Sense & the City: The Dynamics of Economy & Culture

Economics of Historic Precincts Sense and the City Dynamics of economics and culture G S V SURYANARAYANA MURTHY AND ABDUL BARI G S V Suryanarayana Murthy is currently ABSTRACT !"#$%&'()*+,-./'"'012'34!5$"6$3$%&'$%')4"5!' for Architecture, Hyderabad. He is practicing "3'"'4178!33$7%"6'$%'9 !'0!6#3'78'"15 $9!59:1!/' conservation, planning, research and training. GSV Suryanarayana has a master’s degree in Conservation from School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi. He follows ‘layers technique’ in design involving multi tasking and multi directional reality of ‘culture of object !%;$17%2!%93</'34!5$05'97'"15 $9!59:1!'"%#' human settlements. Abdul Bari is currently a consulting Architect Close interaction with the people, administrators and political leaders of historic precincts in Hyderabad and Shahjahanabad, Delhi, revealed a great enthusiasm amongst all to improve their general standard of living. !"#"$%#&'"('&#')#*+,-.%/#-+#,%0.%(1%2#34#"$%#,!35(.#')6.(-5+#(+#0-2(.-554# different from that of the public itself. The former habitually sees it as a commodity; while the latter freely lets the socio-cultural forces dictate its usage. This difference in perceptions often hinders redevelopment due "'#-#2%6.(%&.4#(&#!&2%0+"-&2(&7#"$%#.!5"!0-5#%.'&'8(.+#-&2#%1'5!"('&# of the city core. As a result, most livelihoods become vulnerable to these 2%6.(%&"#,%0.%,"('&+9#:'&.%,"!-5#-,,0'-.$%+#2%0(1%2#)0'8#%;(+"(&7#-&2# proposed regulatory and planning tools may offer solutions for sustaining the resources of historic city cores effectively. Urban Designer at Design Atelier Urbis, New Delhi. He has gathered hands on experience INTRODUCTION in arenas of building conservation, urban and public space design, engaging closely with the government sector. Abdul’s main focus is on place making in built up environments, with a ="$1'871'"#"49$;!'1!:3!'417>!593?' The traditional Indian city functioned as an organism with an ecology of its own that was disturbed by the introduction of regulatory reforms enforced by colonial powers, primarily to achieve their own ends !"#$%&'%(%')*++,-.)/012&)3")3(4)(1&()%5%63%71813#)"9)3(4)6"6:8%;4<)3(4) 21 22 Economics of Historic Precincts organism evolved a lifestyle around these regulatory reforms until national independence brought the imposition of modern western planning principles. Subsequently, economic liberalisation exposed the irrelevance of those principles on the already withering (1$3"'1;):'7%2)9%7'1;) =12&()*+>+-.)?(1$)$6483)5""@)9"') the physical quality of the city core, but admirably the socio-cultural vibrancy endured. The age old custom of mixed use spaces still held good for the city core. In their own indigenous way, the local populace sustained the cultural economic continuum amidst pressures from increasing density, loss of public space to automobile 129'%$3':;3:'4) A"B1%51$)>CD>-)%25)8%;E)"9)7%$1;) urban services. However, the historic urban fabric (%$)51$1234&'%345)$1&21F;%238#)%25)3(4'4)1$)&424'%8) consensus on the need for redevelopment, with added challenges of complex urban issues accumulated over the course of more than a century and the expectations of the public for resolution in an equitable manner. Moving towards the future, sustainability is the only ideal to which a diverse population can and should, align to. But in the drive for redevelopment, the very people for whom it is proposed tend to get left out of the planning process, leading to speculation. Going by the experience of working in historic city cores, this ‘speculation’ has emerged to be the main obstacle to the redevelopment process.1 Shahjahanabad, Delhi. People shaping their city in response to external pressures, 2008 TWO CITIES, ONE CULTURE Most historic core problems have design solutions. For the Charminar precinct in Hyderabad to become a quality urban public space, there is a proposal in place to pedestrianise it. There are schemes such as ring roads, metro rails, pedestrian friendly streetscapes, parking complexes and a host of other proposals to support and sustain that pedestrianisation. There is government sanction to the project and conditional political leadership, yet the project has met with very strong public resistance. The idea of disallowing G4(1;84)@"G4@423)12)3(4)*<+++)$H:%'4)@43'4$)"9) land around the monument is not appealing to the business and residential community of the area. These businessmen are used to having their own vehicles and vehicles of their customers come right up to their shop fronts, at the expense of inconveniencing the pedestrians and public transport vehicles. This is in addition to the irreparable damage that this vehicular movement is causing the historic structure as a consequence of the environmental air pollution and ground vibrations.2 The case of the Jama Masjid precinct in Shahjahanabad, Delhi is similar. A large tract of precious public land is in a state of misuse between two of the most iconic places in India, the Jama Masjid and the Lal Qila. The poorly maintained Meena Bazaar hugs the main ceremonial entry path to the Masjid and a number of gated parks and large water basins currently serve refuge for homeless migrants and garbage dumps. There is strong resistance to the idea of shifting the bazaar in a new complex to one side of the precinct away from the ceremonial entrance path to the Masjid. The other advantageous ideas of consolidating all the segmented parks into one unobstructed pedestrian public space and rationalisation of essential urban services tend to get lost in the ongoing debate surrounding the issue of the bazaar relocation. The end users, residents, businessmen and other stakeholders of these areas are such a diverse group of people that the urgency of these ideas is overshadowed by vested interests and lack of faith in the government. While this diverse group does want change, the meaning of change differs for each. There is an overwhelming historic cultural economic force at work that requires not only design solutions but an indigenous effort to dig into the system, understand its dynamics and bring out an economically sustainable solution tenable to all. Economics of Historic Precincts A View of Charminar, Hyderabad and the pedestrianisation idea,2010 Local Community The ceremonial entrance path to the Jama Masjid with Meena Bazaar and water basins hugging it, 2008 Tourism Tourism Local Business Local Business Parking Parking Street Vendors Street Vendors Streetscape Streetscape Modernization Modernization Regulation Regulation Governance Governance Conservation Conservation Local Community The interrelationships series AN INDIGENOUS EFFORT: ECONOMY AND CULTURE A precinct is a complex set of time and activity layers that are not simple to interpret. It helps to analyse these in a series of inter-relationships and bring out their inter-dependencies to identify or isolate what needs to 74)68%2245<)12$31&%345<)("645)9"')"')6'451;345.)I44612&) space and its perception as the common factor, an experiential explanation of these interrelationships in the two city cores mentioned above follows, along with notes on improvement. Local community and tourism The idea that tourism in historic city cores is essentially ‘monument’ driven is a layman’s perception. J29"'3:2%348#<)@%K"'13#)"9)3(4)6:781;)"9F;1%8$)$44@) to share this perception. On closer observation and analysis, the fact emerges that it is not the just the built heritage that generates tourism, but also the local community itself through its economic and cultural activity. This is where the perception of the community 51994'$)9'"@)3(%3)"9)3(4)6:781;)"9F;1%8$.)?(4)9%;3)3(%3) L(%'@12%')%'4%)&43$)%)9""39%88)"9)M+<+++)64')5%#<) 0(184)"28#)M<+++)"9)3(4@)%;3:%88#)G1$13)3(4)@"2:@423) supports this argument. Similarly, the Jama Masjid is a ‘living’ cultural monument seamlessly integrated and built into the very lifestyles of the local business as well as residential populace. Tourism and local businesses Local businesses3 have evolved over the decades to cater to the growing tourism in addition to their regular customers. This has been a good trend since a good amount of money is retained in the local economy that would have otherwise gone outside had there been national chains in place of these local businesses4. This indicates good economic growth locally, as a result of which a large number of residents in these areas now own cars and have adopted a lifestyle which is highly dependent on automobiles. 23 24 Economics of Historic Precincts Local businesses and parking In such a scenario, parking becomes a priority issue. N)8%'&4)12O"0)"9);:$3"@4'$)9'"@)":3$154<)12)%55131"2) 3")%)8%'&4)":3O"0)"9)'4$15423$)9'"@)12$154<);("E4$)3(4) narrow streets and pollutes a highly dense area. More than that, it changes the entire perception of public space. The statement that these areas do not have enough space is unjust, simply because these city cores were never designed for motorised vehicles. Cars and parking have become a nuisance because appropriate technologies and policies were never adopted. The total parking requirement for the Charminar Precinct 0%$)6'"K4;345)3")74)%)F&:'4)"9)><P*,)QH:1G%8423) L%')=6%;4) QL=-<)0(184)%)6'"6"$%8)6:3)9"'0%'5) using an intelligent mix of technology, development models supported by legislation such as Transfer "9)A4G48"6@423)R1&(3$) ?AR-),)and street design, %;(14G45)%)F&:'4)"9)*<P>>)QL=.)?(1$)$(":85)$1842;4)%2#) argument against a city core not having enough space. In Shahjahanabad, a major portion of the problem has been addressed by the introduction of the Delhi Metro, opening up access to the area. Still, one of the major obstacle stalling both the Charminar Pedestrianisation Existing on street parking along the Pathergatti Arcade in the Charminar Precinct and the streetscape idea, 2008 project and Jama Masjid Precinct Redevelopment is lack of adequate parking infrastructure. To put things 12)64'$64;31G4<)%3)6'4$423)"28#)>.,S)"9)3(4)T251%2) 6"6:8%31"2)"02$)%);%') !1'")*++D-)3(%3)(%$)@%2%&45)3") choke even the better designed urban streets. This only indicates the potential of non-motorised transport in city cores. Parking and street vendors The informal business community that gives a lot of colour and vibrancy to the city core environment, currently shares space with automobile parking resulting in a chaotic urban environment. Urban street vending is not only an important component of the traditional Indian bazaar and an essential urban $4'G1;4)6'"G154'<)7:3)%8$")%);"23'17:3"')"9)U+VP+S) 3")3(4)2%31"2%8)4;"2"@#) W13'%)*++X-.)Y43<)9"')%88) its ingenuity, it is perceived as an encroachment on public space. The situations in both the city cores are alarmingly identical. The local business owners are divided on the status of urban street vendors. Some wish them away because they occupy precious parking space while others have economic tie-ups with them. The National Policy on Urban Street Vendors6 gives due recognition to this community is yet to be implemented to its full extent. In case of the Pathergatti, street vendors in the Charminar precinct, the authorities %934')&'4%3)64'$:%$1"2)54;1545)3")3%E4)3(4)F'$3)$346) prescribed by the policy and enumerate the hawkers on the street. But in the circumstance of not having any @4;(%21$@)3")7'12&)3(%3)42:@4'%31"2)3")154231F;%31"2) and registration, the initiative couldn’t go beyond the on-site survey. However, the answer to the street vending problem does not lie so much in enumeration as in designation. Any undesignated street space is deemed by a street vendor to be a potential location for his business, and this creates a chaotic environment since there is no culture of regulated space designation on Indian streets. Surveys showed that Pathergatti street has an arrangement between the local business owners and the street vendors wherein street vendors occupy the street space in front of closed shops till 11AM, and that very space is used for shop owners or customer parking post 11AM. This arrangement leaves no option for the pedestrians but to share space with motorised vehicles on the carriageway. Thus it is ironic that in a city built on the human scale, the humans have no space. The Jama Masjid precinct presents another extreme of the same issue. The street vending activity goes on largely unchecked and unmanaged as it’s a ‘free for all’ situation in a large tract of land lying undesignated in prime location. Economics of Historic Precincts Street vendors on the Madina-Pathergatti Stretch before and after redevelopment in the Charminar Precinct, 2010. The tree pit in the foreground with the tree grate was designed for providing shade to the street vendors and pedestrians. The bollards were !"#$%! &'"&"!$(!$')#*%&+*(&,*)*(#"! &-!.#/0!"1&2-!&,!)(!&/'((#'$!3'4&'% &'"&+5(%#)5(!&+*(&")(!!)&-!% *(" The model push-cart prototype made by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, 2006 Street vendors and streetscape Z:781;)"9F;1%8$)%'4):2;4'3%12)"2)3(4)$3%3:$)"9)$3'443) vendors while the political leadership is absolute on their right to do business. The municipal authorities in Shahjahanabad have traditionally issued licences for the tehbazaari $3'443)G425"'$-<)0(184)3("$4)12)L(%'@12%') took on the task of making a prototype heritage kiosk, both mobile and stationary, for the street vendors. This task was undertaken in a bid to make the street vending activity physically coherent with the built heritage of the area. But the common factor with both these situations was that there was no space designated for the street vendors. Due to which the tehbazaari still doesn’t have a place to conduct business, while the heritage kiosks have never been distributed since there has been no enumeration. In fact, one of the major counter arguments to the pedestrianisation of the Charminar buffer zone and the Jama Masjid Precinct apart from parking was the assumption that street vendors would swarm the area unchecked if it were pedestrianised. The local business owners were united in their stand against pedestrianisation on this account. 25 26 Economics of Historic Precincts Y43<)9"')%88)3(41'):213#<)3(4)@"23()"9)R%@[%2)7#)13$)"02) virtue authorises unchecked street vending activity, with police protection on almost the entire street space at Pathergatti, Charminar and in Jama Masjid Precinct. The fact emerges that the people who swarm these city cores during festivals, do so on account of the diversity that the street vendors offer on their wares, products and prices. This reasserts their importance to the street, the city and the economy at large. Streetscape and modernisation In trying to address the issue of making street vending activity coherent with the built heritage, the actual built heritage issues remain unresolved. Commercial signage of the various shops in the Pathergatti Arcade was starting to come up in vastly diverging sizes and colours. To curb this, a uniform signage system was 54$1&245)%25)%)$%@684)6:3):6)12)3(4)#4%')*+++.)N) modestly sized and designed signage in single language understandably didn’t appeal to the local business owners. Another attempt with uniform size and colour 7:3)3('44)8%2&:%&4$)%25)'484G%23)&'%6(1;$)12)*++D)%8$") 515)2"3)F25)54;1$1G4)%;;463%2;4.)=1@:83%24":$8#<)@"$3) local business owners started renovating their shop 9'"23$):2;(4;E45<)013()O%$(#)240)@%34'1%8$)12)%)715) to outdo each other resulted in further visual chaos. A bold contractor, appointed for the conservation of the stone facade, pulled down all the commercial signage of a considerable length of shop frontages off his own accord. But in the absence of any consensus over the design of the new signage and the unwillingness of the shop owners to use uniform signage, the old signage patterns came back up as soon as the conservation work was over. A more pro-active municipal setup would have taken advantage of the help offered by the local contractor to reduce the visual chaos. Modernisation and regulation Most construction activity in city cores is carried in stealth and is legalised by the municipal corporation during ‘regularisation’. An owner of a commercial property in the Charminar Buffer Zone had to shell out an amount of around `*++<+++)3")@%E4)%)2408#) constructed modern facade of his coffee shop coherent with the built heritage. Though there was legal sanction to the construction by the municipal corporation; it was only when a committee submitting a report to UNESCO for the consideration of Charminar as one of the Qutub Shahi monuments in Hyderabad for World Heritage Site status pointed out the modern facade right next to Charminar that the authorities dug up regulations to make a case for re-designD. There is no apparatus within the municipal structure by which the construction activity can be checked in a heritage precinct. As a result of this, citizens suffer unnecessarily and the administration loses a lot of credibility. The local populace also perceive their spaces and properties as having less economic potential due to the heritage tag. This makes them resistant to any reform that is done for the greater good of the built heritage. Regulation and governance There are regulatory tools in place for a pro-active institution to facilitate redevelopment. The TDR provision for parking infrastructure in the building regulations and the constitution of a state urban arts commission in the zoning regulationsM are good examples in the case of Hyderabad. But there seems to be a serious lack of dynamic planning professionals who can think about innovation in this F485.)N)'4$6"2$1784)68%224')0":85)F'$3)9"'@:8%34) a set of problems and then try to understand the $64;1F;)6"8131;%8<)4;"2"@1;<)34;(21;%8)%25)12$313:31"2%8) challenges each problem poses. As such planners $3'%34&1$4)("0)3")9"'@:8%34)%25)$4H:42;4)$64;1F;) 3%$E$)9"')$64;1F;)6'"784@$<)3(4#);%22"3)'48#):6"2)"24) particular planning style. The choice of planning style should be determined by the nature of anticipated resistance to planning efforts and institutional strategies 9"')"G4';"@12&)$:;()'4$1$3%2;4) =%2#%8)*++,-. Governance and conservation In almost a decade of experience with redevelopment planning in the two city cores under observation here, the only phases in which the projects saw any considerable progress was when there was dynamic leadership from the IAS cadre. It is a sad situation for A view of the Pathergatti Arcade façade with commercial signage,2006 Economics of Historic Precincts An example of historic façades being ‘modernised’ by local business owners, Pathergatti, 2010 the world’s largest democracy, but the bureaucratic machinery is highly dependent on one operator as far as redevelopment is concerned. The answer to this does not lie in introducing new institutions (Sanyal !!"#$%&'%()%*+,%-&',%./%0+&+1&+&)&2&3%4,3,5,6.78,)*% Corporation proposing to take over the Jama Masjid Redevelopment Project from the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, but in reforming the existing institutions through anticipatory and participatory planning and delegation of power from the state-level ministry to a city level empowered administrative leader. Such leadership is essential in cases where the community is unresponsive to para-legal measures. The argument that there can be no conservation without legislation seems to hold true in the current context. But in a democratic context where people are involved, ‘legislation’ is to be seen in a broader context, beyond its punitive aspects. There are various examples of ‘para-legal’ measures that have been successfully adopted for conservation of heritage/urbanism through participatory process. These require concerted actions by the government, local bodies and the community 9:&()% !!;#< Conservation and local community The local community is generally the most passionate and eager to see their city restored. But their livelihood concern under an uncertain and indecisive planning policy by the government impedes their abilities and initiative capacities. There is a tremendous amount of mistrust in the community towards the government regarding conservation of built heritage. A local business owner at Pathergatti, Charminar questioned the survey team as to why would the government pay for the restoration and repair of a commercial private building? Where is the revenue in it? But, the perception of the government that funds conservation is entirely different. It is the restoration of the public façade of a private building=. This ownership paradox>! is a direct result of the regulatory reforms enforced during colonial rule. The days of the !"##$ (royal 8&)3&*,#%&?,%6.)@%.5,?%&)3%*+,%?A6,?B'A21,-*%3C)&8(-'% have changed. Sixty years is a long enough time for both to get accustomed to freedom. It is hence high time the government and the community came on the same page, though the current planning tools do not seem to be capable enough to facilitate this. The most common reason for preserving old buildings, leaving aside historic interest, is that these are useful resources. This might seem rather obvious, but is often forgotten. A building usually reaches the end of its ‘natural life’ as a result of external economic forces and operational obsolescence rather than because it +&'%-,&',3%*.%2,%-&7&26,%./%?,7&(?%90&?()% !>!#<%D)% old building not being ‘listed’ in the protected heritage list does not validate demolition for quick solutions *.%A?2&)%7?.26,8'<%E+,%F+&G&)&%HA(63()@%),&?%*+,% Chowmahalla Palace in the Charminar Precinct is one such unlucky structure left out of the heritage 27 28 Economics of Historic Precincts The land and the people waiting for a dynamic leadership and institutional reform, 2009 list. Both the local authorities and the community are unanimous in their will to demolish it and construct a parking complex which is expected to decongest the area. The fact that the building is still of sound construction and has space within its compound that can accommodate a parking complex independently does not make any impact on their will to demolish (*<%HC%I+&*%',)'(2(6(*C%-&)%(*'%3,8.6(*(.)%2,%1A'*(J,3$% when there are numerous other such opportunities for parking complexes? Why don’t the communities or the authorities own up their own heritage and why do they adhere to regulations and laws more than their association with their own past? Why doesn’t their sense of belonging to their own place drive them to stop their building and knowledge traditions from vanishing into extinction? In the zealous attempts to develop ‘modern’ cities and the ‘property’ oriented approach of development initiated by the colonial powers, the treasure of our traditional urbanism is being trampled upon. Beyond the hackneyed reasons of population growth, changing life styles, urbanisation and the forces of economic Government Level ! ! ! ! Remove regulatory barriers Simplify programme rules Co-ordinate programme Invest broad resources The inter-relationships series after analysis forms into a loop which starts with the local community and ends with it. Space remains a bone of contention in the centre of all things growth, the malaise is much deeper. It includes the lack of awareness, sensitivity and concern for the traditional values, incapacity of institutional framework, non?,'7.)'(5,%.?@&)('&*(.)'$%K&I'%()%76&))()@$%3,'(@)%&)3% development control process, legal and enforcement ()&3,LA&-(,'%&)3%3,J-(,)-(,'%()%(876,8,)*&*(.)%&)3% 8&()*,)&)-,%9:&()% !!;#< TOOLS FOR AN ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION Space is never a constraint in place-making. It is the utilisation of that space, which makes a place or unmakes it. There is enough evidence to support this argument in the current global trends of urbanism. The 'A'*&()&26,%A?2&)('8%9M&??% !!N#%8.5,8,)*%I(*+%(*'% approach of learning from traditional urbanism may +&5,%'.6A*(.)'%*.%*+,%-.876,O(*(,'%I,%J)3%.A?%+('*.?(-% urban fabrics in. It postulates a responsive urban design, where the question of sustainability is reframed, ).*%()%*,?8'%./%,/J-(,)-C$%/.?8%.?%7.6(-C$%2A*%()%*,?8'% of human well being, social improvement and social +.7,%9D3+C&$%P6.I?(@+*%Q%0*,5,)'% !>!#<%E+.A@+% Local Authority ! ! ! ! ! Invest state resources/funds Decentralise Devolve & Decontrol Co-ordinate programme and agencies Simplify procedures and approvals What redevelopment requires at all levels (Jain 2007) Community Level ! ! ! ! Involve the entire community Plan comprehensively Leverage private resources Streamline planning, monitoring, implementation processes and ensure accountability Economics of Historic Precincts Map of the Hyderabad old city core showing the proposed pedestrianisation and other interventions hoping to enable it /.?8%('%./%'7,-(J-%()*,?,'*%I+,)%+('*.?(-%-(*C%-.?,'%&?,% concerned and the form-based code tool (Rangwala !> #%I(*+%(*'%&77?.&-+%./%?,5,?'()@%*+,%R/.?8%/.66.I'% function’ methodology of planning seems to be worthy ./%&)%S)3(&)%&776(-&*(.)%90()@+% !>!#< More often than not, urban designers and public ./J-(&6'%(8&@(),%*+,%-(*C%&'%&%8&7%I(*+%&--,''%@?(3'$% landmarks, various land use zones and some urban form with a tag to it while citizens perceive it as a formless space. But witness Pathergatti Street on the day of Ganesh immersion during monsoons, or walk through the Urdu Bazar to Jama Masjid on the eve of Eid during peak summers and what you see is a city that is very different from the one on the map or in the minds of its residents. The city is an organism which is living on account of the ecology that it is a part of. When a community is given ownership for their livelihood within the capacity the physical form and the natural habitat offers, it will by its own virtue assume the role and responsibility of maintaining the balance. Redevelopment needs as much physical intervention as socio-economic acknowledgement, derived out of the sense that the city’s nature offers. 29 30 Economics of Historic Precincts Acknowledgement remained local.’(Farr 2008) ! C&(0/&-&'!N&)A4*!9:;9'!<C461.*&1)54! 5 All photographs and graphics by Abdul Bari. Development Regulations’, Urban Three dimensional rendered visualisations by planning and economic development news up area an owner of a site or plot can sell Richard Sudokupam. magazine, January vol. 1, pp. 34-36. or dispose or utilise elsewhere, whose site or plot is required to be set apart or affected ! 3&*)('!D&?*&5!9:;:'!<3?61&)(&+-4!V*+&(! Bibliographic references ! "#$%&'!"()*+&('!,-./*)0$1'!,$)-)2!&(#! 31454(6'!7)8!9:;:'!<=4>()(0!3?61&)(&+-4! TDR means an award specifying the built Design-The Bigger Picture’, SANEYCOP for a community amenity or development Newsletter vol. 2, no. 2 pp. 28-34. for public purpose. The award would be ! 3&(%&-S!T!9::M'!<,-&(()(0!)(!&(1)Q)2&1).(! )(!1$4!P.*8!.P!&!Y=C!Q4*1)>Q&14!)66?4#!+%! Urbanism: towards a responsive urban of Resistance’, Planning Theory, SAGE the Competent Authority. GO Ms No.86, design’, Proceedings of the Conference on Publications vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 225-245. 2006 Hyderabad Building Revised Rules Sustainability and the Built Environment. encourage provision of parking in built-up ! 3)(0$'!3$&(1)!3/&*..2!9:;:'!<K.*8W King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. ! @.(A4('!B!C!D!;EFG'!<D4.0*&2$%!&(#! Based Codes: An Alternative Method for and congested areas by giving certain Development Regulation’, Institute of Town incentives to the property owner like the Townscape Conservation’, Anglo-German Planners, India Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, April- Symposium in Applied Geography, June 2010, pp. 27-33. pp. 95-102. TDR. 6 ! =.H)&#)6'!@.(61&(1)(.6!"!;EIJ'!B&(!&(#! Space Around Him, Saturday Review, Hyderabad: Restructuring the Historic Core waste disposal, toilets, aesthetic stalls/push- Project Report. carts, electricity, drinking water, protective December 14, pp. 21-23. ! K&**'!=.?0-&6!9::J'!Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature, John Wiley & National Policy on Urban Street Vendors entitles street vendors to provisions of solid ! X&&61?!3$)-2&!@.(6?-1&(16!;EEE'! covers against different weather conditions Notes and storage. Apart from this it encourages 1 ULBs to register street vendors without any Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. This conclusion is drawn out of the authors’ observations during the many interactions with the community and stakeholders ! L)*.'!=)-)2!9::F'!Blood of the Earth, numerical or quota restrictions. 7 The coffee shop is within the 200 metre The battle for the world’s vanishing oil regarding redevelopment projects in radius of Charminar. See The Amendment resources, Penguin Group, New Delhi. Hyderabad Old City and the Jama Masjid and Validation Bill, 2010 for the Ancient Precinct, Shahjahanabad, Delhi. Monuments and Archaeological Sites and ! L.6&0*&$&*'!7%.1)!9::M'!Indigenous Modernities: Negotiating Architecture & 2 Urbanism, Routledge, New York. The Charminar Pedestrianisation Project was commissioned due to the damage ! 7&)('!"!N!9::F'!<O(14*P&Q4!+41/44(! Remains Act, 1958 Government of India. 8 See Section 39: Constitution of Arts Commission for the state, HUDA Zoning 1$4!1*&P>Q!5)+*&1).(6!/4*4!Q&?6)(0!1.!1$4! traditional urbanism and legislative monument as per a report given by NGRI framework’, paper presented at INTBAU (National geophysical Research Institute) Conference: New Architecture and in 1998. Over the years a lot of measures has been actively engaged in accessing Urbanism: Development of Indian have been taken to reduce vehicle funds under the JNNURM Scheme and Traditions. movement around it, and pedestrianisation from the Ministry of Culture for built heritage is the last of those measures to be in Hyderabad, with the revenue model implemented. based on heritage tourism generation and A socio-economic survey of the shops in the promotion. Privately owned structures Madina-Pathergatti stretch of the Charminar present in the public domain are also Capitalism Thrives in India’, Index of Precinct suggested that 53% of the funded along with tourism potential cases Economic Freedom, pp. 39-47. premises were locally owned and 86% were ! BR6S!N6$41*&!9::J'!Charminar Pedestrianisation Project, Study and Recommendations Report. 3 ! B)1*&'!T&*?(!3!9::I, ‘Grass Root engaged in retail business. Both factors are ! ,&*.-4U'!=&(4)-!D'!,&*.-4U'!N&*4(!&(#! Crawford, Paul C 2008, Form-Based Codes; Regulations 1981. 9 Department of Tourism, Andhra Pradesh which are completely private owned. 10 Form-based codes go a long way in thought to be good for the local economy. resolving this ‘ownership paradox’ by "P14*!*45)4/)(0!1$4!>(&(Q46!.P!1$4!-.Q&--%! regulating form in relation to form apart from Municipalities and Developers, John Wiley owned businesses and comparing them to function. & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. benchmarks for their national competitors, it ! ,*&#442!3&Q$#45&!=46)0(!"66.Q)&146! was determined that for every $100 spent at A guide for planners, Urban Designers, 4 2008, Redevelopment of Jama Masjid the local businesses, $45 stayed in the local Precinct, Study and Recommendations economy. When the same methodology was Report. applied to the national businesses, only $13