Fluids

This thesis studies a specific relationship between matter and form which can no longer be related to stability, solidity and objectuality, as it has been traditionally interpreted. To this aim, it firstly explores the plurivocity in the concepts of 'matter' and 'artistic material'; and secondly it examines a case study about water as a material presence in contemporary art. Over the course of the study, certain issues arise, such as the problematic use of notions like form, information and memory in the specific context of the artwork .

The  methodological lines of this thesis are an alternative approach to the artwork technical and material system, this understood as a synergistic and complex structure of symbolic, technological and imaginative relations. This methodology focuses on the evolution of the technical and technological thinking in the 20th century, establishing the connection between past and current uses of media and materials. Based on the principle of transversality, this study contributes to the expansion of the Third Culture by visualizing the dialogical relationship between art, science, technology and aesthetics. Thus, its starting point is the states of water (solid, liquid, and gas) as well as the technical and conceptual operations associated with this specific material. A selection of 258 artists or working groups and more than 500 works have been gathered along diverse actional and conceptual tendencies of water in its three states.

Archeology, technological thinking, anthropology, and material imagination are the key epistemological elements used to reflect on the encounter between the so-called traditional art mediums and new media in the 20th century —or from a broader perspective, between both the deterministic-mechanistic and the systemic-cybernetic currents of thought. In this context, water provides a paradoxical and exemplary temporal connectivity.

Resumen
La presente investigación tiene por objeto definir una zona muy poco tratada dentro de la historia del arte, en la que la relación entre materia y forma deja de poder aprehenderse como un fenómeno vinculado a los sentidos de estabilidad, solidez y objetualidad tal como se ha interpretado tradicionalmente. Para ello explora la plurivocidad de los sentidos de `materia´ y `material artístico´, confrontando esta perspectiva con el estudio del agua como presencia material en el arte contemporáneo, de lo que se derivan una serie de problemáticas respecto a los conceptos de forma, información, y por extensión memoria de la obra de arte.

Paralelamente se dibujan las líneas metodológicas de la semántica material como alternativa de aproximación al sistema técnico-material de la obra de arte, entendiendo éste como una estructura sinérgica y compleja de relaciones simbólicas, tecnológicas e imaginativas. La metodología propuesta pretende incidir en la evolución del pensamiento técnico y tecnológico del siglo XX, estableciendo puntos de conexión entre el uso actual de los medios y materiales artísticos, y sus antecedentes. Partiendo de la transversalidad, esta investigación se propone en última instancia contribuir a la expansión de la tercera cultura visibilizando las relaciones dialógicas entre creación artística, ciencia, tecnología y estética. Su puesta en práctica toma como punto de partida el agua en todos sus estados y las operaciones técnico-conceptuales asociadas a este material concreto. Una selección constituida por 258 artistas o grupos de trabajo y más de quinientas obras han sido recogidas en torno a las tendencias accionales y conceptuales del agua en sus estados sólido, líquido y gaseoso.

En definitiva, arqueología y antropología del pensamiento tecnológico e imaginación material son los elementos epistemológicos clave utilizados para reflexionar acerca de las cuestiones que definen el encuentro en el siglo XX entre los medios artísticos llamados tradicionales y los new media −o en un plano más amplio entre el pensamiento determinista-mecanicista y el sistémico-cibernético−, vehiculizadas por la paradójica conectividad temporal que ofrece el agua.

La investigación en el campo de las técnicas y materiales en el arte contemporáneo requiere la aplicación de nuevas metodologías transdisciplinares que permitan obtener una perspectiva renovada sobre los contenidos que entraña la amplia experimentación artística desarrollada en esta dirección durante el siglo  XX. El cambio de paradigma de la física y el progreso tecnológico han dado lugar a un caudal de nuevas narrativas posibles en las que se ha visto alterado profundamente el sentido tradicional de nociones como las de
materia
o
memoria
en el arte. La presencia material del agua en el arte de la segunda mitad del siglo  XX como objeto de estudio, nos permite proponer una metodología que revisa dichos conceptos a través del análisis de los planos imaginativo y técnico-operativo, así como afrontar los problemas que plantea a nivel teórico una estética de lo fluido.

Referencia completa:
MOÑIVAS, Esther. “Narrativas fluidas. El agua como presencia material en las artes plásticas contemporáneas” en: Dept. Història de l'Art i CEHA-Comité Español de Historiadores del Arte (coords.). CEHA, XVII Congrés Nacional d´História de l´art. Art i Memóri. [Actas]. Granada: Editorial Atrio, 2012, pp. 249-263.

Increasing attention is being devoted to the airborne emissions resulting from a variety of manufacturing processes because of health, safety, and environmental concerns. In this two-part paper, a model is presented for the amount of cutting fluid mist produced by the interaction of the fluid with the rotating cylindrical workpiece during a turning operation. This model is based on relationships that describe cutting fluid atomization, droplet settling, and droplet evaporation. Experiments are performed to validate the model. In Part 1 of the paper, the emphasis is on model development. In the model, thin film theory is used to determine the maximum fluid load that can be supported by a rotating cylindrical workpiece; rotating disk atomization theory is applied to the turning process to predict the mean size of the droplets generated by atomization; and expressions for both the evaporation and settling behavior are established. Droplet size distribution and mass concentration predictions are used to characterize the fluid mist. Model predictions indicate that the droplet mean diameter is affected by both fluid properties and operating conditions, with cutting speed having the most significant affect. Model predictions and experimental results show that the number distribution of droplets within the control volume is dominated by small droplets because of the settling and evaporation phenomena. In Part 2 of the paper, the cutting fluid mist behavior model is validated using the results obtained from a series of experiments.

In recent years, the use of dielectric spectroscopy as an investigation technique to determine the chemical–physical characteristics of biological materials has had a great increase. This study used the non-equilibrium thermodynamics with internal variables theory to test the potential pathological features of lung cancer. After a brief exploration of the dielectric polarization concept highlighting some aspects that were used, some thermodynamic functions were obtained as functions of the frequency, both for lung tumor cells and physiological ones. Variations in the intensity of values but not in the trend of the curves were observed and this was attributed to the perturbing field. The trend of this field explains the behavior of phenomena described by other functions, as related to the frequencies of the perturbing field. Compared to the physiological ones, the cancer cells appeared to be “more predisposed” to conserve their state as characterized by minor entropy production, prob...

The aeration of an oil film flowing between the faces of two closely spaced circular plates (one stationary, and one rotating) is examined experimentally, numerically, and with an improved lubrication model. The gap between the plates is small compared to their radii, making lubrication theory appropriate for modeling the flow. However, standard lubrication boundary conditions suggested by Reynolds (1886, "On the Theory of Lubrication and its Application to Mr. Beauchamp Tower’s Experiments, Including an Experimental Determination of the Viscosity of Olive Oil," Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 177, pp. 157-234) of p = 0 and pn = 0 (Dirichlet and Neumann conditions on pressure) at the gas-liquid interface do not allow for the inclusion of a contact line model, a phenomenon that is important in the inception of aeration. Hence, the standard theory does not adequately predict the experimentally observed onset of aeration. In the present work, we modify the Neumann boundary con...

A numerical study has been carried out to understand and highlight the effects of axial wall conduction in a conjugate heat transfer situation involving simultaneously developing laminar flow and heat transfer in a square microchannel with constant flux boundary condition imposed on bottom of the substrate wall. All the remaining walls of the substrate exposed to the surroundings are kept adiabatic. Simulations have been carried out for a wide range of substrate wall to fluid conductivity ratio (k sf $ 0.17-703), substrate thickness to channel depth (d sf $ 1-24), and flow rate (Re $ 100-1000). These parametric variations cover the typical range of applications encountered in microfluids/microscale heat transfer domains. The results show that the conductivity ratio, k sf is the key factor in affecting the extent of axial conduction on the heat transport characteristics at the fluid-solid interface. Higher k sf leads to severe axial back conduction, thus decreasing the average Nusselt number (Nu). Very low k sf leads to a situation which is qualitatively similar to the case of zero-thickness substrate with constant heat flux applied to only one side, all the three remaining sides being kept adiabatic; this again leads to lower the average Nusselt number (Nu). Between these two asymptotic limits of k sf , it is shown that, all other parameters remaining the same (d sf and Re), there exists an optimum value of k sf which maximizes the average Nusselt number (Nu). Such a phenomenon also exists for the case of circular microtubes.

Analytical expressions correlating the volumetric flow rate to the inlet and outlet pressures are derived for the time-independent flow of Newtonian fluids in cylindrically-shaped elastic tubes using a one-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow model with two pressure-area constitutive relations. These expressions for elastic tubes are the equivalent of Poiseuille and Poiseuille-type expressions for rigid tubes which were previously derived for the flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids under various flow conditions. Formulae and procedures for identifying the pressure field and tube geometric profile are also presented. The results are validated by a finite element method implementation. Sensible trends in the analytical and numerical results are observed and documented.

Passive methods using vortex generators (VGs) to enhance heat transfer have been a concern of researchers in recent decades. This study is intended to investigate the strength of the vortex generated by VGs by trying to reduce the pressure drop in the flow. The present work also takes into account the influence of the vortex intensity on the improvement of heat transfer, which can be indicated by the low value of the synergy angle. Experiments were carried out in the current investigation to validate the results of the numerical simulations in the Reynolds number range of 3102 to 16,132. The study results indicate that the observed heat transfer coefficients from the experimental and simulation results have a similar tendency with relatively small errors. A reduction in pressure drop is observed with the use of perforated concave rectangular winglets (PCRWs) against the nonperforated ones although there was a slight decrease in heat transfer improvements.

Study Objective: To determine whether intraoperative fluid management in spine surgery predicts postoperative intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS).Design: Retrospective case series.Setting: University-affiliated medical center.Patients: 103 adult ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing spine surgery.Interventions: Patients were divided into three LOS groups: no ICU stay (LOS0) (n = 26), 1 day ICU stay (LOS1) (n

Effects of sweetness and energy in drinks on food intake following exercise. PHYSIOL BEHAV 66 (2) [375][376][377][378][379] 1999.-Exercise is known to cause physiological changes that could affect the impact of nutrients on appetite control. This study was designed to assess the effect of drinks containing either sucrose or high-intensity sweeteners on food intake following exercise. Using a repeated-measures design, three drink conditions were employed: plain water (W), a low-energy drink sweetened with artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame-K (L), and a high-energy, sucrose-sweetened drink (H). Following a period of challenging exercise (70% VO 2 max for 50 min), subjects consumed freely from a particular drink before being offered a test meal at which energy and nutrient intakes were measured. The degree of pleasantness (palatability) of the drinks was also measured before and after exercise. At the test meal, energy intake following the artificially sweetened (L) drink was significantly greater than after water and the sucrose (H) drinks ( p Ͻ 0.05). Compared with the artificially sweetened (L) drink, the high-energy (H) drink suppressed intake by approximately the energy contained in the drink itself. However, there was no difference between the water (W) and the sucrose (H) drink on test meal energy intake. When the net effects were compared (i.e., drink ϩ test meal energy intake), total energy intake was significantly lower after the water (W) drink compared with the two sweet (L and H) drinks. The exercise period brought about changes in the perceived pleasantness of the water, but had no effect on either of the sweet drinks. The remarkably precise energy compensation demonstrated after the higher energy sucrose drink suggests that exercise may prime the system to respond sensitively to nutritional manipulations. The results may also have implications for the effect on short-term appetite control of different types of drinks used to quench thirst during and after exercise.

Intravenous (IV) therapy has been included as an integral part of nurse's professional practice. Although it is an effective curing technique, it has some complications. Air embolism is one of such complications which may cause death of patients in some cases. In this paper, we have proposed an efficient, economic and reliable air embolism protecting system to save precious lives in case of air bubble insertion. The proposed system monitors the IV tube and when an air bubble even in fraction of millimeter gets introduced into the tube, detects it, indicates emergency and blocks the fluid flow to protect entrance of the air bubble into the human body. The proposed system has been evaluated on various IV solutions; results are very promising as the accuracy is more than or equal to 99% in every case thus supporting the implementation of the solution. Therefore, the system can be used for any type of IV solution.

The principles of the isochoric method are described, as well as the different variants of this method that can be considered according to the technique used to determine the amount of fluid inside the high pressure cell. An automated isochoric apparatus to measure the density of binary mixtures is presented. Accurate isochoric measurements of density of pure fluids, involving molecules like methanol, and mixtures, such as nitrogen plus methane and a multicomponent system with a composition representative of the U.S.A. commercial Gulf Coast natural gas, are analyzed. Moreover, the effect of the thermal degradation of fluids at high temperatures on the accuracy of the density measurements is also discussed.

The European Union defined ambitious targets for the production of energy from renewable energy sources. Most European markets trade now high levels of variable renewable energy (VRE). Renewable generation increases the variability and uncertainty of the net-load (i.e., demand minus VRE). To a large extent, this variability and uncertainty can be compensated by hydroelectric power plants. Typically, hydro power producers (HPPs) consider the periods of time with low market prices (and normally low demand and/or high VRE production) to pump, and the periods with high market prices (and normally high demand and/or low VRE production) to produce energy. This article presents a model for hydro power plants and a study to analyse the hydro-wind balance in a real-world setting, namely a simplified version of the Portuguese power system, involving a significant penetration of hydro and wind power (more than 50%). The study is conducted with the help of the multi-agent system MATREM. The res...

The diffusion equation (DE) is widely used for ap proximate description of non-anomalous diffusion and Brownian motion (BM). However, the DE is wrong in describing the mean-square displacement (MSD) of a particle at small values of time, where the MSD must be ballistic. We consider the equa tion of the Jeffreys type as a model equation for de scription of diffusion. We find that the MSD in the framework of this model is the same as that in the BM described by the standard Langevin equation.

The current project is a study of the Laplace equation that is used nowadays in many applications related to the electrical, magnetic, gravitational potentials, steady state temperatures, and in hydrodynamics.. The system corresponds to an elliptic second order partial differential equation and is widely used in the study of the inviscid incompressible potential flow in fluid mechanics. To solve this equation, numerical methods are used and different schemes are introduced to better control the solution through stability, accuracy and consistency. In what follows, a numerical study and investigation of the 2D Laplace Equation.

Application of curved beams in special structures requires a special analysis. In this study, the differential quadrature method (DQM) as a well-known numerical method is utilized in the dynamic analysis of the Euler-Bernoulli curved beam problem with a uniform cross section under a constant moving load. DQ approximation of the required partial derivatives is given by a weighted linear sum of the function values at all grid points. A prismatic semicircular arch with simply supported boundary conditions is assumed. The accuracy of the obtained results is corroborated by employing the Galerkin and finite element methods. Finally, the convergence rate of the DQM and Finite Element Method (FEM) in the associated problem is explored. In the structural problems with specific geometry, use of DQM which is independent of domain discretization, is proved to be efficient.

. Fenitization in granodioritic rocks has been investigated taking the Iivaara alkaline complex Finland as a case study. Five main fenitization reactions responsible for the transition from a granodioritic precursor mineral assemblage to a syenitic or even cancrinite-syenitic mineral assemblage of the fenites are set up. An assessment of element transfer and volume change associated with each of these reactions indicates a general volume loss of about 20% due to fenitization. High activities of Na, Ca, Mg and Fe as well as a low H OrCO ratio in the fenitizing fluid phase are indicated. Si, which is the 2 2 main component released from the precursor rock, was redistributed within the aureole and formed pyroxene dominated mineral assemblages in a reaction with the fenitizing fluid. These vein-type pyroxenites can be found cross-cutting all fenite types. Compositional data of aegirine augite in the fenites reveal disequilibria and feldspar compositions point to minimum temperatures for the production of fenites with syenitic compositions of 6608C and also indicate fast cooling. A Sr isotope characterization of the fenites allows assessment of minimum fluid-rock weight-ratios in the fenite aureole of 0.023-2.3. The element transfer scheme developed in this study is applicable to other localities since many aureoles formed in granitic to granodioritic host rocks have petrographic characteristics similar to the Iivaara fenites. q

A common challenge faced by engineers in the hydraulic industry is the formation of free surface vortices at pump and power intakes. This undesirable phenomenon which sometimes entrains air could result in several operational problems: noise, vibration, cavitation, surging, structural damage to turbines and pumps, energy losses, efficiency losses, etc. This paper investigates the numerical simulation of an experimentally observed air-core vortex at an intake using the LTSInterFoam solver in OpenFOAM. The solver uses local time-stepping integration. In simulating the air-core vortex, the standard k − ε, realizable k − ε, renormalization group (RNG) k − ε and the shear stress transport (SST) k − ω models were used. The free surface was modelled using the volume of fluid (VOF) model. The simulation was validated using a set of analytical models and experimental data. The SST k − ω model provided the best results compared to the other turbulence models. The study was extended to simulat...

The mass and momentum transfer phenomena in a compressible fluid represented by the Navier-Stokes equations are shown to convert into the Schrödinger equation for quantum mechanics. The complete Navier-Stokes equations render into an extended generalized version of Schrödinger equation. These results complement the Madelung's (Zeitschrift für Physik 40 (3-4), pp. 322-326, 1926-1927) derivations that show how Schrödinger's equation in quantum mechanics can be converted into the Euler equations for irrotational compressible flow. The theoretical results presented here join the classical Madelung paper to suggest the possibility that quantum effects at sub-atomic levels deal with a compressible fluid susceptible to wave propagation, rather than a particle. The link between such a fluid and the "quantum particle" is under current investigation.

A multi-phase CFD method is used to analyze centrifugal pump performance under developed cavitating conditions. The differential model employed is the homogeneous two-phase Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes equations, wherein mixture momentum and volume continuity equations are solved along with vapor volume fraction continuity. Mass transfer modeling is provided for the phase change associated with sheet cavitation. Quasi-three-dimensional (Q3D) and fully-three-dimensional analyses are performed for two impeller configurations. Using Q3D analysis, steady and time-dependent analyses were performed across a wide range of flow coefficients and cavitation numbers. Characteristic performance trends associated with offdesign flow and blade cavitation are observed. The rapid drop in head coefficient at low cavitation numbers (breakdown) is captured for all flow coefficients. Local flow field solution plots elucidate the principal physical mechanisms associated with the onset of breakdown. Results are also presented which illustrate the full three dimensional capability of the method.

Healthy humans regulate daily water balance remarkably well across their lifespan despite changes in biological development and exposure to stressors on hydration status. Acute or chronic body water deficits result when intakes are reduced or losses increase, but day-to-day hydration is generally well maintained so long as food and fluid are readily available. Total water intake includes drinking water, water in beverages, and water in food. Daily water needs determined from fluid balance, water turnover, or consumption studies provide similar values for a given set of conditions. A daily water intake of 3.7 L for adult men and 2.7 L for adult women meets the needs of the vast majority of persons. However, strenuous physical exercise and heat stress can greatly increase daily water needs, and the individual variability between athletes can be substantial.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) represents an efficient and environmentally friendly technique for isolation of phytoconstituents from different plant sources. The present study is focused on extraction of flavonoids from Solanum melongena Linn fruit using Supercritical fluid (SCF-CO 2 ) technology. The fruit extract containing flavonoids has been reported to have hypolipidemic activity. The objective of this work is to evaluate the SCF extraction of flavonoid from S. melongena L. fruit at different operational conditions and discuss the temperature, pressure and flow rate of CO 2 dependence in the extract composition profile. Since Carbon dioxide is a non-polar solvent, ethanol is used as co-solvent to increase the polarity of the fluid. HPLC-PDA determination of flavonoids is done for each condition and the extraction conditions are optimized. Chromatographic conditions employed for determination of flavonoids component in fruit extract for PDA analysis are mobile phase (Methanol: Acetonitrile: Orthophosphoric acid: Acetic acid: Water, 200:100:10:10:200 v/v), at a flow rate of 1mL/min. The optimized SC-CO 2 extraction conditions under which maximum yields of flavonoids are obtained are temperature 45 0 C, Pressure 19.61MPa, co-solvent at 11.5% with a CO 2 flow rate 3.0mL/min. Further, in vitro free radical scavenging activity of SFE extract was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Ascorbic acid was used as the reference. SFE extract exhibited promising antiradical effects in a concentration dependent manner. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate IC 50 value. Results showed that, the extract exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC 50 value of 66.063±0.15 µg/mL.

In this paper, a coupling simulation methodology is applied to investigate the fluid flow around a light and flexible airfoil based on a handfoil of a seagull. A finite element model of the flexible airfoil is fully coupled to the flow solver by using a load and displacement transfer as well as a fluid grid deformation algorithm. The flow field is characterized by a laminar-turbulent transition at a Reynolds number of Re ¼100 000, which takes place along a laminar separation bubble. An unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solver is used to take this transition process into account by comparison of a critical N-factor with the N-factor computed by the e N-method. Results of computations have shown that the flexibility of the airfoil has a major influence on the thrust efficiency, the mean drag and lift, and the location of laminar-turbulent transition. The thrust efficiency can be considerably improved by increasing the plunging amplitude and by using a time dependent airfoil stiffness, inspired by the muscle contraction of birds.

diones further supports this mechanistic hypothesis. Listed in are the ketones and diones for which we have recently determined the temperature dependence of OH reactivity along with an indication of the type of CH3 and/or CH2 groups responsible for reactivity. Clearly, for both acetone and 2,3-butanedione, where only LY components react, a positive activation energy of approximately 1 kcal/mol is observed. For 2-butanone and 3-pentanone, where reactivity (proceeding through formation of an adduct intermediate) accounts for almost 30% of the reaction rate (at room temperature), the activation energies drop to values much closer to zero. Finally, for 2,5-hexanedione, where the majority of the molecule's reactivity involves the @CHZ groups, a strong "negative activation energy" is calculated.

One of the most advantages of hybrid vehicles is that the wasted braking energy can be captured and reused during driving cycle. In this paper, a regenerative braking system for hydraulic hybrid vehicles is investigated. Based on Matlab/Simulink, the model ...

This paper considers the effect of heat transfer between fluid streams on the work output of a turbine. To correctly characterize the effect of heat transfer requires a new property, ‘mechanical work potential’, which is a measure of the maximum useful work that can be extracted from a fluid by an isentropic turbine exhausting to a fixed exit static pressure. A balance equation for the property, over a control volume, is developed. The equation shows that entropy creation through thermal mixing has no effect on turbine work. It does, however, show that a second heat transfer term, ‘thermal creation’, does alter turbine work. Thermal creation occurs in regions of the turbine where heat transfer occurs across a finite pressure difference. The term is the non-linear version of the acoustic energy creation term proposed by Lord Rayleigh in his thermo-acoustic criterion. The balance equation is then used to link local regions of thermal creation to changes in stage efficiency. The method is used to show that, in a modern high pressure turbine stage, heat transfer due to thermal mixing in the freestream causes a negligible change in efficiency and therefore can be ignored in the design process. The method is also used to show that heat transfer due to convective cooling results in ∼0.5% rise in stage efficiency. This is a significant and should be accounted for in the design process.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

During the fifteenth century the organic body politic metaphor was gradually associated or superseded by a physiological paradigm built on the ancient humoral theory. The new body politic, based on humours rather than on organs, eventually became a dynamic and fluid entity. Authors such as Nicole Oresme or Jean Gerson alleged that the etiology of humoral imbalance had its origins in growing social inequalities; Claude de Seyssel subsequently urged that the cure to restore the humoral balance should focus on creating new hope and bridges for the gifted. Seyssel was able to draw up his pioneering manifesto for social mobility thanks to the new physiological image of the civic body. The present study argues that such a physiological conception transformed anxiety about motion and disarray into a belief that social fluidity was indispensable to the well-being and health of the whole body, but the idea that (social) order and movements are not conflicting, was soon eradicated by new perspectives on nobility constructed on race and blood.

Azul Datos que debe introducir el usuario necesariamente Negro Negro Negro Cálculos y datos que no se pueden cambiar Negro Sugerencia de la hoja de cálculo Rojo Rojo Datos para los que hay tablas y que el usuario puede cambiar si lo desea Valores fuera del rango recomendado o permitido Hoja de cálculo y diseño de instalaciones de producción de agua caliente sanitaria en edificios de viviendas mediante energía solar y apoyo individual a gas natural

The Navier-Stokes differential equations describe the motion of fluids which are incompressible. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations misbehave very badly although they are relatively simple-looking. The solutions could wind up being extremely unstable even with nice, smooth, reasonably harmless initial conditions. A mathematical understanding of the outrageous behaviour of these equations would dramatically alter the
field of fluid mechanics. This paper describes why the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are not solvable, i.e., the equations cannot be used to model turbulence, which is
a three-dimensional phenomenon.

Grouted Macadam composite pavement (GMCP) is generally a composite pavement which is manufactured by preparing a highly workable fluid mortar which is specially designed with a very high early and 28 day strength (1 day-45 MPa, 28 day-105 MPa) by filling the flowing fluid mortar into a very open porous asphalt skeleton (25-32% Voids in Mix-VIM). The combination of both components will produce a semi-rigid pavement or GMCP which has the best features of both rigid concrete and flexible bituminous pavement where it will replace the conventional wearing course. This paper will investigate the significance difference of GMCP produced by the 3 different aggregate gradations by Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM) in volumetric properties, durability and strength. The best quality fluid grout was chosen to fill the porous asphalt skeleton and GMCP was subjected for compression test, VIM and indirect tensile test (IDT) to check on its performance. The results show that the 3 different aggregate gradations significantly affect the volumetric properties, durability and strength. Furthermore it will also help in reducing pollution and helps with the current environmental problems.

The ongoing and primary goal of the research is the pursuit of understanding of nonlinear processes in natural phenomena arising in optics and fluids. A considerable share of our attention is devoted to nonlinear optics, a relatively young subject, extremely rich in scientific and technological potential. While the studies focus on scientific questions connected with laser diode arrays, beam instabilities and the behavior of light beams at interfaces between nonlinear dielectrics, the technological ramifications and future opportunities are in many cases obvious. Optics also serves as a useful paradigm for gaining an increased understanding in other fields. For example, turbulence in optics, the study of the complex space-time filaments, patterns and defects which appear in feedback cavities and counterpropagating beams may be more analytically tractable than in other branches of continuous mechanics. There is little doubt that nonlinear optics is a subject in which interest is increasing.

En este libro de cálculo, hay dos opciones, la hoja 1 en la que introduce manualmente sus datos del sistema, fluido y tubería. No hay restricción y puede añadirle celdas de accesorios. Las gráficas la usa manualmente, por medio de flechas y puntos, para ubicar los tipos de bombas, o el tipo de flujo. En la hoja 2, ya es solo para acero cédula 40, pero le da inmediatamente los datos de ft, diámetro interior y rugosidad.

Fluidity is about materials in motion – materials active and activated, mobile and mobilised. It addresses processes of change, movement, and agency in a wide range of contexts and on diverse spatial-temporal scales: from local to global, molecular to infrastructural, natural to industrial, instantaneous and short-lived to creeping and geo-historical, from inorganic substances to living organisms.

Fluidity relates to intricate entanglements and far-reaching mixtures of actual materials rather than to a general flux of matter. Moreover, it involves rhetorical tropes, material imaginations, and theoretical challenges. Flows and circulations of materials are rarely smooth, uniform, frictionless, and free; instead, they are often messy, unsteady, viscous, turbulent or erosive, and sometimes disastrous.

This volume contributes to a critical cultural rheology examining the material complexities, epistemic functions, political ramifications, and ecological dimensions of fluidity

The incompressible couette flow problem given in the book " CFD basics and applications " by J.D.Anderson Jr. was taken up and Matlab code to solve the same was developed. The flow was resolved into a staggered grid and the momentum equations were used to generate the velocity fields and then the Poisson equation was solved to generate the pressure field. This was done iteratively till the solution converged.

En este tema, el más extenso del bloque, se analiza el flujo de un fluido por un conducto, por lo que se estudian las pérdidas de carga continuas y accidentales, aprendiendo a utilizar el ábaco de Moody. Se explica en este tema la forma de resolver los problemas derivados del cálculo de sistemas de tuberías El aprendizaje se completa con una práctica de laboratorio en la que se determinará la pérdida de carga en tuberías y accesorios

Prinsloo, G.J. 2011. Inlet Air Flow Meter for an Internal Combustion Engine. Bachelor Engineering Thesis, Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. doi 10.13140/2.1.3010.4649.
This project focus on the design an Inlet Air Flow Meter for accurate measurement of mass flow rate of atmospheric air into an engine during engine dynamometer tests. The meter will be used to determine the air-fuel ratio and volumetric efficiency of the engine. To determine if an Inlet Air Flow Meter can be designed and constructed to be sufficiently accurate for dynamometer applications, while evaluating the potential for commercial use in high performance engine management systems. The Inlet Air Flow Meter will be used to evaluate new Biofuel formulations and their performance in internal combustion engines, for example non-edible vegetable oils extracted for fatty acid compositions and biodiesel production, and to evaluate the air flow characteristics, engine performance and emissions production of non-edible oils.