Political culture of Bangladesh: An Analytical

TERM PAPER On Political culture of Bangladesh: An Analytical Study Submitted To Shaila Solaiman Assistant Professor Dept. of IR Bangladesh University of Professionals Submitted By M. ALIF AL ASIF ID: 17411024 SEC-B Dept. of IR Course Name – Comparative Politics Code – IR 4836 Bangladesh University of Professionals Date of Submission: 01/11/2020 Abstract Political culture is a particular and designed perspective about how political and economic life should be done. A political culture comprises of major presumptions about how the political cycle ought to work. For instance, Americans expect that when a political decision is lost, the washout will acknowledge the outcomes and not thwart the victor from getting down to business. We much of the time inquire as to why Bangladeshis disregard laws and arrangements, planned for the benefit of all, and don't do what they know is correct. The issue is truly bound up in the political culture we created throughout the long term. This study provides an overview of the political culture and its various typologies. It analyses and expressed the political culture of Bangladesh. The study is based on review of existing secondary sources. Keyword: Political Culture, Parochial, Subject, Participant, Political Ideology 2|Page Table of Contents Chapter One ............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................... 4 Rationale of the Study ............................................................................................................ 5 Research question ................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Two ............................................................................................................................. 6 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter Three .......................................................................................................................... 7 Analysis of the paper ................................................................................................................. 7 Political Culture...................................................................................................................... 7 Components of Political Culture ............................................................................................ 7 Policy Environment and Political Culture.............................................................................. 8 Political Culture and Political Ideology ................................................................................. 8 Political Culture of Bangladesh.............................................................................................. 9 Parliamentary Democracy ...................................................................................................... 9 Women’s interest in politics ................................................................................................... 9 Common leadership pattern ................................................................................................... 9 Absence of individuals' trust in government ........................................................................ 11 Restricted political communication ...................................................................................... 11 Attacks on Civil Society....................................................................................................... 11 Freedom of Expression......................................................................................................... 12 Assaults on Minorities.......................................................................................................... 12 Chapter Four .......................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 13 References ............................................................................................................................ 14 3|Page Chapter One Introduction Each public has a culture that separates its individuals' qualities and ways of life from those of different social orders. The anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn characterized culture as "the absolute life method of a people, the social inheritance the individual secures from his gathering." Or culture can be viewed as that part of the climate that is the making of man." Most social researchers appear to concur that culture shapes or impacts social activity yet doesn't completely decide it. Culture is just one of numerous components that may provide structure and guidance to human conduct. We are intrigued here in the part of the overall culture of a general public that can be assigned political culture: broadly held qualities, convictions, and mentalities on what governments should attempt to do, how they ought to work, and connections between the resident and government. Political culture is one of the fundamental elements of strategy climate in Bangladesh (Kabir 2006; Shehabuddin 2013). It has extraordinary effect on strategy making. Our political culture is majority rule and yet less lenient. We put stock in vote-based system and the privilege of everybody to be heard. There likewise exists member political culture however at times it goes toward misguided course. The Dictatorship of well-known political pioneers, military laws, political brutality, flawed Election framework, red tapes was likewise the element of Political Culture in Bangladesh for most recent forty years. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is to enhance knowledge about the political culture of Bangladesh. Though political culture are subjects of much popular discussion and debate in the media, academic research and empirical data on political culture have been limited. The specific objectives of the paper are as follows: ❖ To know about various types and components of political culture. ❖ To know the relationship between political culture and policy environment. ❖ To know about the political culture of Bangladesh. 4|Page Rationale of the Study The term 'political culture' is utilized in the field of sociology. It refers to generally based, broadly shared convictions, sentiments, and qualities about the idea of political frameworks, which can fill in as a connection among residents and government. Various nations have distinctive political societies, which can assist us with seeing how and why their administrations are sorted out with a particular goal in mind, why vote based systems succeed or fizzle, or why a few nations have governments. Understanding our own political culture can likewise give signs to political connections, for example, those we share with one another or our administration. Research question This paper has a main central research question which carries a full structure of this research paper and indicates the main theme of the paper. So, following this concept the central study question is given below: How’s the relationship between political culture and policy environment in the context of the political culture of Bangladesh? 5|Page Chapter Two Literature Review In the paper “Political Parties in Bangladesh” by Rounaq Jahan who provides an overview of the evolution of political parties since the birth of Bangladesh. It analyses and compares the ideology, organisational structure, leadership, and support base of four major electoral political parties, Bangladesh Awami League, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Jatiya Party and Jamaat‐e‐Islami. Key features of party practices and their impact on political development are identified (Riaz 2004, 2010). The state of internal democracy within parties is a particular focus of the study. Six indicators are used to assess the state of internal party democracy. Author also focused on several features such as ideology, organisational structure, leadership, membership, support base and factionalism (Riaz 2004, 2010). Since many observers have identified the lack of internal democracy within parties as the key constraint inhibiting consolidation of democracy in Bangladesh, we have explored in depth the challenge of democratising political parties. Author used six indicators to assess internal party democracy (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). The indicators used are leadership selection, candidate nomination, policy-setting, representation of social diversity, party funding and inter and intra-party conflict resolution. We note below key findings of the study and suggest some priority actions (Riaz 2004, 2010) The indicators are leadership selection, candidate nomination, policy‐setting, social diversity of leadership, transparency, and accountability of party towards election funding, and inter and intra‐party violence. Challenges facing the parties are highlighted and actions are suggested to improve the functioning of political parties. Methodology Data were collected from various published documents in the form of books, journals, government circulars, newspapers, research reports and internet browsing. Books and Journals have provided theoretical knowledge regarding the Political Culture of Bangladesh. 6|Page Chapter Three Analysis of the paper Political Culture Political culture refers to those thoughts, qualities, mentalities, or direction about a political framework which is adequate to and shared by most of the individuals in the state. The term political culture will be more emphatic when it will be clarified in the domain of legislative issues. In this way, it implies that inside a gathering and society there is different strands of suppositions about a political framework, standard and convictions. Definitions of political culture are many and varied. Roy Macridis writes of it as the 'commonly shared goals and commonly accepted rules'. a Samuel Beer made the concept of one of four variables crucial to the analysis of political systems. According to Beer, the components of the culture are values, beliefs, and emotional attitudes about how government ought to be conducted and about what it should do. Different countries have different political cultures. For example, American political culture can be defined according to some basic and commonly shared beliefs, such as our commitment to democracy, equality, free enterprise, and individualism. Concepts related to liberty, nationalism, and reliance on a legislative body, instead of an individual ruler, are also unique to American political culture. Components of Political Culture ◼ Cognitive Orientation: - It is implied by the amount and the type of the knowledge which the people possess about political problems and events. ◼ Effective Orientation: - It implies the amount of devotion and interest of the people toward their political system. ◼ Evaluative Orientation: - While evaluating their political system people try to know if the political system has achieved the objective which it had sought to achieve it. 7|Page Policy Environment and Political Culture At whatever point make any approach, its natural impact must be contemplated. On the off chance that climate doesn't reaction decidedly, the yield of public strategy may negative. Strategy Environment implies where any arrangement is made, its yields are applied and from where the criticism of this approach is taken (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). It incorporates political, social, monetary culture. There are a few entertainers and variables in strategy climate which enormously impact the public arrangement. Political Culture is one of the main elements in strategy climate. A political culture is a bunch of perspectives and practices held by a people that shapes their political conduct. It incorporates moral decisions, political legends, convictions, and thoughts regarding what makes for a decent society (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). A political culture is an impression of a legislature; however, it additionally fuses components of history and custom that may originate before the current system. Political societies matter since they shape a populace's political recognitions and activities. Governments can help shape political culture and general supposition through schooling, public functions, and celebration of the past. Political societies change extraordinarily from state to state and at times even inside a state. Political culture of any nation impacts the approach making measures (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). In a vote-based nation, government ought to consider the people groups support in strategy making. If there exists intra party strife in any nation, it will disregard the strategy making measure. Political Culture and Political Ideology Political culture is a more extensive and more essential thing that political philosophy. For instance, pretty much everybody in the Bangladesh shares a political culture. Our political culture is majority rule and open minded. We as a whole trust in vote-based system and the privilege of everybody to be heard. So political culture is kind of our most profound perspectives towards how the framework should function. Then again, Political philosophy is an organized arrangement of directions and convictions through which people comprehend and decipher governmental issues (Kabir 2006). 8|Page Political Culture of Bangladesh We should recognize that when our nation's advancement program is going ahead, our political culture is backing up. The subject can be perceived with the idea of 'twofold resistance'. That is, the nation's financial development, increment in per-capita pay, fruitful youth of computerized Bangladesh, solid administration in the political field, headway of tigers in sports, arriving at the highest point of ladies' games in global rivalry, when the picture of the nation is featuring the world, just the legislative issues of naughtiness is our own Fades. That is, now we are taking a break, where both turn of events and non-advancement are going on at the same time (Kabir 2006; Shehabuddin 2013). The individuals of Bangladesh will in general accept the accompanying about the political framework: Parliamentary Democracy Bangladesh is a parliamentary popular government generally affected by the British parliamentary framework. Leader power is in the possession of the executive, who is the top of the bureau, and who must be an individual from the 300-seat Jatiya Sangsad (unicameral parliament). She/he prescribes the chamber of pastors to the president. The president is the established head of state and is chosen for a 5-year term by the parliament, however, assumes a generally formal job (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). The president can act just on the guidance of the executive, as the official force was fundamentally decreased as per established changes in 1991. Women’s interest in politics Every single grown-up resident (18 years of age and over) are qualified to cast a ballot, including ladies and ethnic minorities. One of the novel highlights of the political framework in Bangladesh is that 50 seats in the parliament are held for female individuals, and they are chosen by the individuals from the parliament. Common leadership pattern There are a few shared characteristics in the administration examples of ideological groups in Bangladesh. To begin with, the top party administration position has stayed unaltered for almost thirty years in the three significant gatherings. Sheik Hasina has been the leader of AL 9|Page since 1981; Khaled Zia has been the executive of BNP since 1984; and H M Arshad Chairman of Jatiya Party since the establishing of the gathering in 1986 (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). Indeed, even in Jamaat, Professor Ghulam Azam was the ameer from 1992 to 2000, and Maulana Matiur Rahman Nizami from 2000 till his detainment on atrocities charges in 2011. The subsequent normal element shared by the three significant gatherings, AL, BNP, and Jatiya Party, is the prevalence of dynastic progression. Both AL and BNP are driven by two dynastic inheritors. Sheik Hasina is the little girl of the dad of the country Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Khaleda Zia is the widow of Ziaur Rahman, the originator of the BNP. In BNP, Khaleda Zia's oldest child, Tareque Rahman has been elevated to the situation of the senior bad habit executive and is unmistakably recognized as the dynastic replacement (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). In AL, there is no reasonable dynastic replacement to Sheik Hasina, yet theory has revolved around a few relatives including her sister Sheik Rehana and child Sojib Wajed Joy. In Jatiya Party, the establishing president Ershad is yet alive yet his better half Raushan Ershad has now been made the head of the parliamentary party. Another gathering challenging her authority is driven by Ershad's sibling G M Qader. The third normal element is the pervasiveness of familial governmental issues. In AL and BNP numerous relatives (close and reached out) of Sheik Hasina and Khaleda Zia have just held significant political positions. Even though Sheik Hasina has as of late characterized her family to incorporate just her sister and their kids, seven individuals from Sheik Hasina more distant family have been chosen for the 10th parliament. They incorporate, three cousins, three nephews and the dad in-law of her little girl (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). Her child, Joy, and her sister, Rehana's child Redwan Siddique Boby have not yet been chosen for any political office, yet both are engaged with gathering and mission exercises. Satisfaction has additionally been named the innovation consultant to the Prime Minister (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). In BNP as well, notwithstanding her child Tareque Rahman, Khaleda Zia's sister was an individual from the eighth parliament just as a bureau serve. Khaleda's sibling was likewise an individual from the eighth parliament. Three of her nephews were politically persuasive. In Jatiya Party, Ershad's sibling, sister just as his spouse’s host been MPs and held different get-together positions. 10 | P a g e Absence of individuals' trust in government Individuals' confidence in government and following organizations is a critical basis of created vote-based system. Here, well known help and certainty might be focused around three zones: thwarted expectation— 1. with government officials. 2. with after gatherings; and 3. with political establishment. In Bangladesh the degree of individuals' trust in organization, legislators, affectivity of strategies and other after authoritative and political establishment and administrations is low. Lawmakers and manager are tainted to such an extent that locals consistently attempt to abstain themselves from any arrangement just as hint with them. Restricted political communication The commitment of common individuals in just after necessitates that they must have the emotions that it is sheltered to do as such. For this, there should have an unlimited correspondence technique which include – 1. A free push media. 2. Vested parties liberated from law making and gathering control. 3.Regular, free in addition to reasonable electrons. 4. Solid lawfulness circumstance. Attacks on Civil Society Common liberties bunches in Bangladesh face consistent deterrents, including heightening badgering and observation by police. Another law put solid limitations on accepting unfamiliar assets without endorsement by the NGO Affairs Bureau inside the Prime Minister's Office (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). Columnists are likewise a typical objective. The supervisor of the English-language Daily Star, Mahfuz Anam, faces a sum of 54 criminal slander cases and 15 rebellion cases. 55 bodies of evidence have been recorded against supervisor Matiur Rahman and a few writers related with 11 | P a g e the nation's most noteworthy course every day, Prothom Alo, for criminal maligning and "harming strict feeling." Freedom of Expression A few laws were proposed in 2016 to build limitations on opportunity of articulation. The Distortion of the History of Bangladesh Liberation War Crimes Act accommodates detainment and fines if subtleties of the 1971 battle of freedom are discussed or questioned. The Foreign Donation (Voluntary Activities) Regulation Act, passed in October, to control nongovernmental associations (NGOs) will thwart opportunities of articulation and affiliation. Proposed Press Council Act changes incorporate arrangements for shutting papers (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). The administration keeps on utilizing the excessively expansive and obscure Information and Communication Technology Act against individuals incredulous of choices and exercises of senior government authorities or their families (Khan et al. 1996, 2008). Bloggers communicating common perspectives and editors and scholars supporting sexual minority rights were assaulted in 2016, many them hacked to death out in the open spaces. While specialists denounced the assaults, some suggested that people holding disagreeable perspectives edit themselves, inferring that the duty regarding evading such assaults lay with the people in question. Assaults on Minorities A few strict pioneers were murdered or harmed in focused assaults, purportedly by similar fanatic Muslim gatherings that focused mainstream authors. In April, the support bunch HinduBuddha-Christian Okiya Parishad said there had been multiple times more episodes of viciousness against minority networks in the initial three months of 2016 than in all of 2015. Hindu sanctums, sanctuaries and homes were assaulted over the October 2016 Diwali celebration. The administration reacted by capturing a few hundred suspects, however some irregular assaults against the Hindu people group proceeded. A huge number of indigenous individuals in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. 12 | P a g e Chapter Four Conclusion Political culture is trans-mitted from one generation to another by socialization, a process in which the individual, through many experiences with parents, friends, teachers, political leaders, and others, learns politically relevant values, beliefs, and attitudes. Political culture, then, is acquired by the individual, becomes a part of his or her psychological makeup, and is manifested in his or her behaviour. 13 | P a g e References 1. 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