Chemical and Biological Engineering

Extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) is a rapidly growing technology that has made substantial progress during the last decade. It has great versatility in printing various biologics, including cells, tissues, tissue constructs, organ modules and microfluidic devices, in applications from basic research and pharmaceutics to clinics. Despite the great benefits and flexibility in printing a wide range of bioinks, including tissue spheroids, tissue strands, cell pellets, decellularized matrix components, micro-carriers and cellladen hydrogels, the technology currently faces several limitations and challenges. These include impediments to organ fabrication, the limited resolution of printed features, the need for advanced bioprinting solutions to transition the technology bench to bedside, the necessity of new bioink development for rapid, safe and sustainable delivery of cells in a biomimetically organized microenvironment, and regulatory concerns to transform the technology into a product. This paper, presenting a first-time comprehensive review of EBB, discusses the current advancements in EBB technology and highlights future directions to transform the technology to generate viable end products for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Chapter 1: Process Background & Selection
Chapter 2: Site Location
Chapter 3: Mass Balance
Chapter 4: Energy Balance
Chapter 5: Process Simulation
Chapter 6: Environmental and Waste Management
Chapter 7: Process Integration
Chapter 8: Process Control & Instrumentation
Chapter 9: Design of Major Equipment (Chemical & Mechanical)
Chapter 10: Economic Analysis
Chapter 11: Plant Safety & Layout

This paper presents a micromagnetoelastic sensor array for simultaneously monitoring multiple biological agents. Magnetoelastic sensors, made of low-cost amorphous ferromagnetic ribbons, are analogous and complementary to piezoelectric acoustic wave sensors, which track parameters of interest via changes in resonance behavior. Magnetoelastic sensors are excited with magnetic ac fields, and, in turn, they generate magnetic fluxes that can be detected with a sensing coil from a distance. As a result, these sensors are highly attractive, not only due to their small size and low cost, but also because of their passive and wireless nature. Magnetoelastic sensors have been applied for monitoring pressure, temperature, liquid density, and viscosity, fluid flow velocity and direction, and with chemical/biological responsive coatings that change mass or elasticity, various biological and chemical agents. In this paper, we report the fabrication and application of a six-sensor array for simultaneous measurement of Escherichia coli O157:H7, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and ricin. In addition, the sensor array also monitors temperature and pH so the measurements are independent from these two parameters.

Marine aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at the ocean surface are highly enriched in organic matter (OM) relative to seawater. The importance of this OM in the photochemical evolution of marine aerosols and particularly as a source of reactive oxidants are unknown but likely significant. To investigate oxidant production, nascent aerosols were generated by bubbling zero air through flowing Sargasso seawater and photochemical production of OH radical and hydroperoxide were quantified in aqueous extracts exposed to solar radiation. Extrapolation to ambient conditions indicates that OM photolysis was the primary in situ source for OH (1.1 x10 -8 M s -1 ) and hydroperoxides (1.7 x 10 -8 M s -1 ) in nascent aerosols; NO 3 photolysis was the primary source in aged, acidified aerosols (1.4×10 -7 and 4.1×10 -8 M s -1 , respectively). In situ OH photoproduction was comparable to gas-phase uptake whereas H 2 O 2 photoproduction was slower.

Why the United States Should Not Use Nuclear Threats to Deter Biological and Chemical Weapons Attacks hould the United States threaten to use nuclear weapons in retaliation for an adversary's use of chemical or biological weapons? The U.S. government has a clear policy on this matter: it is deliberately unclear about its plans. In March 1996, Secretary of Defense William Perry explained: "For obvious reasons, we choose not to specify in detail what responses we would make to a chemical attack. However, as we stated during the Gulf War, if any country were foolish enough to use chemical weapons against the United States, the response will be 'absolutely overwhelming' and 'devastating.'" 1 The purpose of this U.S. policy-which has become known as the "calculated ambiguity" doctrine-was underscored by Secretary of Defense William Cohen in November 1998: "We think the ambiguity involved in the issue of nuclear weapons contributes to our own security, keeping any potential adversary who might use either chemical or biological [weapons] unsure of what our response would be." 2 The doctrine's proponents, both inside and outside the U.S. government, claim that such a threat to respond asymmetrically-retaliating with nuclear weapons in response to a chemical or biological weapons attack-is an unfortunate necessity. They argue that, because the United States has foresworn the option of retaliating in kind, nuclear weapons threats are the only strong deterrent preventing so-called rogue nations from using their newly acquired chemical or biological arsenals. 3 The calculated ambiguity doctrine, however,

Spatial and temporal variability of the stable isotope composition of precipitation in the southeast Asia and western Pacific region is discussed, with emphasis on the China territory, based on the database of the International Atomic Energy Agency/World Meteorological Organization Global Network "Isotopes in Precipitation" and the available information on the regional climatology and atmospheric circulation patterns. The meteorological and pluviometric regime of southeast Asia is conn'olled by five different air masses: (1) polar air mass originating in the Arctic, (2) continental air mass originating over central Asia, (3) tropical-maritime air mass originating in the northern Pacific, (4) equatorial-maritime air mass originating in the western equatorial Pacific, and (5) equatorial-maritime air mass originating in the Indian Ocean. The relative importance of different air masses in the course of a given year is modulated by the monsoon activity and the seasonal displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Gradual rain-out of moist, oceanic air masses moving inland, associated with monsoon circulation, constitutes a powerful mechanism capable of producing large isotopic depletions in rainfall, often completely overshadowing the dependence of 6180 and 62H on temperature. For instance, precipitation at Lhasa station (Tibetan Plateau) during rainy period (June-September) is depleted in •80 by more than 6 ø/oo with respect to winter rainfall, despite of 10øC higher surface air temperature in summer. This characteristic isotopic imprint of monsoon activity is seen over large areas of the region. The oceanic air masses forming the two monsoon systems, Pacific and Indian monsoon, differ in their isotope signatures, as demonstrated by the average 6180 of rainfall, which in the south of China (Haikou, Hong Kong) is about 2.5%0 more negative than in the Bay of Bengal (Yangoon). Strong seasonal variations of the deuterium excess values in precipitation observed in some areas of the studied region result from a complete reversal of atmospheric circulation over these areas and changing source of atmospheric moisture. High d-excess values observed at Tokyo and Pohang during winter (15-25%0) result from interaction of dry air masses from the northern Asian continent passing the Sea of Japan and the China Sea and picking up moisture under reduced relative humidity. The isotopic composition of precipitation also provides information about the maximum extent of the ITCZ on the continent during summer. deposits, tree cellulose, and others [e.g., Johnsen et al. 1989;

Arrays of atomic force microscope (AFM) probes were developed for applications of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), which is capable of surface patterning with functionalized bio-molecules and can be used to construct biological and chemical ...

Bioleaching of aluminum and iron from coal fly ash (CFA) by Thiobacillus thiooxidans (T. thiooxidans) bacteria is considered. The interactions between bacteria, metabolic products, CFA particles, and leaching products were studied. It is demonstrated that bacterial growth and the amount of metals leached from the CFA are coupled through biological and chemical interactions, which involve the various components in this system.

KrCl excilamp Cl 2 excilamp UV/H 2 O 2 process Different physical, biological and chemical methods have been used to remove congo red mainly from textile industry effluents. All of these treatments usually transfer the contamination from one phase to another. In this work the oxidation of congo red using a combined advanced oxidation treatment based on photodegradation with UV radiation generated by KrCl, XeBr and Cl 2 excimer lamps in the presence of H 2 O 2 has been studied. Experiments suggest that high congo red conversion values (N 90%) were only reached with KrCl excilamp in the absence of H 2 O 2. In the presence of a molar ratio H 2 O 2 /congo red of 12.5/1 KrCl excilamp totally removed congo red in 120 min whereas XeBr needed a molar ratio H 2 O 2 /congo red of 25/1 to attain total removal in the same time. Due to its low radiation intensity compared to the other two excilamps, Cl 2 excilamp never reached total removal of congo red in the experimental range assayed. Based on the experimental data, a pseudo-first order kinetic model for the three excilamps was proposed. A good correlation between experimental and calculated data was obtained.

Abstract. Time series of ocean properties provide a measure of global ice volume and monitor key features of the wind-driven and Censity-driven circulations over the past 400,000 years. Cycles with periods near 23,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years dominate this climatic narrative. When the narrative is examined in a geographic array of time series, the phase of each climatic oscillation is seen to progress through the system in essentially the same geographic sequence in all three cycles. We argue that

The glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin is an essential viability and growth factor for the erythrocytic progenitors in the bone marrow. Tissue hypoxia is the main stimulus for the synthesis of the hormone in the kidneys and the liver. Endogenous erythropoietin and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHu-EPO) are similar with respect to their biological and chemical properties except for some microheterogeneities in their 4 carbohydrate chains. Generic products and alternatives to rHu-EPO are in development. Renal anemia can be corrected by rHu-EPO in a dose-dependent and predictable way without major side effects apart from a possible increase in arterial blood pressure. The optimal target hematocrit still needs to be defined. There are rare reports of antibody formation towards rHu-EPO in humans. Patients suffering from non-renal anemias may also benefit from the prescription of rHu-EPO. The drug has been approved for treatment of tumor patients with platinum-induced anemia. The cost-effectiveness and medical justification of the administration of rHu-EPO in tumor patients with respect to its positive effects on tumor oxygenation, tumor growth inhibition and support of chemo-and radiotherapy is still a matter of debate. In surgical patients, the pharmacological application of rHu-EPO can increase the yield of blood units in autologous blood donation programs and lower the severity and duration of postoperative anemia, if applicated some days prior to surgery. While rHu-EPO is a godsend in medical practice, its abuse as an performance enhancing drug by athletes in endurance sports is an unethical and potentially dangerous procedure. Unequivocal methods for detection of rHu-EPO doping still need to be established. studies of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of EPO . In all likelihood, rHu-EPO is today the best selling drug in the world (estimated sales 5,000 millions US $ per year).

Theaflavin, a common polyphenol composing of 2-6% of black tea concentrate, has been extensively connected to preventing metastasis of carcinoma cells and HIV prevention. However, the connection of theaflavin research to the development and effect on vascular plant growth has been undermined. The aim of such project is to investigate how theaflavin induced solutions when imbibed to vascular plant xylem will affect the overall growth and livelihood of such organism.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

In this study, the optimization of parameters of the printing process was carried out. The aim is to minimize the size of color variation in prints. A factorial design was used to evaluate the effects and interactions of three factors, that is, impression pressure, alcohol %, and press speed. The color variation is gauged by variation in ink transfer, which is governed by color difference (?E). The optimal conditions obtained from the desirable response are impression pressure of 0.15 mm, alcohol percentage of 12.2 % and press speed of 8500 sheets per hour. Under these conditions, about 0.62 of color difference is obtained.

1] The Snowball Earth hypothesis explains the development of glaciation at low latitudes in the Neoproterozoic, as well as the associated iron formations and cap carbonates, in terms of a runaway ice-albedo feedback leading to a global glaciation followed by an extreme greenhouse climate. The initiation of a snowball glaciation is linked to a variety of unusual perturbations of the carbon cycle operating over different timescales, as evidenced by unusual patterns in the carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonate. Thus a theory for why multiple glaciations happened at this time, and not in the Phanerozoic nor earlier in the Proterozoic, requires a reexamination of the carbon cycle and the controls on climate stability. We propose that the concentration of continental area in the tropics was a critical boundary condition necessary for the onset of glaciation, both because the existence of substantial continental area at high latitudes may prevent atmospheric carbon dioxide from getting too low and because a tropical concentration of continental area may lead to more efficient burial of organic carbon through increased tropical river discharge. Efficient organic carbon burial sustained over tens of millions of years, required by the high carbon isotopic compositions of preglacial carbonate, may lead to the buildup of enormous quantities of methane, presumably in hydrate reservoirs. We examine how the slow release of this methane may explain the drop in d 13 C values immediately before the glaciation. Moreover, the accumulation of methane in the atmosphere coupled with the response of silicate weathering to the additional greenhouse forcing can lead to a climate with methane as the major greenhouse gas. This situation is unstable because methane is not buffered by a large ocean reservoir like carbon dioxide, and so the collapse of the methane source may provide a trigger for the onset of a runaway ice-albedo feedback. A simple model of the carbon cycle is used to explore the boundary conditions that would allow this to occur.

The paper focuses on conservation agriculture (CA), defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till, NT) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations, as a more sustainable cultivation system for the future. Cultivation and tillage play an important role in agriculture. The benefits of tillage in agriculture are explored before introducing conservation tillage (CT), a practice that was borne out of the American dust bowl of the 1930s. The paper then describes the benefits of CA, a suggested improvement on CT, where NT, mulch and rotations significantly improve soil properties and other biotic factors. The paper concludes that CA is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly management system for cultivating crops. Case studies from the rice-wheat areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia and the irrigated maize-wheat systems of Northwest Mexico are used to describe how CA practices have been used in these two environments to raise production sustainably and profitably. Benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on global warming are also discussed. The paper concludes that agriculture in the next decade will have to sustainably produce more food from less land through more efficient use of natural resources and with minimal impact on the environment in order to meet growing population demands. Promoting and adopting CA management systems can help meet this goal.

An in situ iron-enrichment experiment near the Galapagos Islands was performed in October 1993. Here we report the theoretical and practical considerations of creating such a patch of iron-enriched surface water, as well as the strategies employed for the detection of the patch and the biological and chemical signals which developed, in an area dominated by advective processes. Physical and chemical models were used to predict the speciation, solubility, and the final concentration of iron in surface waters injected with acidic iron sulfate. A trial injection off the California coast in which 800 L of a 0.5 M FeSO were introduced into the ship's wake over a 1.5 km area, was used to test these predictions. Iron concentrations were determined continually onboard during the initial experiment as the ship steamed in transects through the enriched patch. The results indicate excellent spatial agreement with model predictions and final concentrations that were consistent with the chemical model. However, the use of a Cartesian coordinate system during injection resulted in an extremely compressed, heterogeneous patch. Results from this preliminary experiment were then applied towards the development and implementation of the first open ocean iron enrichment experiment (IronEx I) near the Galapagos Islands in October 1993. The development and results of these methodologies are presented.

From the biodiesel industry point of view, microbial enzymes (lipases), preferably those produced by oleaginous microorganisms, could be exploited during enzymatic transesterification reaction. In this chapter, the potentials of fungi in biodiesel industry have been scrutinized with respect to their capabilities as oil feedstock (lipids) and sources of enzyme (lipase).

Primer Capítulo del libro "Escalado de Procesos. Principios Básicos", de la editorial KDP Publishing, disponible en Amazon. Es una segunda edición del libro "Principios básicos de Escalado",  Editora Universitaria de Cuba, 2000).
Prólogo:
Las presiones competitivas en la Industrias Química y Biotecnológica hacen cada vez más necesario contar con procedimientos que permitan llevar lo más rápido y directo posible, los resultados obtenidos en los
laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo hacia la aplicación, para poder acortar el tiempo que transcurre entre la concepción de un nuevo proceso y la puesta en marcha de la planta correspondiente, a escala industrial.
Esta tarea no puede cumplirse sin un dominio y aplicación adecuada de las Técnicas de Escalado y por esa razón, este texto tiene como objetivos generales:
• Presentar de forma ordenada los fundamentos de los Métodos de Escalado, definiendo adecuadamente ese término.
• Introducir el concepto de Ingeniería Concurrente en los trabajos de Investigación y Desarrollo.
• Conocer los procedimientos de aplicación del Escalado en la solución de los problemas relacionados con el desarrollo de tecnologías y procesos industriales, a partir de resultados científicos obtenidos en los laboratorios.
• Conocer algunas de las aplicaciones prácticas de los métodos estudiados.
• Conocer la teoría y los fundamentos de las plantas piloto, definiendo la naturaleza de su actividad y las opciones disponibles para la utilización de las mismas.

CONTENIDO
1 Introducción al Escalado de Procesos 1
2 Técnicas a Emplear en el Proceso de Escalado Pg 22
3 Escalado de Tanques con Agitación Mecánica Pg 61
4 Escalado de Biorreactores Pg 75
5 Plantas Piloto Pg 104
6 Bibliografía Pg 124

Physicochemical analyses were carried out on soil samples from four different waste dumpsites in the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), Nigeria to ascertain the effects of the refuse dumpsites on soil and groundwater qualities. Dumpsite locations are Physics Laboratory (PHY), Post Graduate Hostel (PG), School of Earth and Mineral Science (SEMS) and Staff Quarters (STQ). Soil samples collected at distances 0 (dumpsite), 10 and 20 m intervals away from the dumpsite were analyzed and at depths 10, 20 and 30 cm. Parameters determined include pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), Organic Matter (OM) and heavy metals such as Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) and subjected to relevant statistical analysis. Most of the parameters analyzed indicated pollution and were below the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) limits. P and Mg concentrations ranged from 1.19 to 1.25mg/kg and 3.17 to 13.61mg/kg respectively which indicated pollution. Out of heavy metals analyzed, Cu was 1.75mg/kg and Pb was not detected. Statistical analysis indicated signicant differences at 95% level. The result showed that the soil samples were mildly polluted and therefore not suitable for crop production.

There is almost no international scientific, expert, political or economical meeting in which new threats of world and national security are not discussed. For all that, the threat posed by terrorism is of special concern and receives special attention, particularly when we talk about terrorism with radiological, chemical and biological warfare agents and weapons. After 11 September 2001, when the world could not avoid understanding that terrorism can cause mass casualties, weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that had been marginalized as a threat in the post-cold war period rapidly became significant. Politicians, security services, scientists and experts began to be concerned with WMD again, but in a different context. Nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological and toxin weapons are now considered weapons that terrorist will use if they want to cause mass destruction, disruption and casualties. Except possible nuclear weapons use in Asia (North Korea, India and Pakistan), there are...

With the onset of urbanization and industrialization mankind has witnessed various environmental issues in the society. One of the impacts is visible, in form of water pollution containing heavy metals. Removal of these metals from wastewater by adsorption demands low operating cost. Use of low cost adsorbent is one way of reducing the treatment cost. In the present research biosorption was carried out in a batch process to test the suitability of sugar cane bagasse and corn hob for removal of Cr (II) and Fe (II) ions from waste water effluent. The removal of heavy metals like chromium and iron by these adsorbents has been studied. Also, effect of parameters like contact time, pH and adsorbent dose on the metal removal is studied. The contact time was 100 min for both substrates. The results indicated that the amount of absorbed metal ions varied with substrates materials, and the maximum percentage removal was 91 percent for iron and 92.4 percent for chromium. The adsorption proces...

Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous,  radioprotective and
anti-microbial properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome are
well  recognized  worldwide.  Ginger  consumption  also  helps  in  the
management  of  inflammatory  damage  in  Alzheimer’s  and
Parkinson’s  disease.  Biological  properties  of  ginger  rhizome  are
attributed  to  its  active  compounds  including,  gingerols,  shogaols,
paradols  and  zingerone.  Zingerone  is  active  component  of  dried
ginger  rhizome  and  used  in  food  industry  as  flavouring  agent.
Various  observations  on  the  protective  role  of  zingerone  against
radiation  induced  oxidative  stress;  tissue  inflammatory  damage  and
drug  induced  toxicity  have  been  made  using  a  wide  range  of
experimental  models.  Mechanism  of  antioxidant  and  antiinflammatory  action  of  zingerone  has  been  linked  to potent  radical
scavenging  effect, causing  alteration in  gene/protein expression and
interference  with  intracellular  cell  signalling  pathways  of
inflammation.  Our  laboratory  for  the  first  time  revealed  antibiofilm
activity  of  zingerone  against  opportunistic  pathogen  Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. This study suggested that zingerone can be explored as a
safe  anti-infective  agent  against  P.  aeruginosa biofilm  associated
infections.  Hence,  comprehensive  information  showing  health
benefits of zingerone are urgently needed that may provide an update
on  its  therapeutic  potential.  We  conducted  a  detailed  search  of
literature  to  summarize  the  proven  health  benefits  and  biological
properties of zingerone. This review article summarizes in detail the
in vitroand in vivopharmacological benefits of zingerone.

Concentrated fruit juice industries use a wide volume of water for washing and fruit processing, generating a large volume of wastewater. This work studied the combination of an aerobic biological process with a chemical coagulation/flocculation step to treat a high concentrated fruit juice wastewater. This wastewater presents a good biodegradability (BOD5/COD = 0.66) allowing a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal above 90% in most reactors. The best results in aerobic biological treatment were obtained in reactors initially loaded with 2 g VSS L−1 of biomass concentration and 20 g COD L−1 of organic matter concentration. Three different kinetic models were evaluated (Monod, Haldane and Contois). The Haldane-inhibition model was the one that best fitted the COD biodegradation. AQUASIM© software allowed calculate the following kinetic constants ranges for aerobic biodegradation: K s: 6–20 g COD L−1; v max: 2.0–5.1 g COD g−1 VSS day−1 and K i values: 0.10–0.50 g COD L−1. These constants corresponds to maximum removal rates (v*) between 0.11 and 0.26 g COD g−1 VSS day−1 for substrate concentrations (S*) from 0.77 to 3.16 g COD L−1. A tertiary coagulation/flocculation process improved the efficiency of the biological pre-treatment. Ferric chloride was selected as best compromise to treat this wastewater. Optimal conditions were 0.44 g L−1 of coagulant at pH = 5.5, achieving 94.4% and 99.6% on turbidity and COD removal, respectively.

On February 17,1996, at 0559 UT, a major earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) 7.9 killed 107 people and caused major damage at Biak Island, 30-40 km southwest of the earthquake's epicenter (Figures 1 and 2). A devastating tsunami washed away all of the houses at Korim, a small village located in a narrow bay facing directly towards the incoming wave, and it left behind clear evidence of sand erosion and deposition that indicated how far the tsunami advanced. An unexpectedly large tsunami run-up of 7.7 m was measured at Wardo in western Biak, which faces away from the primary tsunami source. This high run-up may have been caused by a local submarine landslide.

Our goal in this textbook is to teach, through modelling and simulation, the quantitative description of bioreaction processes to scientists and engineers. In working through the many simulation examples, you, the reader, will learn to apply mass and energy balances to describe a variety of dynamic bioreactor systems. For your efforts, you will be rewarded with a greater understanding of biological rate processes. The many example applications will help you to gain confidence in modelling, and you will find that the simulation language used, Berkeley Madonna, is a powerful tool for developing your own simulation models. Your new abilities will be valuable for designing experiments, for extracting kinetic data from experiments, in designing and optimizing biological reaction systems, and for developing bioreactor control strategies.

Healing a wound is a process that comprises sequential steps aimed to restore the structure and function of damaged cells and tissues. Since the antiquity, to promote an effective wound healing, different materials have been used to cover the wound. Nowadays, dressings that are able to mimic the structure and composition of skin are specifically designed to exhibit several required functions. To cope with this demand, different wound dressings have been produced using conventional techniques, during the last two decades. Among them, asymmetric ones present a dense top layer to protect the wound from physical damage and pathogen penetration and an inner porous layer that allows the exudates absorption, keeping the moisturized environment needed for effective skin regeneration. However, the production methods used so far, wet-and dry/wet-phase inversion techniques, present some limitations such as the use of toxic organic solvents, the lack of polymers variety and are very time-consuming. In addition, taking into account the worldwide economic status, sustainable procedures, like supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) – assisted phase inversion and electrospinning techniques can be adopted to produce suitable dressings for wound-management. Herein, a critical review of the methods used to produce asymmetric membranes is presented, highlighting the different properties that can be enhanced for wound healing purposes.

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This research work was carried out to compare the color stripping efficiency of optimized biological method with the chemical stripping, commonly employed in the textile industries. Knitted fabric dyed with Reactive black B dye in 2, 4 and 6% shades strengths was subjected to chemical and biological stripping processes individually. Biological stripping process was found many fold superior to chemical one. It was noted that shade strength does not showed any pronounced effect on the bursting strength of fabric but biological and chemical treatment affect the quality of fabrics in terms of bursting strength/durability of fabric. White rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 showed good potential for decolorization/color stripping of cotton fabric dyed with Reactive black B under optimized set of conditions. The chemical stripping technology is inferior to biological stripping process regarding the quality of fabric and percent color removal from cotton fabric dyed with Reactive black B dye.

In this paper Algorithm of Multicomponent activity coefficient by NRTL Equation Using Visual Basic Application Microsoft Excel (VBA) .When you want execute the program just select range from arrays , go to function that was defination by user and select equ, as execution just press three keys CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER .As count from one to three.

In this paper Algorithm of Multicomponent activity coefficient by Wilson Equation Using Visual Basic Application Microsoft Excel (VBA) .When you want execute the program just select range from arrays , go to function that was defination by user and select equ, as execution just press three keys CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER .As count from one to three.