Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea

Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea By Amgad El Shaffai Edited by: Anthony Rouphael, PhD Ameer Abdulla, PhD Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea Text and Photographs by Amgad El Shaffai Edited by: Anthony Rouphael, PhD Ameer Abdulla, PhD The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily relect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Total Foundation, Courbevoie, France. Copyright: © 2011 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other noncommercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: El Shaffai, A. (2011). Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea. Rouphael, A. and Abdulla, A., eds. First Edition. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Courbevoie, France: Total Foundation. viii + 56pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1414-1 This publication is a contribution of the Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Science Group. Design and layout: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Cover picture: Amgad El Shaffai All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder. Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 999 0000, Fax: + 44 22 999 0020, Email: books@iucn.org, www.iucn.org/publications A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. ii Table of Contents Foreword -------------------------------------------------------- v Acknowledgment ----------------------------------------------- vii Introduction ----------------------------------------------------- 1 Habitats --------------------------------------------------------- 5 General structure of seagrass plants ------------------------- 10 Family CYMODOCEACEAE ------------------------------------- 12 Cymodocea rotundata -------------------------------------- 13 Cymodocea serrulata --------------------------------------- 16 Halodule pinifolia --------------------------------------------- 19 Halodule uninervis ------------------------------------------- 22 Syringodium isoetifolium ------------------------------------ 25 Thalassodendron ciliatum ---------------------------------- 28 Family HYDROCHARITACEAE --------------------------------- 32 Enhalus acoroides ------------------------------------------- 33 Halophila decipiens ----------------------------------------- 36 Halophila ovalis ---------------------------------------------- 39 Halophila ovata ---------------------------------------------- 42 Halophila stipulacea ----------------------------------------- 45 Thalassia hemprichii ---------------------------------------- 48 Glossary --------------------------------------------------------- 51 References ------------------------------------------------------ 53 Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea iii iv Foreword The role of taxonomy in understanding and managing marine ecosystems is pivotal. Taxonomy provides basic and fundamental understanding of ecosystem components and units (biodiversity) that are important in its functioning, its maintenance and sustainable use. Without this understanding it is very dificult to conserve species through targeted management intervention. The loss of global marine biodiversity at an alarming rate means that dificult but important decisions have to be made now to protect species and their habitats. Seagrass populations are declining globally as a result of habitat destruction and marine pollution. Unfortunately, conservation and management planning is impeded by a lack of clarity on seagrass taxonomy or people with the skills and tools to identify species accurately. Accurate species identiication in the ield would allow more people to understand and appreciate seagrasses. This is especially true for the Red Sea where people are taking a stronger interest in its unique natural values. This Guide is a fundamental step forward in understanding and managing seagrass species and habitats. It has been developed by the IUCN Global Marine Program and supported by the Total Foundation for Biodiversity to be an easy-to-use yet comprehensive ield guide to the seagrasses of the Red Sea. It has been a great pleasure working with Amgad El Shaffai on this publication and we hope his efforts will encourage more people to take an interest in seagrasses and marine habitats in general. Dr. Ameer Abdulla Senior Advisor, Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Science IUCN Global Marine and Polar Program Dr. Tony Rouphael Senior Specialist, Tropical Marine Science Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Science Group Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea v vi Acknowledgement I express my sincere gratitude and profound regard to the editors, Dr. Anthony Rouphael and Dr. Ameer Abdulla for their interest, guidance, encouragement, valuable suggestions and constructive discussion at every stage of the guide. My gratitude also goes to Professor Moustafa Fouda and Dr. Mahmoud Hanafy for their technical assistance and encouragement. My thanks to my colleague and friend Mr. Mohammed Negm for his keen assistance during years of ieldwork. I wish to thank Dr. Teresa Alcoverro (CSIC, Spain), Dr. Jent Kornelis van Dijk, and Dr. Michelle Waycott (both from James Cook University) for taxonomic review. Also thanks to Dr. Jent Kornelis van Dijk for providing a photograph of Halophila decipiens. I thank the Global Marine and Polar Program of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for providing the technical platform, rigorous review, and for publication of this work. Many thanks to the Total Foundation for Biodiversity for providing the vision and inancial support for this ield guide. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea vii viii Introduction Background Seagrasses are unique amongst lowering plants in that they have adapted to live immersed in seawater. They lower, pollinate and produce seeds completely underwater. Seagrasses rank with coral reefs and mangroves as some of the world’s most productive and ecologically signiicant marine ecosystems. Seagrasses are food for sea turtles, ishes and dugongs, and also support complex food webs because of their physical structure and primary productivity. Unfortunately, human destruction of seagrass communities is occurring on a worldwide scale. Seagrasses are lost at an alarming rate due to anchoring, pollution, mining, dredging and modiications to water movement. More recently, climate change has been recognized as a signiicant global threat as it may alter local and regional environmental conditions needed for seagrasses to thrive. There are about 60 species of seagrasses worldwide, with most restricted to sand habitats in coastal waters where they sometimes form large meadows composed of one or more species. Thirteen species of seagrasses are known from the western Indian Ocean (Gullstrom, et al., 2002) with 12 species extending into the Red Sea (Lipkin & Zakai, 2003; El Shaffai, 2011). The distribution of seagrass in the Red Sea is not well known. This is due to the Sea´s large size (≈2200 km in length), the remoteness and inaccessibility of much of its coastline and the lack of guide books to assist people in recognizing and identifying these plants. Ironically, the taxonomy of seagrasses in the Red Sea has a long and distinguished Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 1 history. Peter Forsskål, a Swedish scientist and student of the famous taxonomist Carl Linnaeus, described Halodule uninervis and Thalassodendron ciliatum from the Red Sea in the 1700s. Much later, den Hartog (1970) prepared an extensive monograph of the seagrasses of the world. He summarized seagrass knowledge to provide a comprehensive guide to all seagrasses described at that time. More recent guides to seagrasses were prepared by Lanyon (1986) for the Great Barrier Reef, Waycott, et al., (2004) for the Indo-Paciic region, and Green and Short (2003) globally. None of these authors discuss the characteristics of the Red Sea species in particular detail. Purpose and structure of this guide The purpose of this publication is to provide naturalists, resource managers and scientists with a simple guide to identify all species of seagrasses in the Red Sea. Each species is described in detail using photographs of key and diagnostic features. Key features are those that distinguish a particular species from most other species, whereas diagnostic features belong only to that species. The guide begins with a description of habitats in the Red Sea that support seagrasses, followed by an introduction to the features of seagrasses used for identiication. Each seagrass species is then described individually. These species are grouped into two families: Cymodoceaceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Within each family, species are listed alphabetically. 2 Family Cymodoceaceae Family Hydrocharitaceae Cymodocea rotundata Enhalus acoroides Cymodocea serrulata Halophila decipiens Halodule pinifolia Halophila ovalis Halodule uninervis Halophila ovata Syringodium isoetifolium Halophila stipulacea Thalassodendron ciliatum Thalassia hemprichii Taxonomic notes In this guide, seagrass taxonomy follows den Hartog (1970) and Lanyon (1986) because Halodule pinifolia is distinguished from Halodule uninervis, and Halophila ovata is distinguished from Halophila ovalis. Although Waycott, et al., (2004) noted genetic similarities between these related species, morphological variations of an organism are ecologically important and warrant identiication and protection. At the beginning of each species section, the surname of the scientist who irst described it is presented immediately to the right of the species name. If two surnames are given, the one in the parentheses is the person who originally described it, while the second name is the scientist who modiied the original name, typically by placing it in a different genus. Only scientiic (or Latin) names are given in this guide. A scientiic name includes the genus (e.g. Halodule) and species (e.g. uninervis). With a little practice it is easy to pronounce these words. Most seagrass species do not have common names, and those that do are not used consistently amongst regions. For these reasons, common names are not used in this guide. Species Diversity in the Red Sea Seagrasses diversity is uneven in the Red Sea (Figure 1). Seven species are known from the Gulf of Aqaba and ive in the Gulf of Suez (Green & Short, 2003). The northern part of the Red Sea proper (north of 25° and south of the Gulfs) has up to eight species. The central Red Sea (18°-25° N) has the highest seagrass diversity (Jones, et al., 1987), possibly due to greater diversity of habitats and environmental conditions. The southern Red Sea has less species than the central Red Sea, possibly due to limited sampling in remote areas of Yemen, Eritrea and Djibouti. All species in the Red Sea originated from the Indian Ocean, and at least one species, Halophila stipulacea, has entered the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 3 Figure 1. Schematic map represents the seagrass species diversity in the Red Sea based on published literature (Jones, et al., 1987; Price, et al., 1988; Green & Short, 2003; Fishazion, et al., 2007 and El Shaffai, 2011). 4 Habitats The Red Sea contains examples of all the major tropical marine habitats except estuaries. For the purpose of this guide, three main seagrass habitats are identiied: i) shallow coastal; (ii) reef; and (iii) deep coastal (refer to illustration and photographs on pages 6 and 7). These three broad habitat types differ in terms of water depth and sealoor type (sand versus rock). Water depth has a major inluence on light levels reaching seagrasses and light is critical for photosynthesis. Sealoor type is important because most species can only grow in sand, but a few species can be found on reef. The shallow coastal habitat, also referred to as a back reef environment, is characterized by depths shallower than 10 m and a sealoor dominated by sand. The deepwater coastal habitat relates to waters ranging from 10 to 70 m in depth, the latter being the maximum depth in which seagrasses are known to persist in the Red Sea. This habitat is also characterized by sand on the sealoor. The reef habitat is characterized by calcium carbonate rock mainly formed by coral. Very shallow water habitats are periodically exposed to air at low tide (the intertidal zone). Exposure to air in the intertidal zone and extreme levels of light can greatly limit seagrass growth and diversity. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 5 6 Shallow coastal habitat Seagrass meadows can be found in very shallow water near beaches and mangroves. Deep coastal habitat Seagrass in the Red Sea can be found close to the beach or in depths of up to 70 m. Reef habitat Some seagrass species can attach to coral reefs, but most are found in sand. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 7 Intertidal Some seagrass meadows are periodically exposed to air partially or completely depending on the tide. Subtidal In the subtidal zone, seagrass meadows are covered completely by water even at the lowest tide. The abundance and distribution of seagrasses are inluenced by wave action. Strong wave action can erode seagrass meadows or inhibit colonization of unoccupied habitat. Therefore, seagrass meadows in the sheltered side of a headland and in bays (refer to photographs below) often differ in abundance and diversity to meadows found in locations exposed to stronger wave action. Animals can also inluence the abundance and distribution of seagrasses. Snorkeling on corals reefs fringing the Red Sea coastline will reveal a ‘halo’ of bare sand between the reef and seagrass meadows. This area of sand remains free of seagrasses due to sea urchins and other animals that leave the reef to feed on these plants at night. Dugongs and stingrays can disturb seagrass meadows while feeding. Burrowing shrimps can also effect meadows by depositing sediment on top of seagrasses located adjacent to their burrows. 8 Bay (or Sharm) A Sharm is the Arabic name for sheltered lagoons and small bays. Seagrass meadows in bays are often very different from those in habitats exposed to strong water movement. Headland (or Ras) A headland in some areas of the Red Sea is called a Ras. Seagrass meadows on the windward side differ from those in the leeward or sheltered side. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 9 General structure of seagrass plants Above Ground Leaf, Blade & Stem Leaf tip Oval leaf blade Below Ground Rhizome & Root Leaf sheath 10 Growing tip Petiole Vertical stem Smooth rhizome (no scars) An individual seagrass plant consist of leaves, stem, rhizome and reproductive parts, such as lowers and fruits. A diagrammatic representation of a ‘stylized’ seagrass is shown in Figure 2. Note that this is a composite diagram of many species used to illustrate variation in the same structural features among different species. These features are described in detail under the species descriptions. Figure 2: A diagrammatic and stylized representation of a seagrass structure which is a merge of the three major morphological forms of seagrass found in the Red Sea. This does not represent a single species, but illustrates the characteristics of many species. Ribbon leaf blade Leaf tip Cylindrical leaf blade Young leaf Leaf sheath Long bristles Cord-like roots Scars on rhizome Roots Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 11 Family Cymodoceaceae 12 Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenberg & Hemprich ex Ascherson Cymodocea rotundata (Plate 1) is a common seagrass in shallow coastal water. In the Red Sea it is often found in meadows consisting of two or more species. This species is widespread throughout the southern and central regions of the Red Sea, however it has not been found in the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Lipkin, 1977; Jacobs & Dicks, 1985). Morphology Leaf The leaf blade of this species is 7-15 cm long and 0.2-0.4 cm wide, linear and lat. The leaf sheath is well developed and ranges from 1.5-5.5 cm in length. The leaf sheath may be pale purple in color and is not shed along with the blade. When a leaf sheath sheds, closed circular scars are left on the stem. There are 9-15 longitudinal leaf veins. The leaf margin may have small serrations. The leaf tip sometimes appears slightly heart-shaped to the naked eye. Note that the dark color of the upper section of the leaf in Plate 1 is due to dead or old tissue. A healthy leaf is green all over. Stem This species has a short erect lateral stem at each node, bearing 2-7 leaves. Rhizome The rhizome is smooth, with 1-3 irregularly branched roots at each node. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 13 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are round to angular. Tannin (black colored) cells can be seen in round to rectangular groups (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Cymodocea serrulata has open leaf scars. ƒ Thalassia hemprichii has a rhizome with scars between successive erect shoots. ƒ Thalassodendron ciliatum has erect stem 10-65 cm in length. Key Features ƒ Rhizome is smooth without scars between stems (Plate 3). ƒ Leaf sheath ends with two tips at the upper side (Plate 4). ƒ Leaf tip is bluntly rounded and appears slightly heart-shaped (Plate 5). Diagnostic Features ƒ Leaf sheath scars fully encircle vertical stem ‘closed leaf scars’ (Plate 6). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef 14 Reef Deep Coastal Leaf tip Two tips on the leaf sheath Close-up area Tannin cells (Plate 2) Mag. 2x Smooth rhizome Roots (Plate 1) Node Node (Plate 3) Two tips on the leaf sheath (Plate 4) Mag. 2x Heart-shaped leaf tip Closed leaf scars (Plate 5) Mag. 2x (Plate 6) Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 15 Cymodocea serrulata (R. Brown) Ascherson and Magnus Cymodocea serrulata (Plate 1) is widespread throughout the southern and central regions of the Red Sea. On the eastern side of the Red Sea, the abundance of this species increases southward (Aleem, 1979; Price, et al., 1988). It is uncommon along Egypt’s central and northern Red Sea coast (El Shaffai, 2011) and has not been found in the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Lipkin, 1977; Jacobs & Dicks, 1985). Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is up to 15 cm long, 0.4-0.9 cm wide and can be linear or slightly curved. The leaf sheath is purple, broadly triangular, and narrows at the base. When the leaf sheaths are shed, they leave open, semi-circular scars on the stem. There are 13-17 longitudinal leaf veins and the leaf margin is serrated with obvious tooth-like projections. The leaf tip is bluntly rounded and also serrated. Stem This species has a short erect vertical stem often with ibrous roots at each node. Rhizome The rhizome is smooth. The color can be yellow, green or brown depending on its health and exposure to light. 16 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are generally angular in shape (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Cymodocea rotundata has closed leaf scars. ƒ Thalassia hemprichii has a rhizome with node scars with small leaves between successive erect shoots. ƒ Thalassodendron ciliatum has 10-65 cm long erect stems. Also the rhizome is woody with scars between successive erect stems. Key Features ƒ Fibrous roots on shoot (Plate 3). ƒ Leaf sheath compressed and forming a “V” shape on one side (Plate 4). ƒ Leaf tip is serrated and there are 13-17 longitudinal leaf veins (Plate 5). Diagnostic Features ƒ Leaf sheath scars do not fully encircle vertical stem ‘open leaf scars’ (Plate 6). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef Reef Deep Coastal Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 17 Serrated leaf tip Ribbon leaf blade Close-up area Smooth rhizome Flat “V” shape leaf sheath Fibrous root on shoot Leaf scars (Plate 2) Mag. 20x (Plate 1) Mag. 20x Fibrous root on shoot V shape leaf sheath Spine on leaf tip Close-up area Open leaf scars Serrated leaf tip (Plate 3) 18 (Plate 4) (Plate 5) Mag. 2x (Plate 6) Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog Halodule pinifolia (Plate 1) is known from the southern Egyptian coast (El Shaffai, 2011), but is probably more widespread in suitable habitat. As Halodule pinifolia is morphologically very similar to Halodule uninervis, it has probably been reported as the latter in many places. It is not always easy to differentiate between the two species. Indeed Waycott, et al., (2004) reported that Halodule pinifolia is genetically identical to Halodule uninervis. Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is less than 20 cm long and 0.02-0.1 cm wide, linear and lat. The leaf sheath is well developed and there are three longitudinal leaf veins. Leaf margin is mostly smooth but inely serrated at the tip. The most distinctive feature is the black central vein at the leaf tip, which splits into two at the apex. Stem The stem of this species is short, erect, vertical and bearing 1-2 leaves. It is Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 19 often covered by dense lealets and looks like leaves develop directly from rhizome. Rhizome The rhizome is thin and often covered by leaf scars. Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are small, regular and rectangular in shape (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Halodule uninervis has three distinct points or “teeth” at the leaf tip with the mid “tooth” not showing any splitting. Key Features ƒ Short erect stem often with numerous leaf scars (Plate 3). ƒ Very narrow leaf blade. ƒ Bluntly rounded leaf tip with serration (Plate 4). Diagnostic Features ƒ The black central leaf vein split into two at the leaf tip (Plate 4). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef 20 Reef Deep Coastal Leaf blade Close-up area Leaf sheath (Plate 2) Mag. 20x Rhizome (Plate 1) Mag. 20x Leaf tip serrations Leaf scars Split mid vein (Plate 3) Mag. 2x (Plate 4) Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 21 Halodule uninervis (Forsskål) Ascherson Halodule uninervis (Plate 1) is one of the most widespread seagrass species in the Red Sea. This species is found from the southern Red Sea to the northern tips of the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Green & Short, 2003). On the eastern side of the Red Sea, the abundance of this species increases towards the southern Red Sea (Price, et al., 1988). Two forms may be present; plants with broad or narrow leaves. The occurrence of these two forms is inluenced by environmental conditions such as water depth and turbidity, both of which inluence light availability. Morphology Leaf Leaf dimensions of this species are highly variable. The leaf blade is up to 15 cm long, but typically much shorter. The leaf width ranges from 0.05-0.5 cm, and has a linear shape and is lat. The leaf sheath is well developed and remains long after the blade is shed. The leaf has three longitudinal veins, the mid vein being the most obvious and easiest to identify. The leaf margin is smooth and the leaf tip has three distinct points (called “teeth”), one in the middle and one on each side (see Plate 5). 22 Stem The stems are short, erect and vertical at each node and can bear 1-4 leaves. Rhizome The rhizome is typically smooth. Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are regular and rectangular in shape (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Halodule pinifolia has a rounded leaf tip with a split mid vein and numerous faint serrations. Key Features ƒ Blade with three longitudinal veins. ƒ Vertical short erect stem at each node (Plate 3). Diagnostic Features ƒ Three leaf tips with a blunt central “tooth” (Plate 4). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef Reef Deep Coastal Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 23 Narrow Leaf Form Broad Leaf Form Leaf tip Foraminifera (calcareous animals that can attach to seagrasses) Leaf blade Close-up area Leaf sheath Node Rhizome (Plate 2) Mag. 20x Root Leaf tip (Plate 1) Erect stem Black central teeth (unsplit) Two well developed lateral Teeth Smooth thick rhizome (Plate 3) 24 (Plate 4) Mag. 4x Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascherson) Dandy Syringodium isoetifolium (Plate 1) is the only species with a cylindrical leaf structure and thus is one of the easiest to identify. On the eastern coast of the Red Sea this species increases in abundance northward (Price, et al., 1988). Although this species is common in many areas of the Red Sea, it appears to be absent in the Gulf of Suez (Jacobs & Dicks, 1985). Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is up to 30 cm long and 0.1-0.2 cm wide. The leaf sheath ranges from 1.5-4.0 cm in length. There are no obvious leaf veins. The leaf margin is smooth and the leaf tip tapers off to a point (Plate 1). Stem This species has an erect stem at each node bearing 2-3 leaves. Rhizome The rhizome is smooth and has 1-3 small branched roots. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 25 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are hexagonal in shape and are closely packed (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Syringodium isoetifolium is easily distinguished from other species because of its cylindrical shaped leaves. Key Features ƒ Erect stem, sometimes branched (Plate 3). Diagnostic Features ƒ Leaf blade is cylindrical and a cross-section of the blade reveals air cavities (Plate 4). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef 26 Reef Deep Coastal Cylindrical leaf blade Close-up area Mag. 20x Leaf sheath Smooth rhizome Roots (Plate 1) Air cavities Erect stem Hexagonal Cells (Plate 2) Mag. 20x Rhizome Roots (Plate 3) Mag. 2x (Plate 4) Mag. 20x Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 27 Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsskål) den Hartog Thalassodendron ciliatum (Plate 1) is typically found only in single species meadows and is one of the few species that can be found attached to reef. It is widespread throughout the Red Sea. On the eastern side of the Red Sea, the abundance of this species increases northward (Price, et al., 1988). This species has been recorded in the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Green & Short, 2003), and has been reported from shallow to 40 m of water depth. Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is up to 15 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide, and linear in shape. The leaf sheath is wide (1.5-3.0 cm), lat and often purple in color, and curved at the base of the leaves. Leaves have between 17-27 longitudinal veins. The margin of the leaf has irregular serration and the leaf tip is rounded, with obvious numerous teeth. Stem This species has a long erect and wiry stem that can be up to 65 cm (but usually much shorter) with numerous leaf scars along its length. The stem bears a cluster of leaves (called crown leaves). Rhizome The rhizome of this species is woody and tough, up to 0.5 cm thick and covered by scars along the length of rhizome. The roots are generally well attached to the sealoor. 28 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are square to angular and are placed in well-spaced rows (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Cymodocea serrulata has linear leaves. Also, the rhizome of Cymodocea serrulata is smooth and thin without scars between the erect shoots. ƒ Thalassia hemprichii has a shorter stem, tannin cells and has no leaf clusters. Key Features ƒ Woody rhizome with scars between successive erect stem (Plate 3). ƒ Long wiry erect stem with leaf scars along its length (Plate 4). ƒ Leaf tip is inely toothed or notched, with 17-27 longitudinal veins (Plate 5). Diagnostic Features ƒ A cluster of sickle-shaped leaves (crown leaves) with a wide and lat leaf sheath (Plate 1). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef Reef Deep Coastal Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 29 Wiry erect stem with leaf scars Crown leaves Close-up area Woody rhizome with scars (Plate 1) (Plate 2) Mag. 20x Wiry erect stem with leaf scars Woody rhizome with scars (Plate 3) 30 Wide lat leaf sheath Leaf scars on wiry stem (Plate 4) Tooth of leaf tip Mag. 20× Finely serrated leaf tip Close-up area (Plate 5) Mag. 2x Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 31 Family Hydrocharitaceae 32 Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle Enhalus acoroides (Plate 1) is the least abundant of the seagrass species in the Red Sea. On the eastern side of the Red Sea it is locally abundant off the southern coast of Saudi Arabia (Price, et al., 1988) and in Yemen (Barratt, et al., 1987). It is rare along the northwest coast of the Red Sea, with one observation recorded by the Author in southern Egypt. It is also known from Eritrea (Fishazion, et al., 2007) and Sudan (Somaya Kidir, pers. comm. June 2009). It has not been recorded in the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Lipkin, 1977; Jacobs & Dicks, 1985). Morphology Leaf The blade of the leaf is ribbon-like, and can be 200 cm long and nearly 2 cm wide. The remnants of the leaf sheath form long black ibrous bristles. There are up to 30 longitudinal parallel leaf veins. The leaf margins are thick and inrolled. Young leaves have slight serrations with a rounded and smooth leaf tip. Stem The leaves develop directly from the rhizome. Rhizome The rhizome is thick (up to 1 cm in diameter). The roots are cordlike, 0.30.5 cm thick. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 33 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells are mostly brick-shaped, usually two to three times longer than they are broad (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ The leaf and rhizome of Enhalus acoroides are easily distinguished from other species because of their unique appearance. Key Features ƒ The rhizome is thick and covered with stiff long black ibrous bristles (Plate 3). ƒ Roots are cord-like (Plate 4). ƒ Large plant with long ribbon like leaves. Diagnostic Features ƒ Leaf margins are inrolled (Plate 5). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef 34 Reef Deep Coastal Leaf blade Mag. 20x Close-up area (Plate 2) Long black bristles Cordlike roots Rhizome (Plate 1) Long black ibrous bristles Cord-like root Inrolled leaf margins Leaf cross section (Plate 3) (Plate 4) (Plate 5) Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 35 Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld Halophila decipiens (Plate 1) is currently known from only two locations in the Red Sea. Jacobs and Dicks (1985) recorded it in the Gulf of Suez at 30 m depth and the Author recorded it in 7 m and 42 m of water off the southern Egyptian coast. The distribution of this species in the Red Sea is otherwise unknown, but likely to be found throughout in suitable habitat. Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is up to 2.5 cm long, 0.5 cm wide and paddle-shaped. It has hairs on both side of the leaf blade. There are 6-9 unbranched cross leaf veins. The margin of the leaf is inely serrated and the leaf tip is rounded. Stem The petioles are 3-15 mm long, each bearing pairs of leaves. Petioles develop directly from the rhizome. Rhizome The rhizome is smooth, thin and elongated. 36 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells angular to hexagonal in shape (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Halophila ovalis and Halophila ovata have less elongated and broader leaf blade and do not have hairs on the leaf blades. ƒ Halophila stipulacea has a lopsided sheath structure on each leaf pair. Key Features ƒ Rhizome is thin (Plate 3). ƒ Paddle shaped leaves with ine serrations along margin but only visible clearly with a magnifying lens. ƒ Long petioles arising directly from the rhizome (Plate 3). Diagnostic Features ƒ Dense hairs on both sides of leaf blade but requires a magnifying lens to see clearly (Plate 4). Sometimes sediment will adhere to hairs on the leaf blade as shown in Plate 5. Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef Reef Deep Coastal Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 37 (Plate 2) Mag. 20x Sediment caught by leaf hairs Leaf blade Close-up area Rhizome Petiole Paddle shaped leaves Long petioles Rhizome (Plate 3) 38 Source: Dr. Jent Kornelis van Dijk (Plate 1) Hairs on leaf blade Mag. 10x (Plate 4) (Plate 5) Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hooker f. Halophila ovalis (Plate 1) is widespread throughout the Red Sea, including the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Green & Short, 2003). In the Red Sea, Halophila ovalis has been reported down to 23 m of water in the Gulf of Suez (Jacobs & Dicks, 1985), but is more common in shallower waters. Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is 1-4 cm long and 0.5-2.0 cm wide, and is oval shaped. The leaf has no sheath, but two scales cover the base of the petiole. There are 10-28 branched cross veins and in some specimens there are small dark colored dots beside the mid vein (Plate 1). The leaf margin is smooth and there are no hairs on the leaf surface. Stem Petioles are 0.4-8.0 cm in length and arise directly from the rhizome. Each petiole supports leaf pairs. Rhizome Rhizome is smooth, thin and light colored. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 39 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy The cells are not in clear rows but irregular in arrangement and shape. Cells sometimes have a “jigsaw” like appearance (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Halophila ovata has a smaller leaf blade and fewer cross veins. ƒ Halophila decipiens has hairs on the leaf blade and has a serrated leaf margin. Key Features ƒ Pairs of oval shaped leaves on petioles (Plate 3). ƒ No hairs on leaf surface and smooth leaf margin (Plate 4). Diagnostic Features ƒ Ten to twenty-eight branched cross veins ascending at 45-60 degrees on both sides of the mid vein (Plate 4). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef 40 Reef Deep Coastal Dark colored dots Close-up area Oval shaped leaf blade (Plate 2) Mag. 20x Young lealet (Plate 1) Oval shaped leaf blade Smooth leaf margin Petiole Rhizome Epiphytes on leaf blade Branched cross veins (Plate 3) (Plate 4) Mag. 2x Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 41 Halophila ovata Gaudichaud Halophila ovata (Plate 1) is less common than Halophila ovalis, which is structurally similar. Published observations of this species in the Red Sea are from the Gulf of Suez (Jacobs & Dicks, 1985), from near Jeddah on the Saudi Arabian coastline (Aleem, 1979) and off the Yemeni coast (Barratt, et al., 1987). The Author has also collected this species from a range of sites in southern Egypt. Halophila ovata has been recorded in 20 m of water in the Gulf of Suez (Jacobs & Dicks, 1985), but it is probably more common in shallower waters (Jones, et al., 1987). Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is oval shaped (Plate 2), and ranges between 0.8-1.3 cm in length and 0.4-0.8 cm in width. There is no leaf sheath, but two scales cover the petiole base. There are 4-10 leaf veins, with a wide space between the cross veins that are unbranched. The leaf margin has smooth edges with no hairs on the leaf surface. Stem The petioles arise directly from the rhizome. 42 Rhizome The rhizome is smooth, thin and light-colored. Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cells not in rows. Cells irregular in arrangement or have a “jigsaw” appearance. Similar Species ƒ Halophila ovalis has a more elongated leaf blade and more cross veins. ƒ Halophila decipiens has ine hairs on the leaf surface and the leaf blade is serrated. Key Features ƒ Smooth leaf margin and no hairs on the leaf blade (Plate 3). ƒ Oval shaped leaf blade, 0.81.3 cm long and 0.4-0.8 cm wide (Plate 3). Diagnostic Features ƒ Four to ten unbranched cross veins and wide space between the cross veins (Plate 3). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef Reef Deep Coastal Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 43 (Plate 1) Thin smooth rhizome Oval shaped leaf blade Unbranched cross veins Petiole Scales (Plate 2) 44 Wide space between cross veins (Plate 3) Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson Halophila stipulacea (Plate 1) has been recorded from all countries bordering the Red Sea (Green & Short, 2003), and is one of the most common species. It is more abundant in the northern Red Sea compared with the central and southern Red Sea (Green & Short, 2003). This species has been recorded from shallow depths to 70 m of water (Lipkin, 1979). It entered the Mediterranean Sea after the Suez Canal was built, and is now found in many areas of the eastern Mediterranean as an introduced species. In the Egyptian Red Sea, this species commonly occurs in large single-species meadows in water depths exceeding 10 m. Specimens tend to be larger in deeper water (Lipkin, 1979), which may be an adaptation to lower levels of light at greater depths. Morphology Leaf The leaf blade is up to 6 cm long and 0.8-1.0 cm wide, and is linear to oblong in shape. The leaf sheath is a large transparent scale covering a short petiole. Leaf veins consist of 10-40 branched cross veins with a clear and obvious mid vein (Plate 1). An unusual leaf structure observed in the Red Sea is called ‘bullose’, which is a bulging section on the leaf surface (Waycott, et al., 2004). The leaf margin is serrated and minute hairs may be present on one side of the leaf surface. The leaf tip is rounded, and distinctly serrated. Stem Two short stems, each carrying two leaves. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 45 Rhizome The rhizome is smooth with long internodes and the rhizome is always covered by leaf scars at the stem base. Microscopic Leaf Anatomy The leaf contains large cells that are angular to hexagonal in shape (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Halophila decipiens has hairs on both side of the leaf blade. Key Features ƒ Length of leaves is long compared to the width and short stems (Plate 3). ƒ Leaf margin serrated (Plate 4). ƒ Clear obvious mid vein with branched cross veins (Plate 4). ƒ Bulging sections (bullose) between the veins on the leaves (Plate 5). Diagnostic Features ƒ The leaf sheath is a large transparent scale covering the short stem to form a lopsided structure on each leaf pair (Plate 6). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef 46 Reef Deep Coastal Leaf blade Mid vein Lopsided leaf sheath Close-up area Rhizome Serrated leaf tip Root (Plate 2) Mag. 20x (Plate 1) Lopsided Leaf leaf blade sheath Leaf tip Serrated leaf margin Bulging sections called bullose Large transparent leaf sheath Leaf veins Rhizome (Plate 3) Mid vein (Plate 4) Mag. 4x (Plate 5) Mag. 2x (Plate 6) Mag. 2x Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 47 Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson Thalassia hemprichii (Plate 1) is a widespread species throughout the Red Sea, including the Gulf of Aqaba, but has not been reported in the Gulf of Suez. On the eastern side of the Red Sea, the abundance of this species increases southward (Price, et al., 1988). Morphology Leaf The blade of the leaf is up to 40 cm long, but typically much shorter, and 0.4-1.0 cm wide. The leaf blade is ribbon-like and often slightly curved with obvious large cells grouped in red or black bars. The leaf sheath is well developed and there are 10-17 longitudinal leaf veins (Plate 1). The margin of the leaf is smooth except for the leaf tip, which has ine serrations and is rounded. Stem The stem is short and erect, bearing 2-6 leaves. Rhizome The rhizome is thick and covered with triangular shaped leaf scars. 48 Microscopic Leaf Anatomy Cell shape can range from circular to rectangular with red or black colored cells arranged in regular bars (Plate 2). Similar Species ƒ Both species of Cymodocea have a smooth rhizome without scars and lack obvious cells arranged in dark bars. Key Features ƒ Rhizome is thick and covered by obvious triangular leaf scars (Plate 3). ƒ Ribbon-like leaves arise from short erect stem with fully enclosed leaf sheath (Plate 3). Diagnostic Features ƒ Curved leaves with clearly visible red or black cells arranged in bars running along the blade (Plate 4). Habitat Shallow Coastal/Back Reef Reef Deep Coastal Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 49 Close-up area (Plate 2) Mag. 20x (Plate 1) Curved leaf blade Curved ribbon leaf blade Fully enclosed leaf sheath Close-up area Thick roots Triangular leaf scars Bars of reddish or dark colored cells Thick rhizome covered by leaf scars (Plate 3) 50 (Plate 4) Mag. 2x Glossary Bullose: bulb-shaped or bulging surface. Diversity: variety, often expressed as a function of a number of species in a sample. Epiphyte: plants growing on the surface of other plants. Internodes: the part of the rhizome between two nodes. Leaf scars: the marks remaining on the rhizome or stem of a plant after a leaf has died. Leaf sheath: the protective cover for the young leaves, it encloses the growing tip of the rhizome. Leaf scale: a modiied leaf, often small and membranous. Leeward: side protected from the wind. Nodes: the point on a plant rhizome from which the leaves and lateral shoots grow. Seagrass meadow: a large expanse of seagrass plants. Sediment: matter that settles to the bottom of a water body. Subtidal: beneath the low watermark. Vein: the clearly deined vascular bundle in a leaf, usually seen as slightly darker lines forming the framework of a leaf. Windward: side exposed to the wind. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 51 52 References Aleem, A.A. (1979). ‘A contribution to the study of seagrasses along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia’. Aquatic Botany 7: 71-78. Barratt, L., Dawson-Shepherd, A., Ormond, R. and McDowell, R. (1987). Yemen Arab Republic Marine Conservation Survey II. Preliminary coastal zone management recommendations for the Yemen Arab Republic. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and PERSGA, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. den Hartog, C. (1970). The Seagrasses of the World. North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, pp. 275. El Shaffai, A. (2011). ‘Studies on the Seagrass Ecosystems in Wadi El Gemal National Park’, Red Sea. MSc. Thesis, Suez Canal University, Ismailia. Fishazion, D., Habtemariam, W. and Hiabu, Y. (2007). ‘Distribution and Abundance of Seagrass in Central and Southern Eritrean Red Sea’. ECMIB Unpublished Technical Report, Ministry of Fisheries, Massawa, Eritrea, December 2007. Green, E.P., and Short, F.T. (2003). World Atlas of Seagrasses. Published in association with UNEP-WCMC by the University of California Press, California. Gullstrom, M., de la Torre Castro, M., Mats Bjork, S.O., Dahlberg, M., Kautsky, N., Ronnback, 0. and Ohman, M. (2002). ‘Seagrass ecosystems in the western Indian Ocean’. Ambio 31:588-596. Jacobs, R.P.W.M. and Dicks, B. (1985). ‘Seagrasses in the Zeit Bay area and at Ras Gharib (Egyptian Red Sea Coast)’. Aquatic Botany 23:137-147. Jones, D.A., Ghamrawy, M. and Wahbeh, M. I. (1987). ‘Littoral and shallow subtidal environments’. In: A. Edwards (ed.) Key Environments: The Red Sea, pp. 169-193. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Lanyon, J.M. (1986). Guide to the identiication of seagrasses in the Great Barrier Reef Region. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 53 Lipkin, Y. (1977). ‘Seagrass vegetation of Sinai and Israel’. In, C. P. McRoy and C. Helfferich, eds. Seagrass Ecosystems: A Scientiic Perspective, pp. 263-293. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. Lipkin, Y. (1979). ‘Quantitative aspects of seagrass communities, particularly those dominated by Halophila stipulacea, in Sinai (northern Red Sea)’. Aquatic Botany 7: 119-128. Lipkin, Y. and Zakai, D. (2003). ‘The eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea’. In: Green, E.P., Short, F.T., (eds.) World Atlas of Seagrasses. Published in Association with UNEP-WCMC by the University of California Press, California, pp. 67-73. Price, A.R.G., Crossland, C.J., Dawson Shepherd, A.R., McDowall, R.J., Medley, P.A.H., Stafford Smith, M. G., Ormond, R. F., and Wrathall, T.J. (1988) ‘Aspects of seagrass ecology along the eastern Red Sea coast’. Botanica Marina 31:83-92. Short, F. T. and Coles, R.G. eds. (2001). Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 473 pp. Waycott, M., McMahon, K., Mellors, J., Calladine, A. and Kleine, D. (2004), A Guide to Tropical Seagrasses of the Indo-West Paciic, James Cook University, Townsville, 72pp. 54 Contributors Amgad El Shaffai is an environmental scientist who specializes in seagrass research in the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf. His interest in seagrass began with his master degree, in which he studied seasonal change and spatial distribution of seagrasses in Wadi El Gemal National Park, Egypt. Dr. Anthony Rouphael is a marine ecologist with the Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Science Group and is based in Australia. Dr. Rouphael works extensively in Western Australia and the Red Sea. Dr. Ameer Abdulla is a marine conservation ecologist and founder of the Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Science Group irst initiated under the IUCN Global Marine and Polar Program. Dr. Abdulla works in the Red Sea, Mediterranean, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, and Coral Sea. Field Guide to Seagrasses of the Red Sea 55 About the Guide his guide answers many questions about seagrass identiication, habitats, distribution and diversity in the Red Sea. It provides a useful resource for students, biologists, managers of marine resources and tourists who share an interest for these marine lowering plants. his guide contains clear ield photographs of the distinctive features of each species to facilitate accurate identiication for beginners and experts alike. 56