Study of Traffic Management on Congested Intersections, By Redesign of Signal

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X (www.ijsrst.com) doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST1218247 Study of Traffic Management on Congested Intersections, By Redesign of Signal Saurabh Sayre *1, Dr. Prafull Wadhai2, Dr. B. V. Khode3 * MTech Scholar, Transportation Engineering, G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India 2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India 3Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India 1 ABSTRACT Article Info Volume 8, Issue 2 The use of traffic signals is the common practice in every cities having heavy traffic volume that is on clogged intersection. The signal phases are different at Page Number : 301-311 various intersections. The cycle time also differs as per traffic density at each intersection. Out somewhere it happens that there is green signal & no vehicle Publication Issue on the route and despite that somewhere there is long queue although there is March-April-2021 red signal. The proposed system first targets scattering any queue that was developed during red span and reduction in travel time. This study leads to the Article History change in phases and redesign of present signal system, which not only gives a Accepted : 01 April 2021 reduction in the queue length but also reduces travel time and decrease in fuel Published : 03 April 2021 consumption. This change will positively results in improving traffic efficiency. Keywords : Traffic, Intersection, Congestion, Queue, Signal I. INTRODUCTION inconvenience for the Governments and affiliations. Intersection focuses are convergences of in any event In India traffic is a troublesome issue in such urban two movement streams. They have a high centrality zones. Road traffic is one of the major concerns in on account of the speed of incident event. transportation. It has been seen that introducing Accordingly, the streaming representation of activity impelled framework through them ought to be fittingly sorted out to speculation into metropolitan activity, which is guarantee a made sure about drive for street clients. worthy over the development of the establishment in Control over traffic on congested intersection has the city, is the valuable and gainful way to deal with been huge issue in crowded zone. Congestion of improve the viability of metropolitan traffic running. traffic is paying extra time for the void roads in lights Without a doubt, traffic blockages can have genuine of red signal. Once in a while it happens that on a unfavourable effects on people prosperity, step by couple of roads straight going traffic is more than step activities and individual fulfilment, coming to fruition into productive, regular and prosperity right turning yet the signal isn't giving honest to goodness value to that traffic, green signal grants both control methods from Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Technoscience Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 301 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 right and straight going together, in any case it 1. Site Description exhausts time for straight going traffic. [1] Mahindra Deshmukh, et al. (2019) studied the passenger car The study was conducted on the busy intersections of unit (PCU) at different traffic densities ranging from Nagpur- Amravati highway, at Nagpur. Three somewhat low to clogged conditions. He found that intersections are taken for the study which is very there is no huge distinction between the field noticed congested in every peak hours. These intersections qualities and those acquired from the model. He use traffic signal located and having fixed cycle time further states that ‘the proposed methodology and for each. During peak hours there is rush and suffer simulation model is authentic’.[2]Chandan K, et al. from traffic jams. The image below shows the study (2017) Authors proposed a unique algorithm for area. This study area is of total 2 km span. The public traffic state data estimation from GPS data and using transports are more on it. As it is highway connected fuzzy switching linear models. The employment of to the city the heavy vehicles are more and personal fluffy switches permits the portrayal of halfway traffic cars are also the part of the traffic. This highway is states, which provides more precise estimation of made up of flexible pavement and is of 6 lane activity information contrasted with the traditional highway having lane width 3 meters each. The traffic hard exchanging models, and so gives the capacity to on the highway is heterogeneous like all over the propose better proactive and in-time choices. India. [3]This paper gives the possibility of supplanting existing traffic lights with a framework to screen the traffic stream consequently in traffic lights where sensors are fixed in which the time feed is made dynamic and programmed by handling the live recognitions.[6] The proposed calculation is unsupervised and performs in sensible time, which inspires its convenience in. The calculation has been tried on open activity datasets gathered in England, 2014. The results of the trials are promising, with a most extreme supreme relative mistake of around 9%. Be that because it’s going to, more analyses are required to assess the execution of the calculation with versatile tests, either utilizing end-clients' cell Fig -1: Google Earth Image Shows Study Area phones or GPS-prepared vehicles. 2. Work Flow Chart II. METHODOLOGY The following work flow chart is referred for the According to goals and objectives, step by step study of this particular work. procedure adopted for this research work. The methodology adopted will come closer to the required results. The overall methodology is taken on the basis of literature review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 302 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 Fig -2: Existing Signal Phases The phase system is shown in the figure. The left Chart -1: Work Flow Chart 3. Study of Present Signal System The use of traffic signals of incompatible streams of vehicular and pedestrian traffic is vast in most of towns and cities. In Nagpur particularly in this study area the signal is fixed time signal. The Indian method is to have an amber period of 3 seconds as and transition interval between closing of related green turning in this signal is always green that is allowed. The figure, it shows that the signal when turned into green it allows vehicles to go towards right and straight. The tables below shows the actual signalized system, the present signal system is fixed time signal time, with amber time 3 sec., at various intersections and the phases of those signals are as shown in above figure. Table -1 : Existing Signal Intervals in Seconds movement and display of a red and indication or within termination of a red indication and initiation of related green movement. Here in this study area the green session and hence the cycle lengths are predetermined and of fixed duration. These types of signals are known of fixed time signals. The signal designs of these squares are dependent on the basis of the traffic volume count. The signal is four phase signal and green intervals are designed by considering the traffic volume on that particular intersection. 4. Data Collection The traffic using a road is composed of variety of vehicles ranging from simple peddles cycles to the motorcar and heavy commercial vehicles. Each type having an influence all the performance of the road in its own way, a simple volume count, without classifying the vehicles into distinct types is of limited International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 303 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 use it is therefore the normal practice to classify the Table -2(a) : Traffic Volume & Percentage of Relative vehicles into distinct types when doing the volume Flow at Maharajbag Intersection counting. There are various types or methods of volume count such as • Manual methods • Combination of Manual and Mechanical methods • Automatic devices • Moving Observer method • Photographic methods After studying all the types of data collection method the data collected for this work is by manual method, this method is preferred because it gives vehicle classification details with number of occupants; the data can be collected giving the details of traffic movement in each direction; specific vehicular moment such as left turns, right turns, straight ahead at a junction can be noted and recorded. Manual method enables any unusual conditions obtaining at the time of count to be recorded. This will help in understanding and analysing the traffic characteristics. Such unusual conditions can be adverse weather conditions traffic breakdown, temporary closer of any length of the highway for maintenance operations etc. The data collected by considering different parameters such as peak hours, non-peak hours, week days and holidays. The percentage of relative flow and total PCUs of all traffic volume count collected by considering above parameters is in the table below for different intersections. Fig -3(a): Maharajbag Intersection International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 304 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 Table -2(b) : Traffic Volume & Percentage of Relative Table -2(c): Traffic Volume & Percentage of Relative Flow at Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection Flow at Law College Intersection Fig -3(b): Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection Fig -3(c): Law College Intersection International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 305 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 5. Need for Re-Design time is short, the ratio of the time lost will be greater The above traffic volume count gives information resulting incompetent signal operation and longer about the volume per hour in PCU’s and it is clear delays. On the other hand if the cycle time is more, from data collection is that the straight going traffic is the proportion of time lost to cycle time will be less, more at all the intersections and as compared to that and the signal operation will be more productive. the right going traffic is very less. Because of less Simultaneously, if the process duration is too large, volume of right going traffic and that signal phases it there should be threat that a decent meeting of the causes delay for the straight going traffic. The delay is green time will be utilized by unsaturated progression occurring for the every straight going traffic at every of traffic, which again prompts failure. For each intersection. To avoid this delay it is necessary to traffic stream volume there is an ideal process redesign those signals as per current requirements. duration which brings about the base deferral to the The change in the phases is also needed. The present vehicle .It will be seen there in that for process signal system is causing the avoidable delay. For the duration inside the scope of 3/4 to one-and-a-half fixed time signals we have to require careful settings. times they ideal worth. The deferral is never more than 10-20% over that given by the ideal process 6. Re-Design of Signal duration. By separating the condition for the all-out As per the necessity the signal is required to be deferral of the convergence as for process duration, redesigned. Webster’s model is used for that, in the the accompanying condition for the ideal process redesign we make changes into phase. The design is duration has been acquired Cycle time calculation. four phase but the directions when signal is green C= [N*Tl]/ [1-(Vc/S)] must be changed as shown in the figure, it allows only Where, the straight going traffic from both directions of N- Number of lanes opposite lanes, it causes less delay and proper T l- the sum of start-up lost time and clearance lost coordination will results into time consume. It can time (considered as 3sec) provide for an orderly movement of traffic and can Vc- Critical volume count (PCU/Hr) increase (Vehicle volume count, specifying Right turning the traffic handling capacity of the intersection. and straight going vehicles) S = 3600/h Where, S- The saturation flow rate in vehicles per hour. h- The saturation headway in seconds (Range 1.52.5) • Determination of Total Green Time Total Green time Tg= C – N (Tl) Where, C- Calculated cycle time N- number of lanes Tl- the sum of start-up lost time and clearance lost Fig -4: Proposed Signal Phases time (considered as 3sec) • Green Time per Lane Per lane green time is calculated by multiplying the 7. Determination of Optimum Cycle Length One of the important steps in designing a fixed time ratio of total volume of that lane to the total volume signal system is to determine the cycle time. If cycle with total green time calculated. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 306 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 G1= (Vc1/Vc)*Tg 8.2 Link Formation By following the above steps the signals are After inserting the background image on the VISSIM redesigned, as shown in the table below for the software, the links which are shown on that particular intersections. particular image are dragged by using the tool “link” on the tool bar option. The roads are dragged with the Table -3: Re-designed Signal Intervals in Seconds measured lane width and number of lanes. At intersection all the four lanes are connected by the connections and links are formed with all the details. Fig -5(b): Links Formed on VISSIM Software 8.3 Vehicle Inputs and Routing 8. Modeling And Simulation The vehicle input is given at the left side roads, According to our study we have examined that PTV VISSIM is an ideal tool and we have used it for our according to the data collected in the format of work. The ‘Google Earth’ software is also used for the vehicle routes and vehicle types. All the vehicle input background image of the particular intersection. The following steps are followed for the modelling of the is in PCUs/hr. After the vehicle input the routes are specified on the drawn links accordingly. Relative signals at these intersections for the present signal Flow for the vehicle routes is the ration of left going system and the proposed signal system. or straight going or right turning vehicles to the total Relative flow. The relative flow will differ from the vehicles in PCUs. In the same way the relative flow 8.1 Background Image for the types of vehicle is also the ratio of type of Using “Google Earth” software from Google, the background image of the intersection and overall vehicle to the total number of vehicles. The relative flow is the ratio, has no unit but also can be study area is presented in the image format. These considered in percentage. images are used for the VISSIM simulations. The image below is showing the study with span 2 km. 8.4 Signal Program The signal is designed manually and implemented on VISSIM software, the phases are considered in the given format. The signal design is mainly depend upon the cycle time and the green intervals. The amber time is 3 sec for all the intersection. Following are the images showing the signal phase design. Fig -5(a): Study Area, ‘Google Earth’ Image International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 307 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 and taken for the study. After that node evaluation the results are obtained. III. DISCUSSION According to survey done for the data collection it is observed that the straight going traffic is more at every intersection than the right turning traffic. To provide more comfort for those more number of Fig -6(a): Image Showing Signal Timings at All Four straight going traffic the redesign is done. The queue Phases at Maharajbag Intersection. length on the intersections is calculated using VISSIM software, the queue length differs from the current signal conditions and redesigned signal. The queue length is calculated using node analysis on VISSIM software. On each lane, length of vehicle in meters is shown in the table below, and the difference between existing signal system and redesigned signal system is shown in the graphical as well as in the tabular format of each intersection. The details of lane with their numbers are also shown in figure. The following are the graphs showing queue length difference between Fig -6(b): Image Showing Signal Timings at All Four Phases at Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection. current situation of signal and the proposed signal system. 1. Maharajbag Intersection Fig -6(c): Image Showing Signal Timings at All Four Phases at Law College Intersection. Fig -7: Lane Numbers at Maharajbag Intersection 8.5 Node Evaluation The intersection is ready for the evaluation of the result after placing the signal heads on the particular locations. That particular area is considered as a node International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 308 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 Table-4 : Queue Length of Existing Signal System and Table-5: Queue Length of Existing Signal System and Proposed Signal at Maharajbag Intersection Proposed Signal at Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection Movement 1 - 19 2-9 3 - 20 4-6 5-5 7-8 12 - 11 13 - 10 17 - 15 18- 21 22 - 16 23 - 14 The graph below showing the queue length difference between existing signal system and the proposed redesigned signal system. On X- axis vehicle routes are specified and on the Y- axis length in meters is Q- Length (meters) Existing Proposed signal signal 54.50 35.04 54.50 15.15 54.50 42.54 69.13 46.37 69.13 51.16 69.13 0.00 55.00 0.00 55.00 26.65 55.00 32.54 16.10 0.00 16.10 0.00 16.10 11.26 The above table shows the difference between the queue lengths in meters. The difference is very large in number. The change in the signal design will gives the positive results. shown. Chart -2: Difference in the Queue Length in Graphical Format at Maharajbag Intersection 2. Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection Chart -3: Difference in the Queue Length in Graphical Format at Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection 3. Law College Intersection Fig -8: Lane Numbers at Bhole Petrol Pump Intersection Fig -9: Lane Numbers at Law College Intersection International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 309 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 Table-6: Queue Length of Existing Signal System and IV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Proposed Signal at Law College Intersection Movement 1- 1 2- 3 6- 7 8 - 11 12 - 4 13 - 15 16 - 9 17 - 18 19 - 5 21 - 14 22 - 10 23 - 20 Q- Length (meters) Existing Proposed signal signal 68.61 56.75 68.61 50.81 68.61 49.68 54.34 0.00 54.34 34.20 54.34 0.00 106.84 61.70 106.84 83.14 106.84 0.00 61.71 37.02 61.71 32.09 61.71 0.00 After redesign signal on those squares the following conclusions were obtained. For the application of the phases on site it is necessary to mark the directions on the road so that the vehicles will follow the route and the re-designed signal will succeed. • and redesigned signal system is considerable, it reduces40-45%. • to 45-50% from the existing scenario, indicating the efficiency of the modelling approach, even in is shown, in the existing queue length there is a large there is value of queue length is zero in the left The above redesigned model of signal able to predict delays reasonably well, the delay reduced In the table above the difference in the queue lengths value than the re-designed signal system. Somewhere The queue length difference between existing the heterogeneous traffic. • They can provide orderly movement of vehicles accordingly, left, straight or right turning. turning vehicles. • We can enhance the traffic-handling capacity of the intersection through appropriate geometric layouts. • The redesigned signals are used to interrupt heavy straight going traffic from all the four lanes at intervals is permitted. If it seems to be essential to coordinated to provide Chart -4: Difference in the Queue Length in Graphical Format at Law College Intersection constant or nearly constant movement of traffic at a certain speed along a given path should also be done. V. REFERENCES In India there is a heterogeneous traffic conditions, two key issues of heterogeneous traffic, namely, multiple vehicle types and non-lane based movement. [1]. Dr Bhalchandra Khode 3 ‘Estimation of As the traffic of existing road system in the cities Capacity, Passenger Car Unit and Level of grows, congestion becomes serious problem. Medium Service of an urban arterial using micro- and long term solutions like widening of roads, providing elevated flyovers and constructing bypass and urban expressways are costly. As the use of traffic signals for control of conflicting streams of vehicular and pedestrian traffic is extensive in most of the towns and cities here in our case also it is used. Mahindra Deshmukh, Dr. Ashish Dhamaniya 2, simulation technique’. [2]. Chandan, K., Seco, A. M., & Silva, A. B. (2017). Real-time traffic signal control for isolated intersection, using car-following logic under connected vehicle environment. Transportation research procedia, 25, 1610-1625. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 310 Saurabh Sayre et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. March-April-2021, 8 (2) : 301-311 [3]. Sharma, I., & Pardeep, K. G. (2015). Study of automatic traffic signal system for chandigarh. [4]. Ali, M. H., Kurokawa, S., & Shafie, A. A. (2013). Autonomous road surveillance system: A proposed model for vehicle detection and traffic signal control. Procedia Computer Science, 19, 963-970. [5]. Siddharth, S. M. P., & Ramadurai, G. (2013). Calibration of VISSIM for Indian heterogeneous traffic conditions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 104, 380-389. [6]. Bhatkar, A. A., Patil, M. P., & Gulghane, M. A. A. Comparative study of Traffic Management using Traffic Signal Automations at Signalized Intersections on Congested Highway. [7]. IRC 93:1985 Guidelines for Design of Signalized Road Intersections, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India, 1985 [8]. Specification for road traffic signals, IS: 75371974, Indian Standard institution, New Delhi, 1975. Cite this article as : Saurabh Sayre, Dr. Prafull Wadhai, Dr. B. V. Khode, "Study of Traffic Management on Congested Intersections, By Redesign of Signal", International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (IJSRST), Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Volume 8 Issue 2, pp. 301-311, March-April doi 2021. Available at : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST1218247 Journal URL : https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST1218247 International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 2 311