On-Street Parking

This study aims to develop a simulation/optimization model for the
solution to the problem of determining on-street parking places in urban road networks. The problem is dealt within the Discrete Network Design (DND) context due to the binary decision variables and the bi-level programming technique is used for the solution of the problem. The upper level represents the determination of on-street parking places while the reaction of drivers’ to the design is handled in user equilibrium manner in the lower level. The upper level problem is formulized
as a non-linear mixed integer programming problem and the meta-heuristic Harmony Search (HS) optimization technique is employed for the solution. In the proposed model, VISUM traffic analysis software is utilized as the simulation tool for solving the lower level problem. The performance of the proposed model is tested on Sioux-Falls road network which has widely been used on DND studies in the previous works. Results show that determining optimal or near-optimal
on-street parking places may be achieved by using the proposed model.

Double parking is a common occurrence in dense urban areas. It routinely causes danger for cyclists, pedestrians and short-term traffic disruptions that impede traffic flow. Using New York City as a case study, this paper introduces a novel data-driven framework for understanding the influential factors and estimating the actual frequency of double parking through utilizing parking violation tickets, 311 service requests, and social media information with surrounding street characteristics. The number of hotel rooms, traffic volume, commercial usage, block length and curbside parking spaces are ranked as the top five important factors contributing to double parking. Three feature selection methods, LASSO, stability selection and Random Forests techniques are applied to identify those contributing factors. Random Forests, as one of the most effective machine learning techniques is also applied to predict double parking performance of 50 locations in Midtown Manhattan, New York, where ground truth data is available. The Random Forests model achieves 85% prediction accuracy. The study demonstrates that the violation tickets and 311 service requests supplemented with additional street characteristics are able to offer a higher level of prediction accuracy for double parking events. This predictive power can be further applied to a macroscopic or microscopic traffic simulation model to evaluate double parking impacts on traffic delay and safety. In addition, this study can provide transportation agencies insights into effective data collection strategies to identify potential double parking hotspots for better policy-making, enforcement, and management.

The study developed a cost-effective framework for unauthorized parking detection using a machine-vision based deep learning method. The system was introduced on a Raspberry Pi 4b using the MobileNet SSD algorithm to detect vehicles illegally parked based on the live feed received from a Pi camera. The system was introduced to monitor unauthorized parking on a specific barangay simulated-roadside-parking lot. Results of the assessment indicate that the study was capable of identifying illegally parked vehicles with an overall performance rate of 96.16% and 98.93% respectively for legally and illegally parked vehicles, with a combined test resulting in 97.56%. The study showed that the detection was robust to changes in light intensity and the presence of shadow effects in varying environmental conditions, due to the deep learning strength.

E-BUSINESS STARTUP: SPOT PARKING SMART MOBILE PARKING SYSTEM
Gilang Marhadian
Management and Information System, School of Business Management, Universitas Bina Nusantara
marhadiangilang@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Economic growth in Indonesia especially in Special Capital Region Jakarta incites growth of vehicles caused by needs of transportation by more and more dynamic lifestyle of its people. One of the impact by increasing usage of vehicle is parking space availability. With limitation of information and scarcity of parking space available, the people will be find difficulties to park their vehicle. The objectives of this research is to create solution with business idea and to analyze the business idea will be feasible or not using five forces porter and consumer behavior, determine SPOT PARKING business model using business model canvas, and develop Android mobile application. Research method that used to analyze SPOT PARKING business opportunity is five forces porter, designing business plan using business model canvas, and designing application system that using analysis and design object oriented through SDLC approach. Result from five forces porter analysis shows that SPOT PARKING enter an attractive industry. While the conclusion from analysis that using business model canvas generate prototype system with features, such as register, login, auto search and reservation (one-click service), search location, reservation, activity and top up.
Keyword: Transportation, Parking, five porter forces, business model canvas, system development, android application, reservation

ABSTRAK

Pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dapat dirasakan dampaknya khususnya di Ibukota DKI Jakarta memicu perkembangan jumlah kendaraan pribadi dikarenakan kebutuhan transportasi masyarakatnya yang semakin dinamis. Salah satu kebutuhan yang meningkat dari perkembangan jumlah kendaraan adalah kebutuhan akan lahan parkir. Namun, dengan terbatasnya informasi dan ketersediaan lahan parkir membuat pengguna kendaraan parkir menemui kesulitan untuk memarkirkan kendaaraanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menciptakan solusi dengan ide bisnis serta menentukan kelayakan jika ide bisnis ini diimplementasi dengan melakukan analisis peluang bisnis menggunakan analisis lima kekuatan porter dan perilaku konsumen, menentukan model bisnis SPOT PARKING dengan menggunakan business model canvas, dan mengembangkan sistem aplikasi berbasis android. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan melakukan analisis peluang bisnis yang menggunakan analisis lima kekuatan porter, perancangan rencana bisnis menggunakan business model canvas, dan perancangan sistem aplikasi dengan menggunakan analisis dan perancangan berorientasi objek melalui pendekatan SDLC. Hasil yang didapat dari analisis lima kekuatan porter dan perilaku konsumen menunjukkan bahwa e-business startup SPOT PARKING berada pada industri atraktif. sementara simpulan dari analisis yang menggunakan business model canvas menghasilkan sistem prototype dengan fitur, antara lain register, login, auto search and reservation (one-click service), search location, reservation, activity dan top up,

The high roadside activities may cause disruption to the traffic flow movement. Traffic conflicts such as delays have the potential to make congestion, as happened in Jalan Kesehatan, Yogyakarta. Congestion can reduce the traffic comfort and safety for road users, reduce travel speeds, and add travel time as well as raise the vehicle operation costs. This research was conducted by surveys of road geometric, traffic volumes, vehicle speeds, side frictions and parking on Jalan Kesehatan which has been divided into three of segments with different of roadside activities. The result showed that there is a different performance of each segment of the road. When roadside activity is getting higher, road capacity is getting lower and degree of saturation is getting higher. With the high roadside activities, total delays to travel along 900 meters of Jalan Kesehatan is 68.75 seconds, with traffic delay costs about Rp 155,508.00.

Karakteristik parkir mencakup volume parkir, akumulasi parkir, rata-rata lamanya parkir, kapasitas parkir, indeks parkir, pergantian parkir dan penyediaan parkir. Dari karakteristik parkir tersebut nantinya dapat diketahui permasalahan parkir yang ada di lokasi studi. Jumlah petak parkir, sudut parkir serta ukuran petak parkir didaerah itu di dapat diketahui dengan melakukan survei inventarisasi parkir pada lokasi studi. Adapun peta lokasi studi dapat dilihat pada Gambar 4.1

Close interaction with the people, administrators and political leaders of historic precincts in Hyderabad and Shahjahanabad, Delhi, revealed a great enthusiasm amongst all to improve their general standard of living. But the notion of 'space' as perceived by the public officials is radically different from that of the public itself. The former habitually sees it as a commodity; while the latter freely lets the socio-cultural forces dictate its usage. This difference in perceptions often hinders redevelopment due
to ao deficiency in understanding the cultural economics and evolution of the city core. As a result, most livelihoods become vulnerable to these deficient perceptions. Conceptual approaches derived from existing and proposed regulatory and planning tools may offer solutions for sustaining the resources of historic city cores effectively.

Purpose: This chapter explains how and why local parking policies are developed, the sometimes conflicting relationship between parking, revenue raising and economic development and the circumstances in which it may be appropriate to use parking policy as a demand management tool.

Methodology/approach: This chapter offers a review of prior research and literature on the topic parking management and further explores the impacts and difficulties of parking management. Moreover, empirical data in this chapter comes from the authors’ own survey study of southern, eastern and southeastern European cities about their parking problems and policies.

Findings: The findings of this chapter show that there is a need to consider what parking solutions cities may choose and what solutions might work for them. It is difficult to say that very different solutions will suit cities of different sizes, but rather that the level of implementation of the solutions must be related to the scale of the problem in each city, and its citizens’ demands. In addition, each city must work within its particular legislative context, which is why certain solutions might not work in some cities.

Practical implications: Parking policy and parking management are key to urban mobility and to managing its negative effects. It is possible to develop a car parking policy that will manage the negative impacts of urban car use whilst also supporting business and the economy; but this is a balancing act, which is why it is important to learn from the experience of other places, as we have shown in this chapter. Parking demand and the response of different cities to it are very important when considering the rise of car use in Europe and other parts of the world. Future solutions for parking problems are detailed at the end of this chapter.

Originality/value of paper: This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of prior research in parking management and connects this overview to findings of the authors own survey in south, eastern and southeastern European cities. Very few studies have made similar connections and provided in-depth insights into parking management in European cities. Moreover, the research provides useful information for planners and professionals dealing with parking issues and what solutions might work in their city.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the performance of various in-ground sensor technologies and how this can impact the effectiveness of on-street parking management. This will extend to a discussion of the social and economic benefits of introducing sensors into a congested Town Centre.
Smart Cities (Sometimes referred to as Digital Cities), is the contemporary thinking with regards to Municipal Management of assets. However most local government executives are rarely furnished with the correct information as to how this can be implemented in a robust and integrated fashion. Integration is the basic premise to this concept; however further scrutiny of various vendor’s solutions shows they often have a very disaggregated architecture with a common marketing angle – not a common IT platform.
In-ground Parking sensors are being heavily marketed as a key part of the Smart City solution, however each vendor provides widely varying levels of performance which is not measured against recognised standards.
Parking sensors provide two principle functions: (1) Real Time information of parking occupancy – useful for parking guidance applications; (2) Improved enforcement efficiencies.
Each type of sensor tends to perform better on one of these aspects over the other. However with the proliferation of nano-watt powered circuit boards and improved technology, sensors are starting to excel at both Occupancy and Enforcement.
This paper explores the three most common technologies used in this field:
1. Infrared
2. Magnetometers
3. Nano-radar

In this study, the method of direct-motion diagonal and perpendicular parking is introduced both in theo-ry and in simulations for the vehicle with and without a trailer. The results show that not only a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal or perpendicular using direct motion, but also a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal and perpendicular in direct motion after the final value of the orientation angle is satisfied. Simulation results are given to verify the effec-tiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords: diagonal, perpendicular, direct motion, parking, trailer, car-like vehicle

Paper videos can be reached from this URL: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLENSkat0854vGceT1fX4Yr6Yw0UqqW_vl

Double parking (DP) is one of the key contributors to traffic congestion on urban streets. Double parking violations of commercial vehicles while they load and unload at delivery locations with insufficient curbside space can have significant negative impact on traffic. Motivated by the need to study such impact in urban cities, this paper utilizes parking violation records for New York City along with field data collected using video recording, and adopts a comprehensive modeling approach that combines available data with two types of models. The first is an M/M/∞ queueing model used to estimate double parking effect on the average travel time. The second is a micro-simulation model developed and calibrated to study individual and combined effects of various explanatory variables. Both models account for different effects of general vehicles and commercial trucks. Via case studies in Midtown Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn (New York, US), double parking activities and driver behaviors are investigated and used for comparative analysis. The M/M/∞ queueing model has been empirically validated using field data collected as part of this study. Comparison results show a good fit for uncongested traffic conditions. Micro-simulation results indicate different impact levels for 21 scenarios in four categories namely, travel demand, double parking locations, frequency, and duration. This study can provide traffic agencies a potential approach to quantify the impact of double parking in a large-scale network and insights into the management and alleviation of on-street parking problems including incentives for encouraging off-hour deliveries and more effective enforcement during peak hours.

As gentrification processes accelerate in American cities, how do newcomers become solidly in-place while longtime residents become hopelessly out-of-place in neighbourhood public spaces? Bringing focus to the often-overlooked public right-of-way – streets, sidewalks and alleys – I examine social rhythms comprising this network of public spaces when used as an everyday infrastructure of transportation and socialisation or when configured for special events. Using the notion of symbolic economy to link the social production of public space with the municipal regulation of public space, this essay approaches gentrification from three perspectives: conflict, commodification and cosmopolitanism. Focusing on Highland, a rapidly gentrifying neighbourhood in Denver, Colorado, I first delve into skirmishes over street legitimacy. I then unpack quiet workaday measures used by cities to regulate the public right-of-way, namely parking policy and liquor license issuances. I move on to the commodification of ethnic culture by those who ultimately benefit from the displacement of Latino families from North Denver. Lastly, I engage with the concept cosmopolitanism, arguing that diversity discourses, both in the academy and on the street, obscure important relationships between asymmetrically positioned symbolic economies and low-level regulation of public space. Foregrounding routine urban governance over neoliberal agendas, this study critiques gentrification as a commonsense urban policy.

I filed and served the above document today on landlord's attorney, one Jeff S. Bennett, Esq. who served the subject Motion to Dismiss (MTD) on me yesterday afternoon by email. The more he lags, the faster I get. In it you will find a summary of current Oregon law addressing common landlord-tenant issues as they apply to MOBILE HOME OWNERS on someone else's land, in this case the land is owned by a corporation and that corporation employs various minions each of whom does some compartmentalized task. All is well until there is a breach, then it becomes and adventure "through the looking glass" to get any human being to communicate in a meaningful way with this legally deaf tenant. The dialogue between is colorful and informative as this is not a typical eviction suit, in fact there is no eviction or defect to be corrected at this point, I only seek to prevent future harm. Defendant seeks attorneys' fees, of course!

A singular and modest activist action, a temporary park created in San Francisco, grew into the global urban Park(ing) Day (PD) phenomenon. This tactical urbanism event not only expanded to be annually celebrated in thousands of parking lots all over the world but became an inspiration for urban planning and policy changes. The permanent rendition of Park(ing) Day, parklets, resulted from the movement but did not stop the spread of PD itself. This article presents case studies from New Zealand and Poland, two geographically and culturally distant locations where PD has further developed and evolved gaining local qualities. Through research methods such as research in design, secondary data analysis and expert interviews we study the trajectory of PD evolution and the role and interpretation of it in different parts of the globe. The results show a narrative of successive popularisation and institutionalisation as well as diversification. Departing from its grassroots, guerilla and assertive traits, PD has grown to become an artistic, creative and urban planning tool. As an established, recognised action and an 'attractive' idea, PD has great potential for designer education, allowing a venue for implementing methods such as design-build and live project.

Major cities of India are facing on-street parking problem specifically in CBD area. Lack of data for on-street parking demand and absence of concrete parking policy leads to business as usual condition on major streets of CBD area. Therefore, a 12 hour parking inventory using license plate method was carried out for the two busy urban streets of the CBD area of Vadodara. Survey witnessed demand spilling over the supply with poor turnover for major duration of the inventory. This study was an attempt to model the response of the vehicle parkers using on-street parking for a policy measure framed under guideline of National urban transport policy (NUTP 2014). The survey data was analysed using fuzzy technique revealed that house hold income, frequency of trip and duration of parking influenced the parking choice behaviour of driver.

This study aims to develop a simulation/optimization model for the solution to the problem of determining on-street parking places in urban road networks. The problem is dealt within the Discrete Network Design (DND) context due to the binary decision variables and the bi-level programming technique is used for the solution of the problem. The upper level represents the determination of on-street parking places while the reaction of drivers’ to the design is handled in user equilibrium manner in the lower level. The upper level problem is formulized as a non-linear mixed integer programming problem and the meta-heuristic Harmony Search (HS) optimization technique is employed for the solution. In the proposed model, VISUM traffic analysis software is utilized as the simulation tool for solving the lower level problem. The performance of the proposed model is tested on Sioux-Falls road network which has widely been used on DND studies in the previous works. Results show that determining optimal or near-optimal on-street parking places may be achieved by using the proposed model.

The study developed a cost-effective framework for unauthorized parking detection using a machine-vision based deep learning method. The system was introduced on a Raspberry Pi 4b using the MobileNet SSD algorithm to detect vehicles illegally parked based on the live feed received from a Pi camera. The system was introduced to monitor unauthorized parking on a specific barangay simulated-roadside-parking lot. Results of the assessment indicate that the study was capable of identifying illegally parked vehicles with an overall performance rate of 96.16% and 98.93% respectively for legally and illegally parked vehicles, with a combined test resulting in 97.56%. The study showed that the detection was robust to changes in light intensity and the presence of shadow effects in varying environmental conditions, due to the deep learning strength.

Double parking (DP) is one of the key contributors to traffic congestion on urban streets. Double parking violations of commercial vehicles while they load and unload at delivery locations with insufficient curbside space can have significant negative impact on traffic. Motivated by the need to study such impact in urban cities, this paper utilizes parking violation records for New York City along with field data collected using video recording, and adopts a comprehensive modeling approach that combines available data with two types of models. The first is an M/M/∞ queueing model used to estimate double parking effect on the average travel time. The second is a micro-simulation model developed and calibrated to study individual and combined effects of various explanatory variables. Both models account for different effects of general vehicles and commercial trucks. Via case studies in Midtown Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn (New York, US), double parking activities and driver behavi...

We present PARKAGENT, an agent-based, spatially explicit, model for parking in the city. PARKAGENT is based on the geosimulation approach, combining real-world GIS database with a multi-agent system. The model simulates the behavior of each driver in a spatially explicit environment and is able to capture the complex self-organizing dynamics of a large collective of parking agents within a non-homogeneous

On-street parking is one of the most important aspects of the transportation system in any central business district (CBD) worldwide. Managing the on-street parking demand is an important issue in transportation planning, especially for metropolitan cities. Every car owner prefers to park their vehicle as close as possible to destination to minimize the walking distance, leading to overcrowded. The objectives of this study are to find out important parameters on on-street parking, generating a parking demand estimation model and to carry out sensitivity analysis to obtain most sensitive parameter(s) for demand estimation. The data are collected from field survey. Four CBDs of Kolkata, viz. Camac Street, Dalhousie, Gariahat and Park Street have been selected as case study areas in this study. The estimated demand is found to be much higher than the present supply. The forecasted demand is also estimated. Statistical software like SPSS is used for analysis.

1. Planners should conduct a simple block-by-block survey of parked cars and parking spaces on local suburban streets.

2. Older neighborhoods often need on-streetparking, but local streets in neighborhoods built after 1950 are likely to have an excess of on-street parking spaces.

3. Unused parking is wasted space. Narrow streets can save money on construction and maintenance for housing developers and city public works departments. In addition, the land that would have otherwise gone to parking can be sold by developers to generate municipal tax income.

4. Much like cities have begun to rethink parking in dense urban areas via parklets, there may be creative reuse opportunities for underutilized suburban residential parking strips. Neighborhoods should be given permission to be creative and to repurpose some of the public space on their streets for gardens, games, murals,
or storm water catchment.

5. Local street standards should be revised to reduce required right-of-way and curb-to-curb width standards for local streets, such that unnecessary parking lanes can be eliminated before they are built.

Parking is a passive but an essential component of transportation infrastructure. It has been a neglected part of transportation policies in India. The automobile boom in this country over last two decades has been quite unbelievable. The parking problem is increasing day by day and land availability is reducing with rapid urbanization in whole country. This problem has now drawn the attention of city authorities in urban areas but the management is far from satisfactory. The management part is mostly outsourced to different agencies who concentrate more on maximizing their revenue generation through parking rather than proper parking management.
Parking management refers to various policies and programs that result in more efficient use of parking resources. When appropriately applied parking management can significantly reduce the number of parking spaces required in a particular situation. Cost effective parking management programs can usually reduce parking requirements by 20- 40% compared with conventional planning requirements, providing many economic, social and environmental benefits. When all impacts are considered, improved management is often the best solution to parking problems.
The problem of parking is very prominent in all the urban areas but metros are the worst affected by this problem. Delhi is ahead of all these urban areas because of highest number of motorized vehicles and scarcity of land for parking infrastructure. The problem is ever increasing in major commercial areas where parking turnover goes upto 2 times the parking supply. The parking utilization goes above 100% throughout the day. The over utilization of parking infrastructure is due to subsidized fee structure of parking supply. The parking pricing should be fixed in such a manner that the demand and supply should have balance.
Moreover the parking policies framed by city authorities are not able to match the requirement of city’s parking needs.  The parking policy that the action plans of all the civic and development agencies aim towards more supply of parking spaces and little on demand control measures.
This study is an attempt to analyze the existing parking problems, criticize parking practices and propose suitable reforms. The basic objectives of this particular study is to identify the different parameters influencing parking demand, to analyze and measure the influence of each parameter on parking demand, to derive demand functions based on the analyses. The final outcome of the study will is to formulate a suitable methodology for planning future parking facilities with special focus on spatial allocation, total parking supply, price framework, and regulatory policies and strategies. Moreover, planning the proposals and parking recommendations for improving the overall parking scenario at micro level of the study areas.

This study is a survey of urban roads and on-street parking in Niger Delta Region-Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The study generated data with the aid of physical measurements, traffic and volumetric counts. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were utilized for the data analysis. The results showed that road widths were narrow and could not accommodate on-street parking. Tested hypotheses confirmed that the width of roads and the number of parked vehicles were strongly correlated (r=0.73, P<0.01). The volume of traffic counts and the number of parked vehicles were also strongly correlated (r=0.89, P<0.01). The study therefore recommended traffic management techniques such as vehicle parking regulations and control, and the provision of off-street or multi-storey parking facilities.

The unprecedented growth of vehicles has increased parking space demand into cities. It has a considerable effect on transportation development in the city. The availability of less space in urban areas has rising demand for parking space principally in central business district. Ill-effects of insufficient parking space in cities are many. Godhra is a well-known city of Panchmahal district in Gujarat which has a population of 1.62 lakh (2011). As the traffic on the existing road system in the Godhra city increases, congestion becomes serious problem. Thus, parking surveys have been carried out for collecting data about parking avaibility and requirement and its effect on present scenario. Fixed period sampling survey method is used for parking demand and Parking space inventory survey is carried out for parking supply at the study area. Analysis shows that peak demand and parking index are almost 1.5 times more of demand than supply and it is alarming stage for parking problem. Requirement of parking has been fulfilled by designing off-street parking facility for on street parking user so that they can park their vehicle safely and it is more helpful to transportation system by increasing utilization of carriage way width. Design of Multi level parking space has been done according to demand and supply available by using ParkCAD(5.0) and as per the SP-12(2015)Guidelines for parking facilities in urban area. Results help in reducing the congestion of on-street parking and diverge the demand to off-street parking.

The unprecedented growth of vehicles has increased parking space demand into cities. It has a considerable effect on transportation development in the city. The availability of less space in urban areas has rising demand for parking space principally in central business district. Ill-effects of insufficient parking space in cities are many. Godhra is a well-known city of Panchmahal district in Gujarat which has a population of 1.62 lakh (2011). As the traffic on the existing road system in the Godhra city increases, congestion becomes serious problem. Thus, parking surveys have been carried out for collecting data about parking avaibility and requirement and its effect on present scenario. Fixed period sampling survey method is used for parking demand and Parking space inventory survey is carried out for parking supply at the study area. Analysis shows that peak demand and parking index are almost 1.5 times more of demand than supply and it is alarming stage for parking problem. Requirement of parking has been fulfilled by designing off-street parking facility for on street parking user so that they can park their vehicle safely and it is more helpful to transportation system by increasing utilization of carriage way width. Design of Multi level parking space has been done according to demand and supply available by using ParkCAD(5.0) and as per the SP-12(2015)Guidelines for parking facilities in urban area. Results help in reducing the congestion of on-street parking and diverge the demand to off-street parking.

The problem I address in my master thesis is one faced by many cities worldwide: the lack of citizens’ engagement in the development of their direct environment and its connection to the lack of place attachment, - a concept dealing with human bonding to a specific physical environment.

There are several reasons listed in the literature about the possible causes of citizen apathy or the lack of civic engagement. Potential roadblocks to citizen-led projects in communities may include: a lack of awareness of the opportunities of their engagement and the vested interests in the status quo/business as usual.

The main argument I am building my thesis on is that in order to redirect our cities towards a more sustainable urbanization model we need to start knowing and understanding each other in a new, unexplored way.

The existence of education facilities (schools and universities) contributed substantially to the development of urban areas. One of the important education facilities is the higher education institute or university. In my master thesis I am exploring the potential role of the Faculty of Political Science and Communications (FSPAC) of the Babes-Bolyai University (UBB) in the urban development of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.  I am particularly interested in studying the institution’s potential impact on the development of its direct environment.

So how can we leverage this opportunity for FSPAC to use the process of engagement with their neighborhood as learning experiences for students and faculty members? How can the FSPAC community be provoked in order for it to envisage  - and engage in - actions for the improvement of its direct environment? How can FSPAC find options to start a new and effective relationship within the community and its surrounding neighborhood, by using available resources? These are some of the questions that most interested me from the very beginning of my master studies at FSPAC. For the purposes of this paper I summarize my research question the following, more general, way:

What are effective steps that could be taken in order for members of an educational institution to change their beliefs about their direct environment and engage in new types of behavior involving their direct environment?

In short, I am interested in finding out how we can incite civic engagement that leads to place attachment, reflected in changed beliefs and behavior.

I found that a change in the direct physical environment influence beliefs and actitudes. And that, at least this institutions and their members, can make a difference in their neighborhood.

Nowadays, in all the cities, there is an acute problem of a lack of parking spaces. The number of vehicles are becoming more and more larger, not only in megacities, but in small cities of the country, as well and there are no more parking places - the pace of solving the problem is several times slower than the rate of the transport growth among the citizens. The article is dedicated to the determination of the optimum sizes parking place for designing vehicles on a parking space, which is an element of the roads. The optimum amount parking places are determined on examples of the passenger cars and trucks. The results of research on dimensioning of parking spaces and recommendations to use the results for design of objects of transportation infrastructure are presented. According to the research, authors included the term &quot;design vehicle&quot; and gave its definition. The authors developed a template for 7 types of design vehicles and their sizes and also recommended sizes fo...

Providing suitable parking spaces may reduce disrupting traffic flow and mitigate congestion in urban streets. In that case; on-street parking is the main problem that often encountered in urban streets. The on-street parking phenomenon is widely spread in urban streets of Al-Najaf city. Therefore, this study has focused on two congested sites: Al-Rawan and Al-Iskan in order to investigate on-street parking characteristics. Thus; field data were collected using drone, video camera and manual counts. The average turnover, waiting time and type of parking were investigated. These sites have been divided into two sites and each one has been divided into several segments. Mainly, it was found that the peak period for both sites is in the evening after 4:00PM according to the activities there. The results of data analysis indicate that the waiting time for most parking vehicles in both sites is more than 80% for 30minutes. Finally, the results demonstrate that illegal parking behaviour is common in the study area city both on weekdays and weekend and the suggested improvements are to regulate on-street parking and provide off-street parking. Abstract Providing suitable parking spaces may reduce disrupting traffic flow and mitigate congestion in urban streets. In that case; on-street parking is the main problem that often encountered in urban streets. The on-street parking phenomenon is widely spread in urban streets of Al-Najaf city. Therefore, this study has focused on two congested sites: Al-Rawan and Al-Iskan in order to investigate on-street parking characteristics. Thus; field data were collected using drone, video camera and manual counts. The average turnover, waiting time and type of parking were investigated. These sites have been divided into two sites and each one has been divided into several segments. Mainly, it was found that the peak period for both sites is in the evening after 4:00PM according to the activities there. The results of data analysis indicate that the waiting time for most parking vehicles in both sites is more than 80% for 30minutes. Finally, the results demonstrate that illegal parking behaviour is common in the study area city both on weekdays and weekend and the suggested improvements are to regulate on-street parking and provide off-street parking.

The aim of this paper is to study the impacts of bottom-up information provision about on-street parking places on parking dynamics under heterogeneous conditions. Using an agent-based simulation model, performance is compared between a bottom-up vehicle-to-vehicle communication strategy and a strategy that combines parking sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. In the latter approach onstreet parking places are all equipped with sensors capable of disseminating their status. The results show that search time is decreased for informed &#39;smart&#39; cars, especially under spatially heterogeneous conditions, for the sensor-based strategy. Furthermore, for the case of the sensor-based strategy, the results point out that smart cars outperform regular cars in terms of walking distance under all circumstances. The positive impacts for the vehicle-to-vehicle strategy are limited to walking distance improvements only.

On-street parking is one of the most important aspects of the transportation system in any central business district (CBD) worldwide. Managing the on-street parking demand is an important issue in transportation planning, especially for metropolitan cities. Every car owner prefers to park their vehicle as close as possible to destination to minimize the walking distance, leading to overcrowded. The objectives of this study are to find out important parameters on on-street parking, generating a parking demand estimation model and to carry out sensitivity analysis to obtain most sensitive parameter(s) for demand estimation. The data are collected from field survey. Four CBDs of Kolkata, viz. Camac Street, Dalhousie, Gariahat and Park Street have been selected as case study areas in this study. The estimated demand is found to be much higher than the present supply. The forecasted demand is also estimated. Statistical software like SPSS is used for analysis.

—It's high time to have a paradig m shift to multi modal trans port system and also move towards sustainable parking. All the three pillars of sustainability have to be kept in mind for any policy. The climate change is affecti ng the human life, i t's essential to have a modal shift so as to achieve a smarter and sustainable travel. It's essential to have parking policy that supplements this concept of sustainability. On-Street, Off-Street and Peri pheral parking have to be designed in such a way so as to supplement each other and shoul d follow a particular policy. Parking price has to be designed in the same manner. It's essential to assimilate the disabled people in any policy. Sustainable Parking is an important step towards sustainable travel and it shoul d take into account the land use pattern and the local environment/surroundi ngs. I. INTRO DUCTION. It " s high time to move to mu lti modal planning. If congestion is looked fro m socioeconomic point of view then it is a good indication as it shows economic activity. The cities in the present world look more like car parks. The future of the transpo rt is to move towards mobility as a service. Veh icle does not move on at roads at all times. Usually there are two spaces that are taken up by a car one at the commuter " s residence and other at its work place. For sustainable transport we need a modal shift towards public transport which has dire ct as well as indirect benefits. Direct benefits include reduction in congestion. Indirect Benefits more impetus for Public transport which brings money into the public transport and therefore help in up gradation of the service as well as quality of public transport. Allied benefits include improvement in air quality. There are three E " s of Transportation Engineering are Engineering, Education and Enforcement. Any transportation system should follow this cycle. For parking usually the education is done and then policy planners think that it will be enforced. We usually see that people don " t park the vehicles in parking lots and many multistoried parking lots never reach to as close to capacity as they were designed for. The Cost-Benefit ratios of these parking lots differ fro m what it is usually conceptualized by the designer/planner. The reason behind this is lack of policy to facilitate such an investment.

Kegiatan perparkiran di badan jalan dapat mengurangi kapasitas jalan, kerugian yang dialami oleh pengguna jalan akibat kemacetan tidak sebanding dengan pendapatan yang diterima dari sektor parkir. Survey dilakukan pada saat siang dan sore hari dimana pada saat tersebut arus lalulintas dan jumlah kendaraan yang sedang parkir mencapai puncak. Berdasarkan hasil survey dilakukan analisis kinerja ruas untuk mengetahui kapasitas jalan Kertajaya pada saat ini. Selanjutnya melalui analisis Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK) dan Nilai Waktu (NW), dapat dihitung besarnya kerugian yang dialami oleh pengguna jalan Kertajaya akibat kegiatan perparkiran di badan jalan.

Knowing the rhythm of daily life is more important in investigating some travel behaviours of people. Most importantly, improving parking behaviour in urban cities is one an useful characteristics in reducing traffic congestion problems. The aim of this study is to shed light on the parking behaviours for both off and on-street parking in urban areas. The methodology of this study could be summarized by collecting data from sixteen off-street and eight on-street parking facilities within the CBD area in AL-Hillah city. Mainly, the investigated parking characteristics are average turnover, occupancy, duration, purpose of trip, origin and destination. In addition, the type of vehicle parking has been investigated such as parallel, inclined angle and double or single parking style. In fact, the based-data results indicate that parking duration for medical activities has more duration than commercial and other activities. Similarly, the average turnover for medical land use is less than other land uses. Furthermore, it was found that there are a total of 2275 parking spaces in the study area, of which 1296 are in off-street parking spaces. While other spaces 979 are along the streets. Moreover, most on-street parking was illegal (about 68.5%). Finally, the reduction in capacity and speed for streets with on-street parking activities are 20% and 62.5%, respectively.

Real-time street parking availability information is important in urban areas, and if available could reduce congestion, pollution, and gas consumption. In this paper, an advanced street parking system called PhonePark is presented. Using the GPS, accelerometer, and Bluetooth sensors on a traveler's mobile phone, in conjunction with geospatial data, we can automatically detect when and where the traveler parked her car, and when she released a parking slot. 1

Parking is a huge problem in densely populated areas and drivers spend a significant amount of time finding a suitable place to park their cars. A system that could show drivers the nearest available space would result in enormous savings of time, fuel, and street space. In order to achieve that, real- world periodic statistical analysis of car parking areas could help increase effi- ciency. Ideally, real-time information could also be used to create personalized suggestions to drivers, thus enabling satisficing of a wide range of possible cri- teria of optimality. We propose a system that uses a single camera for a wide- area external parking, followed by a combination of two kinds of algorithms: static image analysis of parking lot spaces using a combination of histogram classification and edge detection, and dynamic image analysis using blob analy- sis. Our system thus achieves monitoring of parking spaces and reports statistics as well as empty slots in real-time. Our results in...

The unprecedented growth of vehicles has increased parking space demand into cities. It has a considerable effect on transportation development in the city. The availability of less space in urban areas has rising demand for parking space principally in central business district. Ill-effects of insufficient parking space in cities are many. Godhra is a well-known city of Panchmahal district in Gujarat which has a population of 1.62 lakh (2011). As the traffic on the existing road system in the Godhra city increases, congestion becomes serious problem. Thus, parking surveys have been carried out for collecting data about parking avaibility and requirement and its effect on present scenario. Fixed period sampling survey method is used for parking demand and Parking space inventory survey is carried out for parking supply at the study area. Analysis shows that peak demand and parking index are almost 1.5 times more of demand than supply and it is alarming stage for parking problem. Requirement of parking has been fulfilled by designing off-street parking facility for on street parking user so that they can park their vehicle safely and it is more helpful to transportation system by increasing utilization of carriage way width. Design of Multi level parking space has been done according to demand and supply available by using ParkCAD(5.0) and as per the SP-12(2015)Guidelines for parking facilities in urban area. Results help in reducing the congestion of on-street parking and diverge the demand to off-street parking.

Studies have shown that up to thirty percent of all
traffic in crowded urban areas can be cruising for parking.
Information provision to drivers can potentially decrease cruising
time for individual drivers and subsequently improve the
performance of the overall system. While most cities provide
drivers with information on the occupancy rates of off-street
parking facilities, information on single on-street parking
places was non-existing until recently. Recent technological
advances have made it possible to provide such information.
The aim of this paper is to study the impacts of such
bottom-up information provision about on-street parking
places for the individual driver as well as the system as a
whole. Using an agent-based simulation model, impacts are
compared between a bottom-up vehicle-to-vehicle communication
strategy and a strategy that combines parking
sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. In the latter
approach on-street parking places are equipped with
sensors capable of disseminating their occupancy status. Contrary to expectations based on theory, the results
show that, for both strategies, search time is barely
decreased and sometimes even increased. Performance in
terms of walking distance using a vehicle-to-vehicle communication
strategy is only improved in situations with
almost full on-street occupancy levels. In contrast, when
a sensor strategy is applied, walking distance is reduced
under all conditions.
The main conclusion is that the societal benefits of bottom-
up information provision are not clear from the outset.

Illegal parking of delivery trucks used for pickup and delivery (PUD) reduces traffic capacity and causes delays. A geographically based combinatorial model was developed to estimate the extent of capacity losses and subsequent delays. The model uses a geographically based inference
engine to extract data from several large-scale databases and process the data. These data are presented and compared with data from other temporary loss-of-capacity events. Because only weekday and daytime activities were studied, the resulting estimate of the national PUD effect is somewhat conservative.