Ancient Warfare Achaemenid Persia

Chapter 2 of my 1980 thesis was a study of Alexander's tactics in the first of his three major battles against the Persians, at the Granicus River.
When I originally wrote this, as noted in this new draft, the prevailing academic opinion was that the battle was fought across the modern river course.  While I had reservations about that, I generally had to follow that line.  As you will see, modern studies now confirm that the river has changed course since the time of Alexander.  I have acknowledged that in this revision, but not made many changes, as it does not really affect the core of my arguments.
I have also added an extended conclusion to reinforce my key points.  All additions are in italics.

Two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient times, Greek and Persian societies were the superpowers of their periods. They gained this title thanks to their warrior features. Both tribes generated a warrior culture by integrating the Notion of fight into every section of their lives. This feature of them included them among the civilizations that are most frequently mentioned and discussed both in the past and at present. The fact that the places where they set up their civilizations had distinct physical features caused these people to have different features in terms of their being warriors, as well as political and
cultural areas. While the Greeks concentrated their profession on the heavy but strong phalanx system, Persians concentrated on swift cavalry and light infantry troops. The fast
changing conditions of the ancient World put these two warrior civilization face to face. The wars that took place between them portrayed their strengths and weaknesses against one another. As a result, both civilizations were affected from each other in terms of military issues. Greeks realized the superiorty of light cavalry and contributions that infantry troops provided in the battle field and started forming similar troops in their armies. Persians, on the other hand, started recruiting Greek hoplites and forming mercenary troops in theirs.

Ohanyan M.S. “About the structures and order of administration of the Achaemenid Empire”; In: "HISTORY AND CULTURE" (Journal of Armenian studies, Yerevan State University), 2019, №1, p. 11-27; http://publications.ysu.am/patm_msh_2019-1

ABSTRACT.
An examination of Darius I's country lists led us to such an assumption that the Achaemenid Empire consisted of five main administrative-territorial units. The main one included the central regions of the empire, and four others were located around the main unit (see diagram and map). Based mainly on ancient Greek sources, we can also assume that the main unit was under the direct control of the king of the kings of the Achaemenid Еmpire. And Achaemenid king ruled four other units with the mediation of four governors subordinate to him.
 
Key words::Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid administrative system, Achaemenid army, King of kings, Satrap, Cyrus the Great, Darius, Xerxes, Parsa, Old Persian, Media, Armenia, Behistun inscription, list of countries, DB, DSaa, DPe, DSe, DNa, XPh, Aeschylus, Herodotus, Xenophon.

This paper summerizes the hellenistic coin finds on sites BEY 002, BEY 006, BEY 004, BEY 026, BEY 145, BEY 125, BEY 133, BEY 142 and BEY 144 from Beirut. The full data presented the VXth INC Glasgow, 2009,  are consultable in the "Talks" section of the current page of Academia.