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— This project proposes a reversible scheme for cipher images which are encrypted using a simple cipher involving key bunch matrix. Key bunch matrix is a simple and convenient method to encrypt an image. The secret text data should be converted into its equivalent decimal values using EBCDIC code. The decimal values are converted into binary; then the data is embedded into cipher image by using lossless steganography technique based on the key and sent to the receiver. The secret data is extracted from the received image using key. The receiver generates decryption key and decrypts the image using the same key. The scheme is able to embed secret data in encrypted image in a secure manner without any loss.
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IJERT-Image Assisted Data Security using Key Encrypted File
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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-7, Issue-11, November 2017
Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images with
Private Key Cryptography
Wajahath Hussain Razvi, Dr.Ch.Samson
II. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
Abstract— This project proposes a reversible scheme for
cipher images which are encrypted using a simple cipher
involving key bunch matrix. Key bunch matrix is a simple and
convenient method to encrypt an image. The secret text data
should be converted into its equivalent decimal values using
EBCDIC code. The decimal values are converted into binary;
then the data is embedded into cipher image by using lossless
steganography technique based on the key and sent to the
receiver. The secret data is extracted from the received image
using key. The receiver generates decryption key and decrypts
the image using the same key. The scheme is able to embed secret
data in encrypted image in a secure manner without any loss.
In the proposed system an input image is taken and is
encrypted using a cipher involving key bunch matrix a simple
and convenient encryption technique which has 128 bit keys,
With respect to data hiding key the key maps to a particular
pixel. The pixel is then converted into its equivalent to its 8bit
binary code. The secret data is also converted into EBCDIC
code which is later converted into 8bit binary number For
each pixel that is selected the MSB of pixel in image is
XORed with the 2bits of secret data. Again it is XORed with
the LSB and stored at the LSB position of the pixel. Mostly
the pixel value doesn’t change; if at all it changes the real
value can be recovered by this method While retrieving the
data first the secret data is recovered, then the image is
decrypted.
Index Terms— Reversible data hiding, Image encryption,
Key bunch matrix, Exclusive OR
I. INTRODUCTION
Encryption and data hiding are two of the most effective
means of data protection, while the encryption technique
convert plaintext image into unintelligible/unreadable cipher
text image, the data hiding technique embed additional data
into cover image by slight modifications. In some places like
medical, defense etc., data hiding may be performed with
reversible technique so that the cover image can be recovered
without any distortion.
A data hiding technique is called reversible data hiding
technique if the original cover Image can be perfectly
recovered from the other cover image version containing
embedded data even though some modifications are done for
embedding the secret data. The reversible data hiding in
encrypted image is examined in Most of the work on
reversible
data
hiding
focuses
on
the
data
embedding/extracting on the plain text domain. But, in some
applications, an administrator appends some secret data, such
as the authentication data or request’s etc., within the
encrypted image without knowing the contents of the image.
The original image can be recovered without any distortion
after image is decrypted and secret data can be extracted at
receiver side. There are many types of embedding techniques
available but most of them are lossy techniques and
sometimes it difficult to recover the original image.
Figure 1 Architecture
III. KEY BUNCH MATRIX
A key bunch matrix is asymmetric key supported by a
key-based permutation and a key-based substitution. The
decryption key can be obtained by using the given encryption
key bunch matrix and it is the concept of multiplicative
inverse. The strength of the cipher is so good that it cannot be
broken by any conventional attack as shown in [2].
Consider a plaintext ‘P’ which can be represented in
the form of a matrix given by
P = [ pij ], i=1 to n, j=1 to n, (3.1) where in each
‘pij’ is a decimal number lying in [0-255]. Let
E = [ ij e ], i=1 to n, j=1 to n, (3.2)
be the encryption key bunch matrix, where each ‘eij’ is an
odd number lying in [1-255], and D= [ dij ], i=1 to n, j=1 to
n, (3.3)
is the decryption key of thebunch matrix, wherein each ‘dij’ is
an odd number lying in [1 to 255]. ij e and dij are connected
by the relation ( ij e × dij )
mod 256 = 1,
(2.4)
Mr. Wajahath Hussain Razvi, B.Tech degree in the field of computer
science from JNTU Hyderabad and is presently pursuing M.Tech(C.S.E) at
MVSR Engineering College.
Dr. Ch. Samson, Diploma from Govt. Polytechnic, Hyderabad in 1994,
B. E. from Osmania University , M. E from SRTM University Ph.D. from
JNTU Hyderabad, working as Associate Professor and Head in the Dept. of
Information Technology at MVSR engineering College.
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Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images with Private Key Cryptography
Here it may be noted that the dij is obtained corresponding to
every given ij e in an appropriate manner. The basic equations
governing the encryption and the decryption processes of the
cipher can be written in the form
C = [ ij c ]=[ ij e × pij ] mod 256, i=1 to n, j = 1 to n
(3.5)
And
P = [ pij ]=[ dij × ij c ] mod 256, i=1 to n, j = 1 to n.
(3.6)
On assuming that the cipher involves an iteration process, the
flowcharts governing the encryption and the decryption can
be drawn as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Algorithm for Encryption
1. Read P,E,K,n,r
2. For k = 1 to r do
3. For i=1 to n do
4. For j=1 to n do
5. pij = ( ij e × pij ) mod 256
6. P=[ pij ]
7. C=P
8. Write(C)
Figure 3 Decryption
IV. DATA HIDING
With respect to the key in this technique the data is inserted at
Least Significant Bits. Suppose ‘I’ is the cover image and its
pixel are generated with respect to key and after this the pixel
are converted into its 8 bit binary number. This 8 bit binary
number is used for further computation. By using the 8th bit of
present pixel and the 1st bit of secret message, XOR operation
is performed and in the same way the 7th bit and 2 nd bit of
secret message is XORed, then it is again xor with 1st and 2nd
bit of present pixels. These two computed bits are inserted at
the last two LSBs of the present pixel. This cycle repeats until
the value of the message becomes zero i.e. message ended.
Embedding Algorithm
1. Input – Cover Image (IC),Secret Message(D) and
Secret Key (KKey)
2.
Figure 2 Encryption
3.
4.
5.
Algorithm for Decryption
1. Read C,E,K,n,r
2. D=Mult(E)
3. For k = 1 to r do
4. For i =1 to n do
5. For j=1 to n do
6. ij c = ( dij × ij c ) mod 256
7. C=[ ij c ] }
8. P=C
9. Write (P).
6.
7.
8.
72
Pick a pixel IC(x, y)that key maps from the image
according to the key and convert it into 8 bit binary
number.
Find the 8th bit and 7th bit of the pixel value.
Find secret message first and second bit
Perform XOR operation on 8th bit of pixel with first
bit of secret message and also perform XOR
operation on 7th bit of pixel with second bit of secret
message.
Perform Xor on new bit 1 and 7th bit and on 2nd and
8th
Store the obtained bit at second and first LSB
position of the present pixel.
Repeat step 2 for each pixel until the message is
terminated.
www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-7, Issue-11, November 2017
Now the receiver knowing the encryption can obtain a
decryption key by calculating
Eij * Dij mod 256 =1
(5.1)
Figure 4 embedding Data
Extraction Algorithm
1. Initialize Is ←Stego image,KKey ←Secret Key
2. For each column the key maps.
3. Pick a pixel Is(x, y) from the image wrt. kkey and
convert it into 8 bit binary number.
4. Find the 8th, 7th, 2nd, 1st bit of the pixel value.
5. Perform XOR on (eight,second) bit and also on
(seventh, first) bit,
6. Perform XOR on the obtained(step5) 1st bit , 8th bit
and also on 2nd obtained bit , 7th bit. This is the secret
data bits.
7. Perform XOR on obtained(step5) secret bit
(first,seventh) and (second, eight) .
8. This will give image data bits.
9. Repeat step 2 for each pixel that key maps.
Figure 5 Input image
Example:
Embedding:
a. Pixel 255= 11111111 and secret data 10110110
b. 1st and 2nd bit =11(b)
c. 7th and 8th bit= 11(d)
d. first two bits of secret data 10(a),
e. bitXOR(a,b)=01(c)
f. bitXOR(c,d)= 10 (e)
g. e is written in original pixel it becomes 11111110
i.e 254
Figure 6 Encrypted Image
Now Secret data is taken
Extraction:
a. 254 is converted into binary number 11111110
b. 1st 2nd 11(b) 7th and 8th 10(e)bits are taken.
c. bitXOR(b,e)= 01(c)
d. bitXOR (c,b)= 10(a)- secret data pixel
e. bitXOR (c,e)= 11(d) –original image pixel
f. So we got 11111111 i.e 255.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
A gray scale image of size 256X256 is taken to perform
encyption using Key bunch matrix.
Encyption key is taken as
e=[161 157 159 189
221 209 179 111
249 227 185 177
147 239 89 243 ];
As we have 4X4 key so the key is repeated.
Figure 7 Input text or secet data
Secret data is embedded now
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Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images with Private Key Cryptography
Figure 11 Decrypted image
Figure 8 Secret data Embedded
VI. COMPARISION
S.no
Algorithm
1
AES
DES
RSA
Proposed
method
AES
DES
RSA
Proposed
method
AES
DES
RSA
Proposed
method
AES
DES
RSA
Proposed
method
2
Figure 9 Extract the Secret data at receiver's side
3
4
Packet
Size
(KB)
153
153
153
153
Encryption
Time (sec)
Decryption
time (Sec)
1.6
3.0
7.3
0.8
1
1.1
4.9
0.8
196
196
196
196
1.7
2.0
8.5
1
1.4
1.24
5.9
1
312
312
312
312
1.8
3.0
7.8
1.3
1.6
1.3
5.1
1.3
868
868
868
868
2.0
4.0
8.2
1.7
1.8
1.2
5.1
1.7
Table 1. AES, DES,RSA and Key bunch matrix Time
Comparison.
By the above table, the time taken to encrypt and decrypt the
data using RSA is higher than any other algorithm.
Cipher
DES
Key
Size
1024
to
4096
56 bits
Proposed
method
128
bits
RSA
Figure 10 Recovered Encrypted image
Now, that the data is extracted from the encrypted image the
encrypted image is reconstructed.
Time
to
break
7481 years
(1024 bit)
Type
Key
Public
Asymmetric
Key
56 hours[5]
Private
Symmetric
Key
Inverse Key
Private
Years
‘d’ is the key that can be obtained by calculating 5.1
Table 2 Cipher comparison
d=[ 97 181 95 149
117 49 123 143
73 203 137 81
155 15 233 59];
The receiver can decrypt the image using the above key.
As the length of the key K is 128 binary bits. As the equations
governing the cipher, are non-linear and therefore envisage
that it is not possible to choose either a plaintext or a
ciphertext for breaking the cipher. This cipher is a strong one
and it cannot be broken by any conventional attack.
74
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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-7, Issue-11, November 2017
Method
Proposed
method
Wet paper
coding
XOR
Size
256X256
PSNR
51.7820
MSE
0.4314
Paper
256X256
40.3
0.9231
Lossless and
Reversible data
hiding in
Encrypted images
with public key
cryptography[]
An Enhanced
Method for Data
Hiding Using
2-bit XOR in
Image
Steganography[4]
.
256X256
47.2773
1.2172
Mr. Wajahath Hussain Razvi received B.Tech degree
in the field of computer science from JNTU Hyderabad and is presently
pursuing M.Tech(C.S.E) at MVSR Engineering College, He published one
paper in national conference. His research interests are image processing and
network security.
Table 3 Image Comparison
VII. CONCLUSION
Dr. Ch. Samson obtained his Diploma from Govt.
Polytechnic, Hyderabad in 1994, B. E. from Osmania University in 1998, M.
E from SRTM University in 2000 and Ph.D. from JNTU Hyderabad, He has
published 25 research papers in international journals and two papers in
conferences. He is currently working as Associate Professor and Head in the
Dept. of Information Technology at MVSR engineering College. His
research interests are Image Processing, Image Cryptography and Network
Security
Reversible data hiding in encrypted images using private key
cryptography is implemented in this project, the cipher pixel
values are replaced with new values which contains
embedded data in LSB. Here, the hidden data can be extracted
directly from the encrypted image by using key. The
embedding operation does not affect the original image. The
prevention of data attack can be reduced and Information
security can be provided at greater extend. Total lossless data
recovery is possible at the time of data extraction. The data
embedding is lossless and also secure as it is a key based
method. Image encryption is simple and provides better
security.
REFERENCES
[1] N.A Saleh, H. N. Boghdad, S. I, A. M. Darwish, “High Capicity
Lossless Data Embedding Technique for Palette Images Based on
Histogram Analysis,” Digital Signal Processing, 20, pp. 1629-1636,
2010
[2] Dr. V.U.K.Sastry, Ch Samson “Encryption of a gray level Image and a
color image by using a key bunch matrix” International Journal of
Advanced Computing, vol 45 June 2013, ISSN:2051-0845
[3] Xinpeng Zhang, Jing Long, Zichi Wang, and Hang Cheng, “Lossless
And Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images with Public key
Cryptography”,10,pp.1051-8215,2015
[4] Kamldeep Joshi, Rajkumar Yadav, Gaurav Chawla “An Enhanced
Method for Data Hiding using 2-Bit XOR in Image Steganography”
International Journal of Engineering and Technology, ISSN
0975-4024
[5]
Wikipedia.orghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_
Standard
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