Botanical History

The French “comptoir” in the great Mughal port of Surat (1668-1778) tells the story of the first enterprising steps of the French colonial adventure. Surat, one of the greatest port towns of both Indian Ocean and Indian History, presents a complex and fascinating socio- political picture (...)

الحدائق النباتية ليست مجرد حدائق بالمعنى المتداول لهذا اللفظ بل هي مؤسسات علمية نباتية تمثل فيها الحديقة جزءً يسيراً بجانب الصوب الزجاجية، والمعشبة، والمكتبة، ومعامل الأبحاث. وتعد حديقة النباتات  Botanical Garden  متحفاً حياً يعكس المفاهيم العلمية والثقافية والتربوية والتعليمية لحياة النباتات المختلفة، ولها مكانة بارزة في إجراء البحوث العلمية المرتبطة بعالم النبات على الصعيدين الوطني والعالمي في مجالات حفظ وصيانة الأنواع المهددة بالانقراض.  تعود الحضارة المصرية إلى فجر التاريخ، وتمتد آثارها طوال نهر النيل منذ ما يقارب عشرة الاف سنة، وخلال الستة الاف سنة الماضية ظهرت مصر كمجتمع زراعي فريد ومثمر ساهم في تشكيل أول حكومة على أرض مصر وهي أول حكومة علي مر التاريخ.
وتاريخ الزراعة المصرية القديمة يمكن استخلاصه من السجلات الأثرية والوثائق المصرية المكتوبة المتبقية، ومن نقوش المعابد، وكذلك التعليقات من العصور القديمة بما في ذلك للمؤرخ هيرودوت اليوناني ( 484 – 425 قبل الميلاد )،  والفيلسوف ثيوفراستوس ( 372-287 قبل الميلاد)، فالرسوم والمنحوتات الدالة علي الأنشطة الزراعية والبستانية، رسمت ونحتت في المقابر والمعابد منذ ما يقرب 3000 سنة قبل الميلاد، حيث كانت الأنشطة الزراعية هي الموضوعات المفضلة لدى الفنانين الذين يرسموا أو ينحتوا مشاهد حية من الحياة اليومية التي تزين بها قبور الفراعنة.

This book is not free but you can search through it and read a preview on Google Books or on Amazon.

"There must be a divine kindness directed towards our homeland, because most of our animals have a use for human life. We also lack those wild and savage ones of other regions. Wolves were common once upon a time, and even bears are spoken of among the Scottish: but time extinguished the genera and they are extirpated from the island."

The Wild Plants of Scotland and The Animals of Scotland is a translation of two parts of Robert Sibbald's (1684) Scotia Illustrata. The most ambitious of Britain's early modern regional natural histories, this text drew on data provided by over sixty contributors to describe the state of nature in Scotland in 1684.

This book describes Scotland as a paradise waiting to be harvested. Sibbald and his fellow contributors catalogue almost a thousand species of flora and fauna from the country, most of which were found to be useful to humans in some way. This is a rich source of information for conservationists, environmental and medical historians, conservationists and anyone interested in the natural heritage of Scotland.

Translated and edited by L Raye

In this paper we use an apparently marginal topic—‘native plants’—to address two issues of concern to contemporary politics and political theory: the legacy of settler colonialism, and dilemmas of scholarship and activism in the ‘Anthropocene’. Drawing on the writings of Francis Bacon and based on a case study of California, we argue that planting and displanting humans and plants are elements of the same multispecies colonial endeavor. In contrast to those who equate native plant advocates with antiimmigrant nativism, we see native plant advocacy as part of a broad process of botanical decolonization and a strategic location for ethical action in the Anthropocene.

Established in 1859, Singapore’s Botanic Gardens has served as a park for Singaporeans and visitors, a scientific institution, and a testing ground for tropical plantation crops. Each function has its own story, while the Gardens also fuel an underlying narrative of the juncture of administrative authority and the natural world.

Created to help exploit natural resources for the British Empire, the Gardens became contested ground in conflicts involving administrators and scientists that reveal shifting understandings of power, science and nature in Singapore and in Britain. This continued after independence, when the Gardens featured in the “greening” of the nation-state, and became Singapore’s first World Heritage Site.

Positioning the Singapore Botanic Gardens alongside the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and gardens in India, Ceylon, Mauritius and the West Indies, this book tells the story of nature’s colony—a place where plants were collected, classified and cultivated to change our understanding of the region and world.

This piece is a case study about river-based communities adjacent to the Amazon River, and an account of their claims for Indigenous recognition since the mid-1990s. I focus on the Lower Rio Tapajos and Rio Arapiuns region, in Santarem, Pará State, Brazil, where I conducted ethnographical studies between 2008 and 2015. I trace aspects of the process of Indigenous political mobilization and its connection to Indigenous history and anthropology, focusing on the legendary and historical shaman, Merandolino, whose rediscovered history is now connecting disparate places and times.

"Dr. Dominic Olariu (Kunsthistorisches Institut, Philipps-Universität Marburg)
08.11.2013-09.11.2013, Philipps-Universität Marburg
Deadline: 27.04.2013

„Naturwissenschaft und Illustration im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert“

Abstract Thema

Mit dem Umbruch vom Manuskript zum gedruckten Buch werden nicht nur das Buch und die Schrift, sondern wird auch das Bild großen Veränderungen unterzogen; dies sind bekannte Prämissen. Wenig Aufmerksamkeit ist hingegen den naturwissenschaftlichen Illustrationen dieser Zeit aus kunstwissenschaftlicher Perspektive gewidmet worden. Einer der Gründe dafür ist vielleicht, dass das Konzept der „naturwissenschaftlichen Illustration“ erst im 15. Jahrhundert eine entscheidende Entwicklung erfährt und noch gar nicht als solche rezipiert worden ist. Die einzelnen Disziplinen der Botanik, Zoologie, Medizin, Kartographie usw. haben sich vor allem unter fachspezifischen Gesichtspunkten mit den Traktaten dieser Periode auseinandergesetzt. In einer interdisziplinären Begegnung und Diskussion soll der Fokus in erster Linie auf die Illustrationen dieser wissenschaftlichen Werke gelegt werden.

Die Naturphilosophie nimmt seit dem Spätmittelalter die Naturbeobachtung zusätzlich als eines ihrer Prinzipien auf. Die Beschreibung des physischen Äußeren gesellt sich zur älteren, traditionellen Auflistung anderer Aspekte, wie z.B. in Werken wie De rerum proprietatibus des Bartholomeus Anglicus oder De plantis und De animalibus des Albertus Magnus. Diese textuellen Erweiterungen sind eine mögliche Erklärung für das Einfügen von Visualisierungen in Enzyklopädien und naturwissenschaftliche Schriften des Spätmittelalters. Die Produktion von Illustrationen für naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen steigt jedenfalls seit dem 15. Jahrhundert rasant an, unter anderem gefördert durch das wachsende Buchwesen sowie die Einführung des Buchdrucks und des Drucks von Bildern.

Trotz der angedeuteten Wandlungen, die plausible Erklärungen bieten können, sind für den Bereich der Visualisierung naturwissenschaftlicher Informationen noch viele Themengebiete unerforscht. So sind die Käufer- und Leserkreise insbesondere der frühen Bücher wenig bekannt. Das Einfügen der Illustrationen selbst wirft Fragen auf: zum einen weil sich die Traktattexte vor dem 15. Jahrhundert kaum von den späteren unterschieden, aber ohne Bildmaterial auskamen; zum anderen weil ein und dieselbe Abbildung oft für unterschiedliche Objekte verwendet wurde. Die Illustrationen scheinen daher auch textunabhängig einen eigenen Entstehungsdynamismus gebildet zu haben. Die angewandten Strategien zur optischen Veranschaulichung des Wissens – vor allem im Übergang von der Handschrift zur Druckpublikation – können bezüglich der Entwicklung des Layouts, der Erarbeitung einer spezifisch „wissenschaftlichen“ Formensprache, des Verzichts auf Farbe, der Assimilation der Drucktechniken (besonders des Holzdrucks) vertiefenden Analysen unterzogen werden.

Im Zentrum der Tagung soll die Untersuchung von Prozessen stehen, die sich mit den Illustrationen wissenschaftlicher Werke des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts verbinden lassen. Dabei sollen bewusst Vorgänge unterschiedlicher Wissenschaftszweige thematisiert werden, weil eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung in der anvisierten Periode anzunehmen ist. Über visuelle Disziplinen wie die Kunstwissenschaft hinausgehend richtet sich die Tagung besonders auch an Forscher der Botanik, Zoologie, Naturkunde, Medizin, Kartographie und Astronomie.

Beiträge zu folgenden Untersuchungsfelder sind willkommen:

- Entwicklungsdynamik der Illustrationen

- Verhältnisse Seitengestaltung, Text, Illustrationen

- Naturähnlichkeit bzw. Naturferne der Illustrationen

- Drucktechnische Aspekte der Illustrationen

- Kopieren, Übernehmen, Modifizieren von Illustrationen


Beiträge können auf Deutsch oder Englisch vorgetragen werden

Bitte senden Sie ein Abstract (ca. 300 worte) bis zum 27.04.2013 an die folgende E-Mail-Adresse:
olariu@staff.uni-marburg.de. Jeder Beitrag sollte nicht länger als 30 Min. sein; Diskussionszeit im Anschluss an den Vortrag ist vorgesehen.

Bei weitere Fragen oder Auskünften richten Sie sich bitte an: olariu@staff.uni-marburg.de

Dr. Dominic Olariu
Philipps-Universität Marburg
Kunstgeschichtliches Institut
Biegenstrasse 11
D-35037 Marburg
Germany
"

The biographical and bibliographical dictionary ¨Russian botanists¨ by Sergey Yu. Lipshits was a unique bibliographic project; it remains an essential guidebook for historians of biology in Russia. It contains biographical and full bibliographical entries for all botanists and other scholars engaged in botanical research in Russia in the 18th – mid-20th centuries. What makes the dictionary an invaluable resource for the history of botany (both social history and history of ideas) is the fact that it contains data not only on the leading scientists but on minor figures as well, even if the entries provide only a brief biographical account and a short outline of academic activities. However, only the first four volumes of the dictionary (up to the letter K) came out of print, and a few copies of the proofs for the fifth volume (the letters L-M) have been preserved. In this paper author made an attempt to describe on the basis of archival and published materials the sequence of the work progress, the difficulties that encountered S.Yu. Lipchitz and MOIP in process of publication, and how the publication was stopped by Department for Agitation and Propaganda of TsK VKP(b).

This research is part of the historical ethno-botanical project focusing on the medicinal plants used by the last Medici princess, Anna Maria Luisa de’ Medici (1667-1716).Of particular significance is the identification of Dorstenia contrajerva as a key component in one of Anna Maria's fever water recipes. My investigation delves into the intriguing journey of the plant D. contrajerva from the Americas to the Medici pharmacies in Italy, exploring its historical medicinal applications and unraveling its intricate biochemistry.
The genus Dorstenia, boasting over a hundred species, is native to Peru. Captain Francis Drake, during his voyages to Peru, gathered the plant and shared his observations with the renowned botanist Carolus Clusius. In 1581, Clusius meticulously described the plant in his book, "Liquot Notae in Garciae Aromatum Historiam," initiating an exchange of letters and plant specimens with the esteemed botanist Giuseppe Casabona, who was employed by the Medici family.
Ethno-botanical studies underscore the plant's diverse medicinal properties, ranging from alleviating snakebites and digestive issues to serving as an anti-poison. Although pharmacological knowledge about the Dorstenia genus remains limited, preliminary studies reveal the presence of compounds such as psoralan, squalene, and bergapten, known for their medicinal efficacy, particularly in treating skin conditions like Psoriasis.
In collaboration with Harvard University, Maryville University, and the Missouri Botanical Garden, our research marks a concerted effort to further unravel the quantity and potency of these compounds within D. contrajerva. This collaborative endeavor seeks to deepen our understanding of the historical and biochemical dimensions of this intriguing medicinal plant.

Este artigo apresenta alguns aspectos fundamentais do manejo de recursos ambientais e da territorialidade Guaraní no Brasil meridional e Bacia Platina. A partir de uma vasta base de dados interdisciplinares legada por vários autores desde o século XVI, temos por hipótese que os Guaraní reproduziam em seus assentamentos um sistema de conhecimentos originalmente desenvolvidos na Amazônia, que configurava a forma e a função da sua cultura material e dos seus conhecimentos ecológicos e botânicos. A base da subsistência era a policultura agroflorestal de plantas alimentícias, medicinais e matérias-primas transportadas e manejadas na longa duração, incluindo-se as espécies adotadas nas novas áreas que dominavam. Tais características tornavam os Guaraní aptos a fundar assentamentos, manejar plantas e animais em diversos ecossistemas e a modificar as paisagens vegetais para prover sua segurança alimentar.

Este artigo analisa os debates acerca do colecionismo de orquídeas no Brasil a partir da década de 1930, utilizando para tanto os escritos de amadores e profissionais, publicados no periódico Orquídea. Abordamos as condições que deram maior evidência a essa atividade no cenário nacional, os sentidos atribuídos as orquídeas, bem como as práticas que visavam reconhecer a flora orquidácea como riqueza nacional e patrimônio. 

I botanici della penisola italiana, nella prima parte del XIX secolo, diedero vita a importanti ricerche sul campo, con ricche erborizzazioni per la conoscenza floristica del territorio. Si impegnarono a redigere contributi scientifici sulle flore regionali e/o territoriali, è il caso della «Flora Napolitana» di Michele Tenore, direttore dell'Orto botanico di Napoli, il quale strutturò una vera e propria opera monumentale, enciclopedica, pubblicata tra il 1810 e il 1838 e riguarda buona parte territorio dell'Italia meridionale. Ricordiamo anche la «Florae Siculae Prodromus» pubblicato tra il 1827 e il 1828 (a cui seguirà il primo e unico fascicolo di Florae Siculae) di Giovanni Gussone, allievo del Tenore. Tra gli attivi ricercatori botanici del nord della penisola potremmo ricordare Domenico Viviani il quale si occupò molto di flora degli Appennini, riassumendo le proprie ricerche, già nel 1808, in una «Florae Italiacae fragmenta».
Sulla scorta dell’impegno, frutto di accorate ricerche di tanti scienziati, accadde qualcosa di incredibile: già prima dell’Unità d’Italia i botanici avevano chiari e inequivocabili intenti comuni circa la modalità di raccolta, scambio e analisi dei dati scientifici, e anche rispetto alla modalità di organizzazione delle informazioni che provenivano dalle ricerche sul campo. Potremmo affermare, benché impropriamente, che l’Unità d’Italia fu fatta, prima del 1861, dai botanici dei vari luoghi d’Italia.

Scotia Illustrata was published in 1684 and contains a section (II:1) describing 662 'naturally occurring plants of Scotland'. This paper sets out to identify and discuss the species in the text. It was possible to identify 652 species from the text and 396 could be securely identified. Most of these are species which are widespread today, but there are some important exceptions. Three arable weeds are mentioned which now seem to be extinct in Scotland: Lolium temulentum, Scandix pecten-veneris and Euphorbia exigua. There are also references to one possibly-extinct river species (Sium latifolium), and one coastal species (Centaurea calcitrapa). Two species, now rare in Scotland, are described in the text as species widespread on roads: Cynoglossum officinale and Hyoscyamus niger.

Resumen: La palmera canaria (Phoenix canariensis)  tuvo un desarrollo espacial considerable en el norte de Tenerife (islas Canarias),  pero la acelerada transformación del medio natural por el hombre y la introducción de otra especie de palmera supuso un retroceso considerable de aquella en relación a centurias pasadas. Los municipios de Santa Úrsula y La Victoria de Acentejo fueron durante mucho tiempo referente imprescindible en lo que al crecimiento de estos árboles se refiere, así como del aprovechamiento de su hoja para la elaboración de productos artesanales locales. A través de diversas descripciones dadas por viajeros y viajeras que recorrieron la parte septentrional de la isla de Tenerife, comprobaremos cómo este árbol formaba parte indisoluble de su paisaje.

Abstract: The Canary Islands palm (Phoenix canariensis) had a considerable spatial development in the north of Tenerife (Canary Islands), but the accelerated transformation of the natural environment by man and the introduction of another species of palm meant a considerable setback in relation to centuries. past. The municipalities of Santa Úrsula and La Victoria de Acentejo were for a long time an essential reference in terms of the growth of these trees, as well as the use of their leaves for the production of local artisan products. Through various descriptions given by travelers who traveled the northern part of the island of Tenerife, we will see how this tree was an inseparable part of its landscape.

“Why Look at Plants?”

Monday, January 12, 2015
4:30 pm
Social Sciences Tea Room (SS201)

This workshop will consist of a presentation followed by a discussion. The attached essay, “Of Plants and Other Secrets” by Michael Marder, should be read in advance.

New definitions of plant intelligence and plant agency have over the past thirty years already made a mark on the scientific record but have yet to substantially capture the imagination of scholars in the humanities. How productive would a different consideration of plants turn out to be for Animal Studies? What challenges are involved in further rethinking animal ontologies? What impact would a different consideration of human-plant relationships have on broader environmental/eco-issues/systems?

Called a 'lotus', the depictions of the floral symbol of Upper Egypt is actually known as a Nymphaea caerulea which is actually known today to be a water lily. This flower, along with the papyrus flower, was shown throughout Egypt in tombs and temples to symbolise the union of Upper and Lower Egypt, but the blue water lily had a much deeper significance to the Egyptian people.

Historians of the Eurasian spice trade focus on the fortunes of black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.), largely because the trading companies of the Dutch and English which they study also did. Capsicum peppers are, however, the world׳s most consumed spice, and their story needs to be told in parallel. The five species of capsicum peppers spread across the world in less than two hundred years following their discovery by Europeans in South and Central America and proved both hardier than Piper nigrum and able to reproduce spontaneously. While the taste was similar but more pungent than black pepper, capsicums provided an important vitamin C and bioflavanoid supplement to poorer people in southern and eastern Europe far from the precepts of good taste as dictated from Paris, and rapidly became a mainstay of tropical cuisine across the world. This contribution seeks both to trace and to understand that diffusion and its principal vectors from historical research amongst a plethora of primary ...

Elemento centrale della vita delle società umane nell’età medievale, le “selve oscure” di dantesca memoria potevano essere usate come potenti metafore letterarie, ma rappresentavano anche spazi ecologici, nicchie di biodiversità, risorse economiche e oggetti di tutela giuridica. Per questo si propongono quale luogo per eccellenza di dialogo interdisciplinare.

Le ricerche qui raccolte presentano alcuni dei molteplici approcci possibili allo studio dei boschi nell’Italia dei secoli XIII e XIV, coinvolgendo storici e storiche della letteratura e dell’arte, della cultura e della società, dell’economia e delle istituzioni, nonché studiosi e studiose di botanica, archeologia e paleobotanica.

En la presente exposición se va a realizar una sucinta visión sobre la evolución de los principales taxones arbóreos a lo largo del Cuaternario en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Las características orográficas del marco geográfico escogido confieren a este territorio una ...

If you thought the ‘orgasmatron’ was the utmost
icon of mechanical control of biological processes
in the atomic age, meet the ‘Algatron’.
Dreamt up as a system for producing food for
humans from human waste, it was soon reduced
to a less grandiose but no more prosaic incarnation:
the ‘fecal bag’, now used and loathed in
spaceships by astronauts. There are many other
examples of real and fictional trons. Luckily
for curious minds, David P. Munns has set up
a participative website (www.worldoftrons.com)
in which you can learn more about this era of
technological science or contribute your favorite
example.

A sessão parte do objetivo de compreender as mudanças económicas e sociais sofridas pela agricultura portuguesa com a introdução das novas culturas trazidas no contexto do processo de expansão oceânica iniciado no século XVI, pelos reinos ibéricos, contribuindo para a «descompartimentação do mundo», como afirmou Pierre Chaunu.

A Madeira é o jardim  do Atlântico. Foi pelo menos essa a impressão com que ficaram os seus primeiros visitantes. É também dessa forma que este território insular continua a ser apresentado ao milhão e meio de turistas que vem descobri-lo todos os anos. Para se convencer disso, basta ir ao Mercado dos Lavradores, assinalado por todos os guias de viagem como sendo o ex-libris do Funchal. É legítimo afirmar, sem cair no exagero, que podemos dar a volta ao mundo sem sair deste edifício. Aqui, os figos encontram naturalmente o seu lugar entre cestos cheios de anonas, pimpinelas , inhames, abacates, pitangas e maracujás. Perante uma paleta tão diversa de cores e aromas, é difícil acreditar que todos esses produtos provenham dos poios, os estreitos terraços que caracterizam a paisagem local. Não podemos também esquecer que as espécies de plantas comestíveis ali cultivadas foram, todas sem exceção, aclimatadas após a chegada dos primeiros povoadores, há seiscentos anos atrás. Este artigo dá conta da introdução de cada uma delas de um ponto de vista diacrónico, cruzando vários tipos de fontes históricas, datadas do século XV ao século XVIII, com os resultados de um inquérito etnológico no Funchal . O objetivo é entender melhor a formação deste jardim que se estende ao longo de toda a orla da ilha e que é hoje a sua imagem de marca. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar pretende evidenciar as retroações transversais aos campos do social, económico e cultural que alimentam este processo de construção combinada da paisagem humana e do património culinário madeirense. Será igualmente posta em evidência a contribuição das minorias étnicas, salientando particularmente o papel dos escravos.


Silva, A. J. M. S. (2018), ' O Brotar do Jardim do Atlântico: Considerações de Ordem Económica, Sociológica e Antropológica acerca da Aclimatação das Plantas Frutícolas e Hortícolas na Madeira (Sécs. XV-XVIII)', Islenha, n°63, p. 5-36.

This paper explores the performative development of value and identity through plants, products, and people.  A study of over 420 objects decorated with botanic motifs from the Bronze Age Cycladic Island sites of Phylakopi (Melos), Akrotiri (Thera) and Ayia Irini (Kea) has revealed multi-layered relationships between plants, their representation, objects and the humans interacting with them.  The analysis has revealed the purposeful use of plants and their images as actors on the human body and mind - physically or environmentally - and the performative development of ideal, real and imagined identity and value through representational form, species selection, placement and context.  The study shows there are entangled, multi-layered meanings associated with the plants, their products and representations that do not fit neatly into a simple meta-narrative about human/nature interaction, but provide evidence of a complex relationship between humans and plants at the Bronze Age Cycladic island sites.

Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin özellikle tohumu günlük yaşamda yakın zamana dek kullanılmıştır. Ancak keten tohumuna Hititçe metinlerde rastlanmamıştır. Eski Yakın Doğu çalışmalarında olduğu gibi susam ve keten arasındaki benzerliğin bu duruma neden olduğu söylenebilir. Hititçe metinlerde geçen ve genellikle susam ile ilişkilendirilen Sümerce ve Akadca birtakım kelimelerin keten tohumu olarak okunabileceklerine dikkat edilmelidir.
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One of the most widely used vegetables from Neolithic Age is flax in Anatolia. Especially linseed is used in Daily life until recently. However linseed is not found in Hittite Texts. It is said that the similarities between sesame and flax have caused this situation in analogy to the Ancient Near Eastern studies. It should be noted that some Sumerian and Akkadian words mentioned in Hittite texts associated sesame can be read as linseed. Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde geçen ve bir bitki çeşidi olduğu anlaşılan Sümerce ŠE.GİŠ.Ì ve Akadça ŠAMŠAMMÜ ideogramları üzerinde flora açısından belirsiz-lik vardır. Kelimelerin hangi bitkiyi ifade ettikleri belli olmamakla birlikte genel bir kanaat ile " susam " değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile birlikte her iki kelimeye ilişkin yeni bir değerlendirme yapılacak ve Neolitik dönemden itibaren Anadolu'da günlük yaşamda kullanıldığını bildiğimiz keten bitkisinin/tohumu-nun Hititçe metinlerde bulunamamış olmasına dair bir izahat düşülecektir. Hititçe metinlerde dâhil olmak üzere Eski Yakın Doğu kaynaklarında ke-ten bitkisinin yazılışı hususunda tartışmalar vardır. Taşıdığı ortak özellikleri nedeniyle keteni susamdan ayırt etmek bu kaynaklardaki bilgiler ışığında ol-dukça zordur. Ancak susamın ve ketenin kültür altına alındığı tarih aralıkları kıyaslandığında bu belirsizliklerin bir kısmı ortadan kaldırılabilir.

Among the goals, I can mention: a) synthesis of the characteristics about flora and fauna and b) critical analysis about the sustentability in the FPAM. The method used was sustained in the documentary material checking: archives, books, magazines, Web pages on Internet, printed statistic data consulting, digital data bases, chart interpretation, aerial photography and fieldwork in FPAM mainly 12 states of Mexico, that included the direct observation, exploratory routes, photographic interviews with members of non-governmental organizations. In this sense, the approach is multimodal or mixed since the qualitative and quantitative points of view through and they define the reach of this investigation with explanatory character. The results were: the FPAM locally protect different vegetation and fauna. The pine, holm oak or “oyamel” forest is the best presentation of vegetal association. In the fauna, the vertebrates excel, many of them are endemic and others are endangered. To conclude, we can say that 1) the FPAM keep samples of almost all the range of existing flora and fauna in Mexico and 2) the presence of naturals resources are in problems of hazard.

Özet
Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. Ancak bu bitki ismi tek bir bitkiyi ifade etmiyor olabilir. Sumer ve Akad dillerindeki karşılıkları ve Hititçe metinlerde kelimenin siyah ve beyaz olmak üzere iki farklı sıfat ile birlikte kullanılması dikkate alındığında kelimenin farklı iki bitkiyi ifade ediyor olabileceğine dikkat edilmelidir. kappani-bitkisinin " siyah " olarak nitelendirilen türü kullanım tarzı bakımından " beyaz " olarak nitelendirilen türü ile uyuşmaz. Siyah kappani kelimesi yeniden değerlendirilirse, kelimenin çörek otuna atfen kullanıldığı fark edilebilir. Abstract
kappani-mentioned in Hittite texts are traditionally translated as cumin. However, this plant name may not mean as single plant. It can be seen that the name used for two plants in Hittite texts considering Sumerian and Akkadian equivalent and to use with two different adjectives as white and black. Moreover described as black of kappani-plant is different than described as white in terms of use of style. Therefore, if black kappani- plant name is re-evaluated, it can be noticed that the
name is used for nigella.

El uso de la imagen en las expediciones científicas del siglo XVIII, ha merecido gran interés en la última década. Sin embargo en los debates de Cultura Visual de las ciencias los trabajos realizados en Hispanoamérica son un tema relativamente nuevo. El propósito de la presente charla es aproximarse a tales problemas en la Expedición Mutisiana, para comprender el uso de las imágenes y el problema metodológico relacionado con la ilustración botánica. De la mano del archivo de la Expedición se propone indagar sobre el dibujo como una forma de conocimiento.

This paper is born from the assembly (with synthesis) of the data collected for the reports on the garden in the "domus" and the roman horticulture, presented in September 13, 2001 at the restaurant "Le due rose" (the two roses) in Grado and in September 20, 2002 at the restaurant "Hostaria al Parco" (hostelry at the park) in Aquileia, in two events of the series "At the table with the ancient Romans" organized by the GAA

Contributo nato dall’assemblaggio (e sintesi) dei dati raccolti per le relazioni sul giardino nella "domus" e sull’orticoltura romana presentate il 13 settembre 2001 al ristorante "Alle due rose" di Grado e il 20 settembre 2002 al ristorante "Hostaria al Parco" di Aquileia, in altrettante serate del ciclo "A tavola con gli antichi romani" organizzate dal G.A.A.

This synthetic historical and botanical file (published in the section "Notes on the historical greenery" of the tenth bulletin of the GAA) is dedicated to the "Ligustrum lucidum" and other species of the same genus of the "Oleaceae" family, in memory of the double row of privet bordering the "Piazza Grande" in Palmanova until September 4, 1998, when they were thoughtlessly felled during the works of "makeover" that upset the core of that fortress

Sintetica scheda storico-botanica dedicata al "Ligustrum lucidum" e alle altre specie del medesimo genere della famiglia delle "Oleaceae", a ricordo del doppio filare di ligustri che delimitava la Piazza Grande di Palmanova fino al 4 settembre 1998, allorché furono sconsideratamente abbattuti nel corso dei lavori di "rifacimento" che stravolsero il nucleo della fortezza. La scheda è pubblicata nella sezione "Appunti sul verde storico" del decimo bollettino del G.A.A.

Until recently, the historiography of life sciences in the long 19th century has tended to privilege the history of evolutionary theory, while neglecting other important research agendas. At the same time its narrative framework has been traditionally structured along disciplinary divisions as they emerged within the university system, implicitly privileging fundamental over applied research. The symposium will attempt to redress the balance by examining reciprocal relations between academic research – from natural history and natural philosophy to early 20th century biology– on the one hand, and pragmatic concerns of states and societies managing their natural resources on the other. More specifically, the symposium will focus on a gradual ‘scientization’ of nature management with a parallel emergence of ecology as a distinctive area of research by the end of the period. While in the last two decades the history of ecology has attracted considerable scholarly attention, the account still remains rather patchy: it concentrates on the countries of North-Western Europe and North America, or the colonies of European oceanic empires. The symposium seeks to contribute to a wider cross-national comparative study of early ecological research by examining the emergence of proto-ecological and early ecological theories and concepts in different national contexts. In particular we will seek to address the following issues:

• Relationships between the life sciences and various agencies directly engaged in nature management (governmental boards for agriculture, forestry, fisheries, local authorities, industrialists’ and landowners’ associations, cooperatives etc.) and the role of these agencies in shaping institutional infrastructures for research and its agenda;

• The changing nature of expertise in nature management, the rise of university-trained scientists as experts in this area, as well as public controversies concerning nature management and the role of scientists in their resolution;

• Changing boundaries between ‘fundamental’ and ‘applied’ research, between ‘amateur naturalists’ and ‘professional scientists’ and the role of non-university institutional environments in the advancement of proto-ecological and early ecological ideas;

• The role of material infrastructures of research (availability of high-quality laboratory equipment, accessibility of literature, museum collections) in promoting or discouraging particular research agendas;

     • Distinctive national styles in early ecological theories and how they were impacted by the circulation of people and concepts across national boundaries.