Aggregates

Semiflexible pavement (SFP), a composite pavement, is formed by filling into a very open porous asphalt skeleton a specifically designed water consistency fluid mortar with a very high early and 28-day strength. The amalgamation of both components will produce a SFP where it will replace the conventional wearing course. The main goal of this investigation is to study the effect of various aggregate gradations towards producing SFP. These include determining the optimum binder, volumetric properties, and durability and strength of each aggregate gradation. The final results were statistically analyzed and two factor variance analyses (ANOVA) were performed to check on the significance at certain confidence limits. The results confirmed that different aggregate gradations significantly affect the properties mentioned.

Huge volumes of Shingles are produced from building construction and Asbestos industries. Basically, waste Shingles Aggregates (WSA) are being produced by crushing Shingles during the process of transport and installation of roof, wall and floor. Present society are progressively moving forward to be more environment friendly. To meet up this purposes, recycling and reuse of this material can be the best alternatives than landfill disposal in respect of environment conservation and economy. To increase the usage of Shingles in pavement construction, different percentage of Shingles can be used with the natural aggregate. The technical flexibility of using waste Shingles aggregates as partial replacement of natural aggregates in bituminous mixes can be evaluated. This research work presents some of the laboratory investigation on the possible application of waste Shingles aggregates in bituminous mixes. The physical properties of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, filler and bitumen are determined according to standard test. Marshall test specimens are prepared for testing to measure the Marshall properties. at optimum bitumen respectively are determined. According to AASHTO, Marshall stability test properties of mixes of waste shingles aggregates are satisfactory. investigated results indicate that the bituminous mixes with waste shingles aggregates give satisfactory results for construction of medium traffic road

Oxidation of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates is pointed out as responsible of concrete deterioration of numerous
buildings in Trois-Rivières area, Canada. Several researchers have been focusing their efforts to fully understand
the mechanisms involved in such reaction and to ultimately establish accurate guidelines for the quality control
of aggregates. Though this testing programme is already rather well-established, a quick staining test will allow
complementing the chemical approach that serves as its initial step. This paper presents a series of attempts to
define the most accurate staining method by testing the efficiency of ASTM C 641 and the Midgley test, but
also by optimizing them, namely by using different oxidizing reagents. The use of 6% bleachwas able to correctly
identify the oxidation potential of the investigated aggregateswhen used as reagent in the Midgley test. Based on
the observations made in staining tests, a promising temperature test was also developed.

Kuwait is facing a current construction boom with projects worth of more than USD188bn. The huge infrastructure spending plan of Kuwait is reflected with a growing demand of concrete as concrete is the most commonly used building material in the local construction. At the present, the quarrying of coarse aggregate which is a main concrete constituent material is banned in Kuwait since 1997 and construction industry depends on the imported coarse aggregates from neighbouring sources such as United Arab Emirates and Iran. Kuwait is also interested in challenging the growing concern of an effective environmental management of water, land and atmosphere to achieve a sustainable civilization. The increasingly environmental pressures coupled with the limited available economical resources are causing the decision making authorities to consider the practice of recycling and waste utilization. This paper presents Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) efforts to investigate sustainable sources of coarse aggregate for construction industry from waste. The first sustainable source investigated is the production of synthetic lightweight aggregates utilizing combinations of argillaceous indigenous and waste materials, and the second is recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes. The potential of the two sustainable sources of construction aggregates are presented and the needed steps for real industrial application are addressed.

ABSTRACT. The choice of aggregates is essential, their properties are of a great importance. Aggregates may not only limit concrete strength, but due to their characteristics, they affect the durability and the structural performances of concrete. After studies on the quality of sand for concrete used in the northern and middle region of Algeria, it was concluded that fining modulus of these sands do not respect the current norms any more. Thus this influences the mechanical strength of mortars and concretes. The work presented in this article studies the quality of this soft sand, and is oriented to the correction of its granular gradation by the addition of some wastes such as the bricks and the pound glass through treatment of the effect of this correction over the quality of the obtained concrete. The obtained results are promising.

RÉSUMÉ. Le choix des granulats est indispensable, leurs qualité revête une grande importance, non seulement les granulats peuvent limiter la résistance du béton, mais selon leurs propriétés ils affecteront la durabilité et les performances structurales du béton. Après des études faites sur la qualité des sables pour bétons utilisés dans la région du nord et du centre de l'Algérie, il a été conclu que les modules de finesse de ces sables ne répondent plus au normes en vigueur, se qui influence la résistance mécanique des mortiers et bétons. Le travail présenté dans cet article étudié la qualité de ce sable fin, et s'oriente vers la correction de sa granulométrie par l'ajout de quelques déchets tels que la brique et le verre broyés, en traitant l'effet de cette correction sur la qualité des bétons obtenus. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs.

The draft paper as at 24th April which is updated from the draft made for the oral presentation session (5th April 2017 does not contain any references and text errors needed corrections). The paper is still being worked on with more sections being added with some aspect areas clarified in more detail. Others are being reviewed. Due to the closure of the Parliament in the UK early for the snap elections, the text is still unfinished and will be resumed for the new Parliament session with no end date set yet. The document is best viewed by a download to Microsoft Word as web browsers tend to muddle the layout. Please note that the ice sheet mass balance changes occur mainly in nearby Iceland, Jan Mayen and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rather than Greenland itself. (High viscous, low nucleation events pushing very cool, effusive, almost 'solid' lava incursions vertically up like the Mascarene volcanism of Mauritius are rare anomalies from a misaligned hotspot influencing further afield - and therefore far less likely.)

The Twin Earth scenario assumes reference to natural kinds is unique and never changes (rigid designation), and that we can give justice to the intuition of reference-permanence and things having a deep structure only by pushing meaning outside the brain or mind (semantic externalism). This, I'll show, doesn't follow. Besides, the intuition itself is misconstrued here. To say the term “water” expressed a thought or concept or belief denoting H2O before its actual discovery around 1750, is to make a claim without real content and be guilty of after-the-fact rationalizing. If anything, Twin Earth undercuts the theory of semantic externalism and its core-notion of rigid designation. A pluralized, descriptivist model of reference, I claim, is a better fit for our scientific data and ordinary intuitions either way.

Agregalar, beton iskeletini oluşturan ve beton kalitesini büyük ölçüde etkileyen önemli bir beton bileşenidir. Jeolojik oluşum farklılığından dolayı agregaların mineralojik ve petrografik yapıları değişik formlarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu form çeşitliliği, agregaların mekanik özelliklerini etkilediği gibi kullanıldıkları betonun mekanik özelliklerine de yansımaktadır. Çalışmada, magmatik, sedimanter ve metamorfik kökenli kayaçlardan elde edilen agregalar kullanılarak C100, C130, C160 dayanım sınıflarında, boyutları 100x200 mm, silindirik yüksek dayanımlı beton (YDB) numuneleri üretilmiştir. Laboratuvarda hazırlanan numunelere uygun koşullarda 28 gün süreyle kür uygulanmış daha sonra ise bu numuneler ultrasonik darbe, schmidt çekici, yarmada çekme ve basınç dayanımı deneylerine tabi tutulmuştur. Sonuçlarda, agrega mekanik özelliklerinin beton mekanik özelliklerini önemli derecede etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir ve elde edilen deney sonuçları detaylı olarak incelenerek yüksek dayanımlı betonların üretiminde kullanılması gereken agregaların mekanik özellikleri hakkında yorumlamalarda bulunulmuştur.

Not only is cement production very energy intensive, it also consumes a significant amount of natural resources. On the other hand, a large volume of volatile flyash is already creating around the world, most flyash are not effectively used, and much of it is deposited in landfills both issues are addressed in this paper. This study gives the resultants of an experimenting research on the mechanical properties of geopolymer compounds contain 70% flyash, 30% GGBFS, alkali fluids & steel fibers. The review analyzes effects of steel fibers on mechanical properties tests of FRGPC. The blends were prepared with an alkali solution to binder ratio of 0.4 with 30% flyash supplanted by GGBFS on a massive basis. Steel fibers were added to blend in the volume fractions of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25% and 1.5% by volume of cementitious material. The results of the mechanical tests obtained after 7 and 28 days of environmental curing indicate that included incorporation of fiber in GPC there is only a light increase in the compressive strength. In contrast, SplitTensile strength and flexure strength increase significantly and the water penetration experiment also shows that the FRGPC specimen is durable. The two limitations of GPC, such as the retard in setting time & the need for temperature hardening to increase strength were also eliminated by replacing 30% of fly ash per GGBFS in the GPC mixture.

The presently paver block is used in outdoor versatility application and also it is used in street road and other construction places. Concrete paving blocks are ideal materials on the footpaths and roads for easy laying, better look and finish. Paver block has low cost maintenance and easily replace with a newer one at the time of breakage. There are various types of Industrial Waste available in local markets, and certain of it can be used in the construction industry for utilization of waste material and eco-friendly condition, which would reduce both environmental effects and the invention cost of paver block works in the construction industry are particularly important as it is not only responsible for consuming natural resources and energy but also its capacity to absorb other industrial waste. The main objective of this investigation is to increase the compressive strength of rubber mould paver blocks and decrease the cost of rubber mould paver blocks by replacing aggregates with the Kota stone chips.

Polymer waste volumes have surged in recent years as a result of growing industrialization and fast improvements in living standards. In Malaysia, the majority of polymer waste is discarded rather than recycled. This circumstance results in major issues such as waste of natural resources and pollution of the environment. Polymer products, such as synthetic fibres, plastics, and rubber, are petrochemical compounds that disintegrate slowly in nature. Even after a long amount of time, plastic materials are not easily biodegradable. In reality, a wide range of waste materials can be used as a cement matrix inert. For the manufacture of the polymer concrete, trash bag plastics were employed as polymer wastes HDPE in this study (PC). The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristics and characterisation of polymer HDPE as a coarse aggregate replacement in concrete. Temperatures of 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, 190°C, and 200°C were used in the heating procedure. By volumetric approach, five compositions of coarse aggregate with varied crushed stone: HDPE waste ratios of 0:100, 15:85, 30:70, 45:55, and 60:40 were utilised. The use of polymer waste as coarse aggregate in traditional concrete was examined. With fresh and hardened concrete tests, the effects of polymer wastes on the workability and strength of the concrete were investigated. After 28 days, the compressive strength of the PC was determined to be suitable for nonstructural use. The findings of the cost research revealed that the PC is more cost effective than traditional concrete.

With the extensive use of rating systems in the web, and their significance in decision making process by users, the need for more accurate aggregation methods has emerged. The Naïve aggregation method, using the simple mean, is not adequate anymore in providing accurate reputation scores for items, hence, several researches where conducted in order to provide more accurate alternative aggregation methods. Most of the current reputation models do not consider the distribution of ratings across the different possible ratings values. In this paper, we propose a novel reputation model, which generates more accurate reputation scores for items by deploying the normal distribution over ratings. Experiments show promising results for our proposed model over state-of-the-art ones on sparse and dense datasets.

Now days, worldwide population density increases, which enhance production of plastic waste on daily basis. It may be beneficial to society, when it is biodegradable and eco-friendly economical material.  But, some plastic polymer act as hazardous product, as it is non-biodegradable waste material affects environment badly. It is unwanted environmental hazard which increases all three types of pollution i.e. soil, air and water pollution.

As India is rapidly developing country, these types of problems we have to eradicate completely.  There is enormous scope to use plastic waste in flexible road construction. As due to extensive rain in India, lots of economical waste is occur every year. Due to use of waste plastic in flexible pavement, drainage capacity of road surface increases efficiently. We can use plastic in road construction in marshy land area as well as area of high rainfall intensity, to enhance lifespan of roads and economy in construction.

Also, large amount of economy of government is wasted every year i.e. million of rupees are wasted in treatment of waste plastic material. Some techniques are available for disposal of plastics like landfill and incineration. But, incineration method produces lots of air pollution which affects the human health. Lifespan of plastic waste is very large. Also, plastic material is available in different forms like plastic bags, papers and utensils. So, we can use this plastic waste in shredded form in road construction by wet process and dry process. This increases durability and drainage efficiency of roads.

The merits of high-strength high performance concrete (HSHPC) depend on the quality of constituent materials. The constituent materials play the vital roles to improve the performance of HSHPC. In particular, the use of supplementary cementing materials is essential when high strength and durability become the most critical issues to be considered for concretes. The addition of high-range water reducer and air-entraining admixtures are also inevitable to achieve good workability and freeze-thaw durability, respectively. This paper discusses various aspects of the major component materials of HSHPC. It briefly describes the property requirements of the component materials and emphasizes their contents or dosages needed for good performance. This paper also delineates the key roles of the constituent materials on the fresh and hardened properties, and durability of HSHPC.

http://umrefjournal.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2417/753.pdf

In this study, materials for aggregates can be classified in to basalt/olivine basalt, pyroxene andesite, hornblende andesite, and andesitic tuff. Some silicate minerals in these aggregates composed are plagioclase, volcanic glass, pyroxene/augite, olivine, hornblende, and quartz, with the hypocristalline porphyritic textures for basalt/olivine basalt, pyroxene andesite, hornblende andesite types aggregates, and clastic (vitroclastic) for andesitic tuff aggregate.

Petrographic characteristics of aggregates most influence for mechanical-physical characteristics of aggregate. The changes on mineralogical composition of aggregates will influence for surface roughness, water absorption, strength, and alkali-reaction potential of aggregates. In surface roughness, increasingly of percentages of phenocrysts/grains will be increased roughness of aggregates. Presence of volcanic glass will be increased water absorption and alkali-reaction potential aggregates. Aggregates with clastic textures will be more absorb water than aggregates with crystalline textures. In strength of aggregate aspec; texture, mineralogical composition, and presence of vesicular are dominant petrographic factor will be influenced for strength of aggregate. The changes on some textural aspects also will influence reactivity of aggregate, especially based on the occurrences of groundmass or matrix either in the form of fine-crystalline materials to microcrystalline or amorphous textures from volcanic glass.

ÖZ: Kayaçlar, beton içerisindeki iskeleti oluşturan ve bağlayıcı malzemenin elde edildiği önemli bir beton bileşenidir. İnşaat sektöründe agrega olarak tanımlanan kayaç parçalarının petrografik özellikleri, beton elemanlarının dayanımlarını ve davranışlarını önemli ölçüde değiştirmektedir. Bundan dolayı yapı, temel, dolgu vb. elemanlarda kullanılan malzemelerin petrografik açıdan incelenmesi önem taşımaktadır. Nüfus artışına bağlı ihtiyaç duyulan yüksek katlı binalar, köprüler, barajlar gibi yapılarda yüksek dayanımlı beton (YDB) kullanılması gerekebilmektedir. Kayaç türü ve petrografik özelliklerinin YDB üretimine etkisinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada 24 farklı kayaç kullanılarak numuneler üzerinde basınç, çekme, ultrasonik ses iletim hızı ve Schmidt çekici deneyleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, magmatik kayaçlar için SiO2+Al2O3+ Fe2O3 oranının ve genel kireçtaşı türlerinde MgO/CaO oranı bulunma yüzdelerinin basınç-çekme dayanımını ne denli değiştirdiği korelatif bağlantılar kurularak değerlendirilmiştir. Kayaçların petrografik karakteristikleri ve sonuçlar arasında kuvvetli korelatif bağlantılar oluşmamış, YDB' larda kullanılacak agregaların petrografik incelemeden önce, mekanik yeterliliğe sahip olup olmadıklarının kontrol edilmesinin, betondan istenilen performansın alınması konusunda daha sağlıklı sonuçlar vereceği kanısına varılmıştır. ABSTRACT: Rocks are an important concrete component that constitute the skeleton of concrete and provide the binding material. The petrographic properties of rock particles, which are named aggregate in construction sector, significantly affect the strength and behavior of concrete components. For this reason, it is very important to examine the materials, which are used in components such as structure, foundation, filling, and etc. from the petrographic aspect. Because of the increase in population, it may be needed to use the high-strength concrete (HSC) in structures such as high-rise buildings, bridges, and dams. In this study, where the effects of type and petrographic properties of rock on the production of HSC, 24 different rocks were used in pressure, tension, ultrasonic sound transmission speed, and Schmidt hammer experiments. According to the results, the effects of SiO2+Al2O3+ Fe2O3 level of magmatic rocks and MgO/CaO percentage of common limestones on the pressure-tension strength were examined through the correlative relationships. No strong relationship could be established between the petrographic characteristics of rocks and the results and it was concluded that, before the petrographic examination of aggregates to be used in HSC, checking if they have sufficient mechanical properties would be more beneficial for obtaining better performance from the concrete. Beton, esas olarak kum, çakıl, çimento ve suyun belirli oranlarda bir araya getirilerek üretildiği bir yapı malzemesidir. İçerisine donatı adı verilen çelik çubukların dahil edilmesiyle birlikte beton, standartlara ve yönetmeliklere uygun bir biçimde döküm ve bakım işlemlerinden geçerek insanoğlunun barınma, ulaşım, eğitim, sağlık vb. gereksinimlerini rahat bir şekilde karşılamasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Çelik ile güçlendirilmiş beton olarak lügata geçmiş betonarme terimi, yapı elemanlarına aktarılan gerilmelere güvenli bir biçimde karşı koyması için tasarlanan bir sistem olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Ancak, günümüzde hızla artan nüfus ve dolayısıyla artan şehirleşme problemi sınırlı alanlara sahip bölgelere yüksek katlı binalar, yüksek kapasiteli geçişleri karşılayabilecek geniş açıklıklı köprüler, çok sayıda bireyin ihtiyacının giderilmesi için inşa edilecek mega yapılar, elektrik,

Concrete, second largest consumable material after water, with three tonnes used annually,
makes one of the biggest threats to the sustainability. For example, production of one tonne of cement, 1.7 tonnes of
basic resources (1.6 tons of limestone and clay with 0.1 tons of fuel) are required. Demographic growth, the need
for infrastructure and the dynamism of developing countries is boosting the production of cementing materials over
two billion tons on present scenario and it is growing 5% every year. Therefore, those involved with these industries
must develop new techniques for creating concrete with minimal use of its cement. For this purpose, Supplementary
Cementitious Materials (SCM’s) like Fly Ash (FA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Sugar Cane Bagase Ash (SCBA), Palm
Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), etc., are used to blend with cement in concrete in order to increase its properties aspects as
well as solve the environmental related problems. In present investigation an overview on the effect of different
types of Water to Cementitious (W/C) ratio on compressive Strength Active Index (SAI) of unary blended concrete
with different types of ashes are studied in order to understand the SCM’s behaviour in terms of SAI.

Road infrastructure is expensive for developing countries. Indeed, on the one hand the outdated implementation techniques, and the unavailability of standards materials such as crushed gravels in some project areas, attest to and accentuate this difficulty. The northern part of Cameroon is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area of the African continent. Which is characterized by the scarcity and remoteness of rocky deposits as well as the delicacy of extraction conditions, illustrative of areas where road construction generates the most prohibitive expenditures. The work carried out, which is based on the mixture techniques commonly used in soil concretes, aims to implement locally in abundance available materials, by associating them a minimum fraction of hydraulic binders, in order to obtain a new constituent for the base course of road construction, according to the universal standards. After a comprehensive documentary compilation and experimental approach in the laboratory with samples taken in the extreme north of Cameroon, the results are convincing: the constituent of the mixture comprising 70% of sand, 25% of soil and 5% of hydraulic binder, meets the eligibility criteria prescribed in the implementation of the base course in road construction, in particular the bearing index or stability (CBR) and the hardness of skeleton's (Rc, Rc ') product. This mixture would be recommended for road construction in the Sudano-Sahelian areas, alternating with crushed gravels which is scarce. Its implementation according to the prescribed optimal conditions, generally reduce considerably the expenses for an efficient development of road network in the Sudano-Sahelian area, and precisely in the north of Cameroon .

Semiflexible pavement (SFP), a composite pavement, is formed by filling into a very open porous asphalt skeleton a specifically designed water consistency fluid mortar with a very high early and 28-day strength. The amalgamation of both components will produce a SFP where it will replace the conventional wearing course. The main goal of this investigation is to study the effect of various aggregate gradations towards producing SFP. These include determining the optimum binder, volumetric properties, and durability and strength of each aggregate gradation. The final results were statistically analyzed and two factor variance analyses (ANOVA) were performed to check on the significance at certain confidence limits. The results confirmed that different aggregate gradations significantly affect the properties mentioned. © 2014 Nadiah Md. Husain et al.

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/529305/abs/

In this paper the study of some of plastic waste materials which we can reuse by certain processing and use in road construction..the materials as a result we are equipped with useful and valuable information about these materials. The discussed materials have many advantages over conventional/traditional materials and methods.. This project will conduct a study on recycling plastic waste and blending it with bitumen to lay roads in India and compare with the environmental and economic conditions Some of these materials are relatively cheaper and provide more strength as compared to traditional road materials. This project will come up with useful information and creating awareness amongst the learner in the industry regarding waste material. So that one can have a step towards further detailed information about these materials and thus be able to implement on field which will definitely improve the level of construction.

Designing concrete based on aggregate packing and optimized gradations can result in 25 % less cement content to reach a targeted compressive strength and less water-reducing admixture to obtain a required consistency. In this research, two studies were conducted: (1) an experimental analysis to determine the effects of aggregate packing on concrete strength and consistency; and (2) an investigation of the relationship between the traditional dry-rodded and the vibrated aggregate packing. Excellent correlation was found between 240 packing results, which can be applied to the modified mixture design method presented. Also, 40 slump and 120 compressive strength standard tests were performed to evaluate the effects of reducing cement content by 7.5, 15, 20, and 25 % to slump and compressive strength of concrete mixtures. The compressive strength of the optimized mixture demonstrated less susceptibility to variations due to cement content reductions when compared to nonoptimized mixtures. The Modified Coarse Factor Chart can be used to design an optimized concrete mixture efficiently in conjunction with aggregate gradation and packing, cement content, and concrete consistency.

In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.