozellikleri. Unpublished Master of Arts. Ege University Korte, G, Korte, A 1904: Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900 (Jahrbuch des kaiserlichen deutschen archaologischen Instituts, Erganmngsheft 5). Berlin Masson, 0 1962: Les fragments dupode Hipponax. Paris Mclaughlin, B K 1983: 'The necropolis' Sardis Guides 5 Mellaart, J 1955: 'Iron Age pottery from southern Anatolia' Belleten 29: 115-36 Mellink, M J 1988: 'Archaeology in Asia Minor' American Journal of Archaeology 92: 101-3 1 Metzger, H 1972: Fouilles de Xanthos 4. Les ciramiques archaiques et classiques de 1 'acropole lycienne. Paris Mierse, W E 1986: 'Lydian pottery at Aphrodisias' in M S Joukowsky (ed.), Prehistoric Aphrodisias. An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies 1. Rhode Island: 41 3-24 Muscarella, 0 W 1971: 'Phrygian or Lydian?' Journal of Near Eastern Studies 30: 49-63 Oliver Jr, A 1968: 'Lydia' Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 25.5: 197-9 Osten, von der H H 1937: The Alipr Hiiyiik, Seasons of 1930-1932 (Oriental Institute Publications 29). Chicago ~ z g i i q ,T, N 1949: TTK Kurumu tarafindan yap~lan Karahoyiik hafriyat~raporu 194 7. Ankara Ramage, A 1994: 'Early Iron Age Sardis and its neighbours' in A Cilingiroglu and D H French (eds), The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van. London: 163-72 Ramage, N H 1994: 'Pactolus CliE an Iron Age site at Sardis and its pottery' in A Cilingiroglu and D H French (eds), The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van. London: 173-83 Richter, G M A 1953: Handbook of the Greek Collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Cambridge (Mass.) - 1960: A Handbook of Greek Art. London Sams, G K 1974: 'Phrygian painted animals: Anatolian orientalizing art' Anatolian Studies 24: 169-96 - 1978: 'Schools of geometric painting in Early Iron Age Anatolia' in E Akurgal (ed.), The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Ankara: 227-36 - 1994: The Gordion Excavations, 1950-1 973: Final Reports 4. The Early Phrygian Pottery. Philadelphia Schaus, G P 1986: 'Two Fikellura vase painters' Annual of the British School at Athens 8 1: 25 1-95 - 1992: 'Imported Anatolian pottery at Gordion' Anatolian Studies 42: 15 1-77 Shear, T L 1922: 'Sixth preliminary report on the American excavations at Sardis in Asia Minor' American Journal of Archaeology 26: 396-405 Tuna-Norling, Y 1999: Daskyleion 1. Die attische Keramik (Arkeoloji Dergisi 6). Izmir Utili, F 1999: Die archaische Nekropole von Assos. Asia Minor Studien 3 1. Bonn http://www.jstor.org LINKED CITATIONS - Page 1 of 2 - You have printed the following article: Lydian Painted Pottery at Daskyleion R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52. (2002), pp. 111-143. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0066-1546%282002%2952%3C111%3ALPPAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K This article references the following linked citations. If you are trying to access articles from an off-campus location, you may be required to first logon via your library web site to access JSTOR. Please visit your library's website or contact a librarian to learn about options for remote access to JSTOR. Bibliography Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey Tahsin Özgüç; Nimet Özgüç; Emin Bilgiç; U. Bahad#r Alk#m; Kenan T. Erim; R. Naumann; George Bass; J. Birmingham; D. C. Biernoff; D. H. French Anatolian Studies, Vol. 14. (1964), pp. 21-37. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0066-1546%281964%2914%3C21%3ARARIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1961) George M. A. Hanfmann Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 166. (Apr., 1962), pp. 1-57. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-097X%28196204%290%3A166%3C1%3ATFCAS%28%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P Colophon Leicester B. Holland Hesperia, Vol. 13, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun., 1944), pp. 91-171. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-098X%28194404%2F06%2913%3A2%3C91%3AC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 Archaeology in Anatolia Machteld J. Mellink American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 92, No. 1. (Jan., 1988), pp. 101-131. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9114%28198801%2992%3A1%3C101%3AAIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 http://www.jstor.org LINKED CITATIONS - Page 2 of 2 - Phrygian or Lydian? Oscar White Muscarella Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1. (Jan., 1971), pp. 49-63. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2968%28197101%2930%3A1%3C49%3APOL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U Phrygian Painted Animals: Anatolian Orientalizing Art G. Kenneth Sams Anatolian Studies, Vol. 24. (1974), pp. 169-196. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0066-1546%281974%2924%3C169%3APPAAOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U Imported West Anatolian Pottery at Gordion Gerald P. Schaus Anatolian Studies, Vol. 42. (1992), pp. 151-177. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0066-1546%281992%2942%3C151%3AIWAPAG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F