8051 Microcontroller

One of the major issues for highly crowded metropolitan cities is road traffic congestion. Road traffic congestion causes traffic jams, which affects major services like ambulance service. As a solution, this paper has come up with " Intelligent automatic traffic signal control for ambulance ". To implement the intelligent traffic signal control system, it makes use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology. The proposed system uses an android app that connects with an ambulance as well as the traffic signal station using cloud. The idea behind the proposed system is, whenever an ambulance halts on its way to the hospital due to traffic congestion, the RFID reader installed at the traffic signal reads the RFID tagged ambulance and sends its data to the microcontroller. At the microcontroller, the app command is verified and the particular signal is changed to green until the ambulance passes by. It then regains its normal flow. It acts as a lifesaver project as it saves the time in emergency period to control the traffic lights.

Testing core based System on Chip [1] is a challenge for the test engineers. To test the complete SOC at one time with maximum fault coverage, test engineers prefer to test each IP-core separately. At speed testing using external testers is more expensive because of gigahertz processor. The purpose of this paper is to develop cost efficient and flexible test methodology for testing digital IP-cores [2]. The prominent feature of the approach is to use microcontroller to test IP-core. The novel feature is that there is no need of test pattern generator and output response analyzer as microcontroller performs the function of both. This approach has various advantages such as at speed testing, low cost, less area overhead and greater flexibility since most of the testing process is based on software.

Nowadays the technology is embedded in every utilized application to increase the reliability and minimize the human errors caused by the conventional methods. The traditional methods usually been used in restaurant is by taking the customer's orders and write it down on a piece of paper. Many ordering systems have been proposed in order to solve this issue. In this paper a newly proposed model called Smart Menu is designed basedon the Wi-Fi technology as the communication medium and Peripheral Interface Controller (ARM Cortex-m7 processor) as the hardware which implements faster ordering system. The aim for the smart menu model is to build and design both hardware and software for the ordering and delivering system at restaurants by using TFT LCD connected to the kitchen through WI-Fi technology. Result shows that the hardware and software are successfully functional and able to be used as a smart ordering system. The proposed model is able to handle the lack number of the workers, reduce the lateness and the error on ordering foods by the customers.

Purpose: To develop traffic light system to handle 6-way crossroad traffic movement. The distance measurement sensor and seven segment display is additionally used to manage and control the traffic.
Application: Some large cities are so populated that additionally need a road to existing ones. These additional roads are to be controlled. The proposed traffic light system can handle such an issue.

— At present vehicles are majorly facing two problems. One is fuel (petrol or diesel) and other is accidents. The problems due to fuel are overcome with non-conventional sources like solar, fossil fuels, etc.. Now a day's road accident is a major problem all over the world. Many innocent people are losing their lives. A majority of accidents are due to drunken driving, drowsiness and rash driving. To prevent road accidents we must have particular vehicle protection equipment. To prevent these situations, here we are designing a prototype solar powered vehicle with next generation features. In this paper we are using some sensors to detect ongoing situation like drunken and drowsiness of the driver. So when the driver was unable to handle the situation, then the vehicle will automatically take its control and automatically vehicle is protected.

Purpose: To develop system, consisting of controlled DC Motor with two pushbuttons. Specifically, the direction of rotation (clockwise or counter-clockwise) should be defined with pressed pushbutton1 or pushbutton2. When one is pressed, DC motor rotates clockwise, when the other is pressed, DC motor rotates counter-clockwise. 
Application: Controlling of DC motor can be useful in every part of engineering task, whether industry related equipment or everyday life electromechanical tools. More complicated systems include elevators, cars, industry conveyors, etc.

This paper based on automated system for ticketing in the Metro Train System which is based on unique passenger identification. This is a user friendly system, which will automatically identify the passenger and deduct the passenger's fare according to the distance travelled. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) card and rfid reader are used to make the identification of passenger and transaction very precise. System thus reduces human errors and efforts. This project is a complete metro train simulator that will be installed in a metro train. The RF Card technology is used that is it has a unique id for every tag. Every person is allotted a RF card with the fixed balance in it. The metro train will keep on passing between the stations and as it stops at the station the person has to swipe its RF card to make an exit. According to distance travelled by the passenger the ticket is deducted from its balance, as the person has to show the RF card while entering and leaving the train station. The MCU is used to perform the above task along with the display unit and RF ID reader. A stepper motor is used to show the door opening and closing on swiping the RF card.

Embedded systems represent a rapidly growing branch of information technology characterized by the need for increased dependability, timeliness and efficiency.
The goal of the project was to build elevator system for 3-floor building.
There are three buttons to call the elevator for the corresponding floor, and three LEDs signalling of elevator coming.

Purpose: To develop lightning system controlled by photoresistor. Photoresistor serves as simple switch. When we touch and immediately take away our hand, then the LED should change its state. Initially, LED is off. Hence, in the first action, movement of hand results in switching the LED on. 
Application: This system can be implied for household lighting systems, as well as industry related issues. Also, this system is useful in special areas when we do not need mechanical input (touching the switch).

Used equipment and electronic devices:
• AT89S51
• Breadboard
• 2 Red LEDs
• 2 Yellow LEDs
• 2 Green LEDs
• 2 470 Ohm resistors
• 1 220 Ohm resistor
• Jumpers, wiring
Objective
The aim of the project work was to program simple traffic light system.
Body
For traffic light system, two ports were used. One – for displaying seconds, the other implements the sequence of lights. Flowcharts are shown below.

An integrated GPS-GSM system is proposed to track vehicles using Google Earth application. The remote module has a GPS mounted on the moving vehicle to identify its current position, and to be transferred by GSM with other parameters acquired by the automobile’s data port as an SMS to a recipient station. The received GPS coordinates are filtered using a Kalman filter to enhance the accuracy of measured position. After data processing, Google Earth application is used to view the
current location and status of each vehicle. This goal of this system is to manage fleet, police automobiles distribution and car theft cautions.

Advanced Extensible Interface (AXI) is the most commonly used bus protocols in the day-today because of its high performance and high-frequency operation without using complex bridges. AXI is also backward-compatible with existing AHB and APB interfaces. So verification of driver logic using AMBA-AXI UVM is presented in this paper. The AXI is used for multiple outstanding operations which is only possible in the other protocol but it is possible in AXI because it contains different write address and data channels and AXI also supports out of order transfer based on the transaction ID which is generated at the start of the transfer. The driver logic for the AXI has been designed and implemented using the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM).The signaling of the five channels such as write address, write data, write response, read address, read data channel of AXI protocol are considered for verification. According to the AXI protocol,the signals of these channels are driven to the interconnect and results are observed for single master and single slave. The driver logic has been implemented and verified successfully according to AXI protocol using the Rivera Pro. The results observed for single master and single slave have shown the correctness of AMBA-AXI design in Verilog. KEYWORDS AMBA(Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture),AXI(Advanced Extensible Interface),UVM(Universal Verification Methodology),channel.

As the population is increasing, the vehicles are also increasing and so the parking problem arises. There is a chance that a car may bump into other car while parking. Although the rear view mirror gives a rough estimate of the distance with the obstacle behind, there is still a chance of collision. There is need to alert the driver when the car is about to collide with a nearby obstacle so that necessary precautions can be taken to avoid any damage. Our system constitutes of a sensor which senses the distance of the nearby obstacle. This sensor when installed on the car alerts the driver when he is moving close to nearby obstacle and there is a chance of collision. The system can hence help avoid collision, damage and thereby help save money

Our project presents a systematic procedure for modeling and simulation of a singlemachine infinite-bus power system installed with a thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC).We used TCSC so that impact of TCSC on power system stability can be more reasonably evaluated. The model of the example power system is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the system results are being presented to validate the effectiveness of using TCSC on power system stability.

Timers are uses in lots of industrial applications and many house automation system applications. For example: When residents go to holiday, any house need some routine jobs like feeding pets, watering grass, or open-closing the lights (to say “we are still at home”) for protection from theft.

Our project, programmable digital timer which realized using Atmel’s 89C52 microcontroller, helps us to compensate this kind of needs. The system is digitally programmable using with a simple standard 3x4 matrix phone keypad to control three relays. This relays are our outputs. In detail, the system has a real-time clock and these three relays are programmed by the clock. The keypad can also control relays manually. And the system was fed with 220V AC city electricity, it transformed +5V, to work with the TTL chips.

The project prototype can be used easily for home, because it works with 220V city electricity and its relays capacity is enough to control all home electrical systems.

This paper presents a project design for which the pet owner can feed his own pet even without his presence by just sending a text message to the system through his cellular phone. The system uses the concept of GSM technology to receive signal from the owner. If the system received the message, the servo motor and solenoid valve will be activated. The servo motor will rotate that will serve as the food transportation and the solenoid valve will be opened for the water to freely flow. Once the feeding is already done, the owner will receive a text message from the system which notifies him of a successful feeding. The concept was intended for people who always have a busy schedule to feed his/her pet.

The present project aims to implement a controller for the power factor by using a microcontroller of the 8051 family. The usage of a microcontroller seeks to maintain the power factor within acceptable limits, toggling a bank of capacitors in a monophase circuit of a stand of loads built for testing. For this, the prototype should: acquire the voltage and the current signals from a phase in order to calculate the power factor from one set of samples, to act upon a bank of capacitors allowing a historical view of the power factor on computer screen. The project is divided into five building blocks that work together: Input and Signal Conditioning, Data Acquisition and Processing, Data Control, Communication between the computer and the Data Visualization / Reconfiguration. In addition, this project also intends to discuss various types of loads and their effect on the distribution line, since the power
factor is intrinsically linked to these. The present work has also applied several concepts and techniques of engineering such as electricity, signal processing, electronics, microcontrollers, computer programming and digital logic.

Present scenario of energy crisis not only demands to increase generation of energy but also to utilize it as per legitimate requirement to conserve at public places like educational institutes, where the users are more and no one cares to switch OFF appliances when not required. The aim of this project is to design cost effective automated system which can be easily incorporated in academic institution especially in the class rooms to conserve the energy. Lights and fans switched ON and OFF as per requirement for number of students entered in the class room through person counting subsystem. The implementation is made simpler by using sensor to detect person and compact circuitry built around 8051 microcontroller programs. Through this system, the author wishes to inculcate discipline in the students by giving no option but to occupy the front row first and so on and back benchers to come in front and then only have the comfort of light and fan and at the same time want to help academic institutes to save money on their power bills and contribute in reducing the emission of green house gases in environment.

This paper presents the design and construction of an SMS based Gas Leakage Alert System. Two gas sensors (MQ-6) were used to detect gas leakages in a particular location; their outputs are then interfaced with an 8051 microcontroller programmed in assembly language. A dedicated GSM phone with a line is connected through relays to the output of the microcontroller. The GSM phone is configured to send gas leakage alerts in the form of a short message service (SMS) message indicating the location to another GSM phone to enable prompt necessary action. The system enables monitoring of gas leakages in remote locations and thereby leads to a faster response time in the events of a leakage condition.

ABSRACT Motor vehicles are the prime source of transportation where vehicles with A/C play a major part. This paper designs an embedded system for a vehicle cabin, which senses the gases like carbon-monoxide and oxygen and displayed at each and every second. If the level of the CO increases than the normal level (30ppm) or the level of the oxygen decreases than the normal level (19%) then an alarm is generated automatically and also ventilation is provided immediately. A warning message is sent to the authorized user via GSM. The advantage of this system is proper detection and faster response time leading to faster diffusion of the situation, compared with the manual methods.

Objective of the Project The main objective of this project is to provide security to organizations like Schools, Hospitals, Office spaces, Industrial areas etc by limiting the access to a secured area only to the authorized personnel with a valid RFID Tag. A security lock is created using an RFID Reader module and RFID Tags. Access will be granted to people who hold an authorized RFID Tag only. Security is very important to each and every organization. Restricting access to very important and administrative areas are a priority nowadays in many organizations. Such areas are called " secured areas " where access is limited to a certain set of people who are authorized. Proposed Working Model An RFID based Door Lock or Access Control System is based on some simple concepts. We store a set of RFID tag data (unique RFID codes/keys) inside our program/system, say 3 or 10 RFID tag data (the number varies according to requirements of user, say 10 tags needed if access needs to be granted to 10 people). The system comprises of a micro controller (8051 series), an RFID Reader module, an LCD module (16x2) to display messages, a 12 volts relay (to control output), and a power supply circuitry to give power to microcontroller, RFID module, LCD module and the relay. When the person with the right RFID tag (compatible to the data preloaded in our program/system) come and swipes his RFID tag near the RFID reader, access will be granted (a success message will be displayed on the LCD module and the relay will be turned ON). When the person with the wrong RFID card (whose data is not loaded in our system) swipes his RFID tag, access will be denied (a denial message will be displayed on the LCD module and the relay will not be turned ON). The 16x2 LCD module will display different status messages. Hardware Requirements Component Specification Microcontroller 8051 Series (AT89S51) RFID Reader EM­18 Reader module (125Khz)

This research work is developed with two AT89C52 microcontrollers from Atmel. The microcontrollers provide all the functionality of the display notices and wireless control. The Display is obtained on a 7X96 Light Emitting Diode (LED) dot matrix display, arranged on a Vero board. A desired text message from a mobile phone is sent via a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) to the GSM module located at the receiving end. The GSM modem is connected, through MAX 232 Integrated Circuit (MAX 32 IC), to the AT89C52 microcontroller. The message that is stored in the Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) is then displayed on the LED dot matrix display. This hardware uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. A three-terminal LM7805 is employed for regulation of the voltage. A bridge type full-wave rectifier is used to rectify the AC output of the secondary of 230/12V step down transformer. The system was tested to work according to specification.

There are many approaches and methods for changing the speed of DC motors. One of these approaches is through the intensity of light. In this paper, a microcontroller-based control circuit for adjusting the speed of a DC motor by means of interrupting the incident light is proposed and implemented. The adopted technique in this circuit uses two light dependent resistors as photo-sensors to detect the illumination of light by producing a prescribed digital sequence to activate one of the input ports of an 8051 microcontroller. An assembly program stored in the on-chip program memory of the microcontroller generates the proper PWM signal at an output port based on the received sequence. This signal is supplied to the driving circuit of the motor in order to run it with the relevant speed. The circuit has been implemented and tested successfully in the laboratory.

There are two major ways to treat wastewater; it is either through chemical or non-chemical treatment. Both improve water quality, but do not make water safe for domestic use. Most firms or companies use coagulation treatment or chemical treatment. But the problem for this treatment is the selection of the best chemical to be used; it is expensive and frequent dosage adjustments are required to ensure good water treatment results. All coagulation chemical add specific elements to the water, improper doses and application generally pose problems (health risks). Hence, it requires extra preventive measures. A more cost-effective method to clean a wide range of polluted water on-site, and with minimal additives, is required for sustainable water management. Electrocoagulation treatment of water may fit this description [1]. Electrocoagulation is most widely used in other countries but not in the Philippines. Hence, the device readily available in the market is very expensive. The paper focuses on the automation of the Electrocoagulation process by using microcontroller, sensor, relays, and sacrificial anodes.