Ammonium Nitrate

Ubiquinone-10 (CoQ10), a vitamin-like lipophilic component of the membrane-bound electron transport system, has a wide range of therapeutic, neutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. The objective of this study was to optimize nutritional requirements for production of CoQ10 by Paracoccus dinitrificans NRRL B-3785 fermentation. Effect of type and concentration of carbon and nitrogen source on fermentation kinetic parameters were analyzed using logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations. In submerged batch fermentation, yield of CoQ10 was 12.22 mg/L when 40 g/L glycerol was used and specific growth rate (0.056/h) as well as growth associated constant (α=0.680 mg/g) were higher as compared to other concentrations. Ammonium nitrate and proteose peptone at 5 (α=0.677 mg/g; β= 0.0072 mg/g·h) and 20 g/L (α=0.806 mg/g; β=0.0074 mg/g·h), respectively, were optimal for CoQ10 production. CoQ10 formation observed to be both growth and nongrowth associated. In optimized medium CoQ10 formation increased considerably from 1.91 to 14.12 mg/L.

Spirulina platensis was cultivated, in comparative studies, using several sources of nitrogen. The standard source used (sodium nitrate) was the same as that used in the synthetic medium Zarrouk, whereas the alternative nitrogen sources consisted of ammonium nitrate, urea, ...

Lowland heath is an internationally important habitat type that has greatly declined in abundance throughout Western Europe. In recent years this has led to a growing interest in the restoration of heathland on agricultural land. This generally requires the use of chemical treatments to return soil chemical conditions to those appropriate for the support of heathland ecosystems. However, the potential

We investigated whether Acetobacter diazotrophicus (syn.Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus) could be recovered only from sugarcane plants either with low or no application of fertiliser N. We report here the enrichment and enumeration of A. diazotrophicus from high N-fertilised samples where high heterotrophic populations reduce the numbers of A. diazotrophicus ultimately diminshing its isolation frequency as reported earlier. The growth medium of micropropagated sugarcane seedlings of the varieties Co 8021, Co 86249, Co 86010, Co 86032, and Co 87025 was amended with potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and urea. The colonisation and AR activity of A. diazotrophicus were affected in the presence of high levels (25 mM) of ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate but remained unaffected in low levels of N (i.e 1/10th of MS liquid medium) and with high levels of potassium nitrate (25 mM) and urea (500 ppm). A. diazotrophicus was detected in the inoculated plants both at low and high levels of N based on the amplification of a specific 16S rRNA gene fragment using PCR based method targeting a stretch of 445 bp with primers AC and DI. High levels of N in the growth medium induced morphological changes on A. diazotrophicus cells resulting in long pleomorphic cells. The percentage of pleomorphic cells was in the decending order from NH4NO3, NH4Cl, KNO3, and urea. These changes were more prominent in ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate than potassium nitrate, urea and N free medium. The morphological changes and the increased heterotrophic populations may play a role on the survival ofA. diazotrophicus in high N-fertilised samples/environments.

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in north-central Alberta to determine the effect of N rate and source on dry matter and protein yield, concentration of protein and NO3—N, recovery of applied N and N use efficiency of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) grown as hay. Ammonium nitrate was applied annually for 3 years at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, and once initially in the first year only at 150 and 300 kg N ha-1. Urea was applied annually at 50 and 100 kg N ha-1. The N fertilizers were broadcast in early spring. At both locations, total dry matter yield (TDY = cut 1 + cut 2) increased with increasing N rate up to the highest rate (300 kg N ha-1) applied. Maximum yield of the first cut was achieved with 150 kg N ha-1 in four of the six site years. The effect of initial single applications of N lasted for only 2 years and was greatest in the first year. Over the 3-year period, annual applications of N generally produced higher forage yields than the equi...

Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
Engineering Design Guide: GBHE-EDG-MAC-1503
CONTENTS
1  SCOPE
SECTION ONE: INTEGRATION OF PUMPS INTO THE PROCESS
2  PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 Decomposition
2.2 Combustion
2.3 Detonation
2.4 Deliquescence
2.5 Density
2.6 Viscosity
2.7 Vapor Pressure
2.8  Freezing Point
2.9  Specific Heat
2.10 Surface Tension
2.11 Thermal Conductivity
3 CALCULATION OF DUTY
3.1 Centrifugal Pumps
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
4.1 Centrifugal Pumps
4.2 Rotary Pumps
4.3 Reciprocating Pumps
5  LINE DIAGRAMS
5.1 Centrifugal Pumps with Mechanical Seals
5.2 Vertical Suspended Cantilever Shaft Pumps for
Melt Service
5.3 Horizontal Self-Priming Pumps
5.4 Reciprocating Pumps
5.5 Seal Water Supply System
6  LAYOUT
6.1 Vertical Cantilever Shaft Pumps - Tank Proportions
SECTION TWO: CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF PUMPS
7  SEALS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
7.1 Below 30% AN
7.2 30-45% AN
7.3 45-90% AN
7.4 Above 90% AN
8 PACKED GLANDS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS
8.1 Below 90% AN
9 SEAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
10 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
10.1 Casing
10.2 Rotor
10.3 Bearing Lubrication
10.4 Coupling
10.5 Baseplate
11 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF VERTICAL CANTILEVER SHAFT IMMERSED PUMPS
11.1 Motor
11.2 Insulation and Jacketing
11.3 Rotor
11.4 Bearing Lubrication
11.5 Preservation
12 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS
12.1 Speed Limits
12.2 Casing and Gearbox
12.3 Couplings
13 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
13.1 Recommended Materials
13.2 Forbidden Materials
APPENDIX A: BEARING LUBRICANTS
FIGURES
2.5.1 DENSITY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS
2.5.2 DENSITY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS
2.6 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS
2.7.1 WATER VAPOR PRESSURE ABOVE AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS
2.7.2 AMMONIA VAPOR PRESSURE FOR AM!AMMONIUM NITRATE MELT
2.8  FREEZING POINT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS
2.9 SPECIFIC HEAT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS
4 SELECTION OF PUMP TYPE
5. 1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS WITH MECHANICAL SEALS
5.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM: VERTICAL SUSPENDED CANTILEVER PUMPS
5.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM: HORIZONTAL SELF
PRIMING PUMPS
5.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM:  RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS
5.5 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM SEAL:  WATER PUMPS AND INJECTION PUMP SYSTEMS
7.2 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SEAL WITH NO INJECTION FLUSH
7.3 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF CRANE TYPE 52B WITH 'J' SEAT INCORPORATING TETRALIPS INBOARD AND OUTBOARD
7.4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF LABYRINTH SEAL FOR VERTICAL SUSPENDED CANTILEVER SHAFT PUMPS
8.1 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SOFT PACKED GLAND FOR RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS FOR DELIVERY PRESSURES UP TO 10 BAR G.
12 TEMPERATURES ATTAINED ON DISSOLUTION OF ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
TABLES
13.1 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
13.2 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION VERTICAL CANTILEVER
SHAFT IMMERSED PUMPS
13.3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS

With increasing world population and demand for food, there is an urgent need to ensure adequate supply of nitrogen and phosphorus for agriculture and other purposes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of removing and recovering nutrients from urine using microalgae immobilized on twin layers. Twenty two algal strains isolated from urine traps placed in the garden of the University of Cologne were tested for their capability to grow on fresh human urine (diluted 1:1).Based on OD measurements, the five algal strains that showed the highest growth rate were selected (U2.1, U2.4, U5.5, U10.10 and CCAC 0216). These algal strains were then set up in Erlenmeyer flasks, immobilised on filter papers, dried and weighed. Overall, the algal strain with the highest growth in urine was U5.5, morphologically identified as Chlamydomonas sp.

Using Chlamydomonas sp. grown on twin-layers with human urine as growth medium, close to 100% removal of Total P was achieved. The measurement of Total N removed was not achieved in this study. The removal of ammonium however was ineffective.

KEYWORDS: ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, nutrient recovery, nutrient removal, twin-layer, Chlamydomonas sp., human urine

Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates that possess well-defined pore structures and inner cavities. The framework consists of numerous aluminum and silicon atoms positioned within oxygen tetrahedral sites. Zeolites have been found to possess both Lewis and Brönsted acidity. Solid acid-base catalysts play an extremely important economical and ecological role in chemical and petrochemical industry as well as refinery technology. The range of catalytic transformation has grown steadily in the past two decades as experimental modifications of zeolites were explored. In this work, the various zeolites have been prepared by hydrothermal methods, calcined and ion-exchanged with ammonium nitrate to yield H-zeolites. The catalysts investigated are both medium (H-ZSM-5) and large pore (H-Y) zeolites. These zeolites are modified with zinc by wet impregnation method. FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analysis have been applied to characterize zeolite structures. The results obtained indicate that t...

A terrible explosion of ammonium nitrate, killing 30 people, occurred on 21st September 2001, in Toulouse, in AZF plant belonging to Grande Paroisse Company, TotalFinaElf Group. The manufactured chemicals in the plant were mainly ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers and other chemicals including chlorinated compounds. The origins of the accident haven't found yet an agreement among investigators (company, justice). The aim of this paper is to provide abroad an overview of some lessons learnt on that accident, from many perspectives, following the national debates and parliamentary enquiry as well as the various technical accident investigations.