Biometric Authentication

Internet of Things (IoT) is a buzzword, where all digital devices are connecting with each other to exchange some information. These devices are encroaching on our daily life including home appliances, offices, health etc. Security is the major concern for the Internet of Things (IoT). Whenever devices are connected then authentication is required for secure communication. So, authentication forms the gateway for a secure communication system. Authentication with text passwords still widely used but have become insecure. Therefore, it is an important concern to address by using biometric authentication. This paper presents the conceptual idea of securing internet of Things network using biometric authentication with iris recognition.

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Abstract: Palm vein authentication is one of the most reliable authentication. Which contain physiological body characteristics that can be used to distinguish between users. In this paper we represent in new approach for the personal identification in the palm vein image.This paper represent the contactless palm vein authentication device that takes blood vessel pattern as a personal identification. It is one of the most critical and challenging task to meet upcoming demand for stringent security. Vein are internal in the body and have wealth of differentiating feature assuming false identity through forgery is externally difficult, thereby enabling and externally high level of security. The palm secure works by capturing a person’s vein pattern image while radiating it with near infrared rays. The palm secure detects the structure of the pattern of veins on palm of the human hand with the at most precision .The sensor emits a near infrared beam towards the palm of the hand and the blood flowing through these back to the heart with reduced oxygen absorb as black pattern. This pattern is a recorded by the sensor and is stored in encrypted from in a database, on a token or an a smart card. It is consist of small palm vein scanner. That is easy and nature to use, fast and highly accurate.
Keywords: Biometric authentication, Palm-Vein Recognition, Vascular Patterns, ROI extraction, feature extraction, Pattern matching.
Title: Palm Vein Authentication
Author:  Ukirde Archana , Momale Shraddha, Waghmare Shital, Mandlik Swati
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research
ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online)
Research Publish Journals

In this paper a new authentication technique is discussed i-e; facial recognition verification for online voting system. It aims to develop a computerized voting system to make the election process more secure and user friendly. The electorate want to visit distinct locations like polling cubicles and stand in an extended queue to cast their vote, because of such reasons most of the people skip their chance of voting. The voter who isn't eligible also can forged its vote via way of means of faux way which can also additionally cause many problems. That's why in this project we have proposed a system or way for voting which is very effective or useful in voting. This system can also save money of the government which is spent in the election process. Overall this project is being developed to help staff of election commission of India and also reduce the human efforts.

—With the increase in cyber threats and attacks many institutions are exploring how newer technologies may be applied to strengthen the way users are verified when bestowing permissions for carrying out web transactions. In particular, many institutions are under increasing pressure to improve the security instruments used to authenticate users, while permitting access to their personal records to approve transactions. Whilst multifactor authentication protocols have been adopted to validate more sensitive transactions, this has added an additional physical interaction during the verification process. More recently, the industry has turned its attention to the use of biometric authentication as a way to securely verify user identities. This has reduced the complexity associated with existing authentication processes that require passwords, tokens, and challenge-response keywords. This paper explores these new authentication techniques, discussing the benefits while highlighting the challenges in practice to using biometrics. In particular, identity theft of biometric markers and its potential impact to customers and liability challenges for institutions are presented.

The past few decades have witnessed the rapid progress of technology, engulfing all the aspects of human existence. The assistance of technology in man’s mundane as well as specialized activities has rendered it a part & parcel of his life. With the advancement of technology the professional and personal information is now stored digitally in the memory of IC chips. Such vital information cannot be guarded against frauds through lock & key. In order to ensure denial of access to classified data by unauthorized persons, passwords & secret codes were implemented. But the security tools like smart cards, magnetic stripe cards & physical keys can be lost, stolen or duplicated. Passwords can be forgotten, shared or unintentionally observed by a third party. Instead of guaranteeing a foolproof security system these tools become a nuisance for the users. The most rapidly emerging technology for security system is the BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY. Biometric user authentication techniques can be used to protect PCs & Networks from unauthorized access by authenticating users based on a physical feature such as fingerprints, retina, iris, hand or face. Biometrics is a means of using parts of human body as a kind of permanent password. Biometrics turns your face, hand or eye into your badge of identity. We attempt to find the best solution in different situations & compare the pros & cons.

The increasing demand for pervasive security poses a challenge in achieving robust authentication at very low cost. Identification using human biometrics is considered the most robust solution, but requires powerful computers to be performed in acceptable time. In this work a FPGA implementation of a biometric authentication system based on hand geometry is presented. The system covers all necessary steps

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) has been convenient approach than ever before for accessing bank’s account from anywhere anytime. Being an electronic telecommunication device, it helps customer to perform transactions/withdraw cash, make deposits & transfer funds by simply touching few buttons on screen without need for a cashier or bank teller. A survey showed that there is no proper security in withdrawing cash from ATM’s. There are no proper authentication methods applied for security during ATM transactions. In this paper, security approaches of ATM have been focused on, and has been improved using biometric based authentication technique i.e. , face recognition from 3 angles. One of the main motive is to diminish and tranquillize the effects of attacks to ATM by use of biometrics. The end result is strengthened biometric ATM system that will be a defending approach in coming year and will escalate the confidence of customer’s in banking sector.

This posting is an annotated bibliography focused broadly on touchscreen and gesture user interfaces, on-line character recognition (a.k.a. dynamic character recognition, a.k.a. pen and touch computing), both hardware and software. It has been a continuing work-in-progress since the 1980s. It includes references on related technical topics I have encountered in my career: for example PDAs/highly-portable computing, cryptographic communications, signature verification, biometric authentication, and digital rights management (DRM). I am posting it as a service to those with interest in the field. It may also be of special interest to anyone investigating any of the areas of digitizer tablets, touchscreens, character recognition, touch/gesture user interfaces, multi-touch computing, passive and active tactile feedback, touch and proximity sensors, augmented reality, haptics, contextdependent intrepretation of user input, and applications including the same. It covers the time period from approximately 1887 / 1891 (first electronic tablets with "touch" input and a display), through 1914 (first electronic gesture/handwriting-recognition input and user-interface system), to the first handwriting-recognition tablet device connected to a modern electronic computer in 1957 (the "Stylator") and the more famous Rand Tablet (1961), to the present day. As with any subject, the focus has modulated over the decades, and this bibliography follows these topics both forward in time, and historically back in time. Tablets and touchscreens have evolved into a variety of pointing devices, into PDAs and smart-phones, locating and gesturing sensors with three-dimensional input with six degrees of freedom, and more. For example, there are no real lines between touch sensing for robotics, touch and contact sensing for user human input, fingerprint sensors, and touch and proximity sensing in general. Likewise, there are no real lines between haptics for touchscreens, haptics for instrumentation, and biometric feedback. Earlier work on handwriting recognition, with handwritten symbols sometimes used for command input as "gestures", has evolved to be part of a much broader range of gestures, including in-air and 3D gestures. Command user interfaces have merged with direct manipulation, and then with graphical user interfaces and virtual reality. Authenticating handwritten signatures has evolved to additional forms of dynamic biometrics. Haptic feedback has evolved from "simple" force-feedback to encompass audio, tactile, and visual signaling. Virtual reality systems seem to have waxed and waned, and waxed again. It is, indeed, a rich and complicated field, in all its aspects.

Biometrics is the utilization of biological characteristics (face, iris, and fingerprint) or behavioral traits (signature, voice) for identity verification of an individual. Biometric authentication is gaining popularity as more trustable alternative to password based security systems as it is comparatively hard to be forgotten, stolen, or guessed. On the other hand, biometric data which can uniquely identify a person (e.g. fingerprints, iris patterns) can be used to track individuals, linking many separate databases (where the person has been, what he has purchased etc.), which raises privacy concerns. This paper discusses about Biometric System and its working. Various biometric technologies are also discussed and compared.

Pur nella varietà delle singole architetture, tutti i sistemi di firma grafometrica consentono la digitalizzazione sia del tratto chirografo sia di altri valori biometrici comportamentali legati alla dinamica di apposizione della firma manoscritta (l’indice pressorio, il ritmo, la velocità e l’accelerazione impressa al gesto dello scrivere). Tutte caratteristiche, cioè, che valgono a contraddistinguere la “personalità grafica” di ogni singolo sottoscrittore. Sulla firma grafometrica fanno oggi grande assegnamento le banche e gli altri intermediari finanziari che l’adoperano, sempre più diffusamente, per concludere contratti. Ciò posto, lo scritto esamina le diverse modalità d’impiego della firma grafometrica come mezzo d’autenticazione (entity authentication e data origin authentication) e sottopone a rigoroso vaglio critico il postulato secondo cui la firma grafometrica è – in base al diritto europeo vigente – una “firma elettronica avanzata”.

The legal validity of “graphometric” signature
Despite the variety of approaches, all “graphometic” signature systems operate by the digitization of the mere handwritten signs and other biometric values of the signing gesture (such as pressure, rhythm, speed and acceleration – known as “signature dynamics” – of each pen stroke).
Features (all of the above) that are unique for each different subscriber.
Today banks and other financial intermediaries strongly rely on the “graphometric” signature as they use it – more and more widely – to sign contracts. That being said, the article examines the different methods of using the “graphometric” signature as an authentication system (entity authentication and data origin authentication) and critically questions the assumption that the “graphometric” signature is – according to the current European law – an “advanced electronic signature".

This article provides an overview of the literature surrounding emerging markets and the global paradigm shift taking place towards the development of digital economies. It provides a review of recent practices in the government sector. The article promotes the concept of developing a government based identity management infrastructure to support the progress en route for building the digital economy. In light of increasing informa¬tion security threats in today’s interconnected world, the article emphasizes that only through identification and authentication capabilities, emerging markets can maintain sustainability.

The role of attendance in any organization cannot be over emphasis. Attendance Record System (ARS) is one of the tools used by organizations to track their staff`s daily attendance and performance analysis. ARS helps organizations to determine the number of their active staff, staff punctuality, preparation of monthly payroll and also in making some decisions on staff (such as staff promotion and award presentation at the end of the year). There are many ARSs with different frauds associated with each of them. This paper proposes an implementable biometric based Organization Attendance Record System(OARS) which uses the concept of facial recognition to eliminate frauds against the existing ARSs. We evaluate existing ARSs, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, identifying frauds against them and proposed a technique to eliminate these frauds. Although this study does not cover implementation of the proposed technique, details on how the system can be implemented is discussed. With the simplicity of the algorithm of our proposed system, it is our hope that decision makers in various organizations will be able to develop and implement the system through their information technology department thereby eliminating frauds associated with existing attendance record systems. Keywords— Attendance Record System (ARS), facial recognition, fraud, real time authentication, database. I. INTRODUCTION The role of attendance in any organization cannot be over emphasis. Attendance Record System (ARS) is one of the tools used by organizations to track their staff`s daily attendance and performance analysis. It helps organizations to determine the number of their active staff, staff punctuality and also in preparation of monthly payroll. Attendance also helps organization in making certain decision as well as staff performance analysis especially on the aspect of time schedules [1]. Many organizations rely on attendance register to achieve the benefits of staff attendance while some organizations rely on smart card system. Meanwhile, both methods have their weaknesses and frauds associated with them. If attendance is to be used by any organization for the purposes alighted above, there is a need to marry staff attendance taking with their unique identity. However, unique identity of staff can only be achieved through biometrics technology. Biometric measures both physiological and behavioural characteristics of human being [2]-[3]. Biometrics technology is the technology that measure any of the characteristics of human being for the purpose of authentication. Ref. [4] gives details on biometrics. Facial recognition is physiological biometrics that authenticate individual base on facial pattern. Many researchers have studied facial recognitions system in the recent years. The studies range from method of processing face image, method of feature extraction to the method of classification during verification/recognition process. Meanwhile, the application of researchers studies on face recognition has not been fully exhausted. Facial recognition has received substantial attentions from both the research communities and the market in recent times, but still remained very challenging in real applications [5]. Nevertheless, some organizations use facial recognition for security purpose in term of access control. However, proposition of facial recognition for organization attendance record is not fund in literature. To the best of authors knowledge, apart from traditional attendance register, " what we have " and " what we are " are the mostly used attendance record system by many organizations. Whereas these methods give room for fraud perpetration. This study reviewed some of the existing ARSs, identifies their weaknesses and proposed an easy to implement facial recognition technique. The rest of the paper is organised as follow: Section II gives related work and section III presents methodology adopted for this study. Section IV discusses existing ARS with their weakness and Section V discusses frauds against them. Section VI describes our proposed framework for Facial recognition and section VII presents conclusion of the study.

Human body communication (HBC) is a short-range wireless communication in the vicinity of, or inside a human body by using the human body as a propagation medium. HBC is divided into two solutions: galvanic coupling and capacitive coupling. The former requires one pair of electrodes in both the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX), whereas the latter only requires a single electrode for the TX and the RX. The capacitive coupling makes it possible to miniaturize the size of device, and is more suitable for applications requiring the devices to be miniature enough. Since HBC can transfer in high data rates while maintaining low power consumption, and provide high security and easy integration within body-worn devices, HBC shows great potential for wearable devices. Moreover, as the proportion of biological tissues such as muscle, fat, and skeleton is different between individuals, the overall dielectric constants of human body are diverse, as well as the signal propagated through human body. The diverse HBC propagation signal can be utilized as the biometric trait to authenticate individuals. By means of employing the HBC as both the authentication and the communication approaches, the size of wearable devices will be more miniature. Due to the use of propagation signal between devices, the HBC authentication is suitable for wearable device regardless of the location.

— Human Face Recognition has become a potential method of biometric authentication because of its most non-intrusive and user-friendly nature. Automatic face recognition poses various challenges due to: (a) inherent variability of face due to age, gender and race; (b) different facial expressions and orientations of same person’s face; and (c) images containing faces have high degree of variability in size, texture, background and illumination. The proposed model uses a two pass method in which the input image is first processed using conventional image processing filters to enhance it and then the edges are detected in the image using convolution mask; which is further followed by face recognition using neural network. This helps the model to achieve more accuracy and the whole process to be more efficient than simply applying neural network model for face recognition.