Citations (References)

In recent years, plagiarism has been a dominant concern for higher education practitioners.  However, there can be a fine line between plagiarism and poor referencing practice, and higher education institutions report that students often struggle to understand, not just the 'how', but the 'when' and 'why' aspects of referencing.  This paper will, however, assert that student difficulties can stem from the inconsistencies of institutional advice, proliferation of referencing styles, and an over-emphasis by institutions on the technical presentation of sources, rather than on the principles underpinning referencing.
The author will argue that academic writers, particularly students, should be encouraged by institutions to perceive referencing primarily as a tool for the development of an authentic authorial voice, rather than just as a defensive shield against accusations of plagiarism.

Esta es una  guía breve de las normas APA 7ma ed. A diferencia de las guías habituales (que abordan más cosas, como el formato y el uso de gráficos), nos centramos en la consulta más habitual: cómo se referencian las diversas fuentes. Por ello, damos ejemplos de las referencias más comunes y las explicamos.

Son, entendemos:

1. Libros
2. Capítulos de libros
3. Artículos de revistas académicas
4. Documentos institucionales

De este modo, los/as estudiantes solo deben reemplazar los datos del formato provisto por los de su referencia. Esperamos que esta guía les sea de utilidad.

Leaders  in  an  organization  are  the  first  level  of  change  as  they  steer  and  drive  the  organization.  Positive  change  should  therefore  be  part  and  parcel  of  every  organization.
This coupled with knowledge,  skill  and  learning  are  key  for  growth  and  results  in  an  organization.  Organizations  need  to  give  human  resource  the  opportunity  to  learn  and  apply  the  knowledge  they  have  acquired  to  enable  flourishment.
That notwithstanding, in  everyday  life,  emotions  are  inevitable  and  they  normally  influence  attitudes  towards  work.  As  such,  continuous  interactions  between,  managers,  employees  and  colleagues  is  fundamental  in  regulating  their  effects. Organizations therefore  need  to  understand  the  reasons  why  people  join,  stay,  in  and  leave  organizations,  specifically  the  reasons  and  elements  that  organizations  and  managers  can  control  and  use  to  their  advantage.

Po vydání příručky Metodika tvorby bibliografických citací, kterou jsem vytvořil s kolegy a kolegyněmi z Knihovny univerzitního kampusu MU a Ústřední knihovny PřF MU, jsem se setkával s dalšími dotazy k oblastem, jež v této publikaci nebyly zmapovány. Proto jsem se rozhodl připravit navazující materiál, který by postupy při citování dále dovysvětlil. Přestože následující text vznikl primárně pro potřeby e-learningového kurzu vsiv021 Informační výchova, jehož výuku pro Lékařskou fakultu MU zajišťuji, může být přínosný i čtenářům zabývajících se jinými vědními disciplínami, a to i přesto, že se v tomto materiálu v podstatě všechny příklady se vztahují k lékařským a zdravotnickým oborům. Cílem tohoto materiálu je pokud možno přístupnou, názornou a praktickou formou vysvětlit, proč se vlastně cituje, jaká základní pravidla při citování informačních zdrojů se mají dodržovat, s jakými citačními metodami se v praxi můžeme setkávat a jak při citování různých typů a forem dokumentů postupovat. Kladl jsem si přitom za cíl vše podat maximálně stručně a zároveň přehledně, aby nevznikl další několik desítek, ne-li stovek stránek dlouhý text vytvářející ve čtenáři dojem, že tvorba citací je komplikovaná věda. Právě proto z následujících cca 70 stran zastupuje teorie pouhých 18 stran, zatímco zbývající strany nejsou nic jiného než praktické příklady tvorby bibliografických citací. Doufám, že tento studijní materiál uvítají nejen studenti mého kurzu, ale případně i všichni ostatní, kteří si něčím nejsou v citování jisti.

Abstract. References to other scholars’ work is an important component of research writing, and one which requires careful attention in order to convey the writer’s stance toward the reported propositions and their relationship to each other and to the writer’s own work. Second language writers often find it difficult to master the skill of selecting appropriate forms for reporting verbs, and this is an area in which English for Academic Purposes (EAP) materials and teachers are called upon to provide guidance. However, accounts of reporting verb usage have demonstrated that this is a complex area, and simple prescriptions or proscriptions are not sufficient: appropriate choices are dependent on the relationship between form and function, both locally and globally in the citing text. The present paper extends the existing research literature on reporting verbs by examining some of the factors which guide the citing writer’s choices. Implications for the EAP classroom are also taken up.

"Čikago standard, stil i način citiranja,
funkcionalne razlike i obilježja u teoriji i praktičnoj primjeni

Rezime:
Predmet istraživanja predstavljaju standardne odrednice čikago stila citiranja, njegovih općih I funkcionalne karakteristika i općih upotrebnih odrednica. U istraživanju se koristi kvalitativni pristup i u istraživanju je korištena analitička metoda.Rad donosi analizu razlika među načinima dvaju stilova i njihovih dvaju načina navođenja izvora i referenci. Rezultati istaživanja su predstavljeni tabelarno. Istraživanje donosi opće upotrebne odrednice čikago standarda i stila cititanja naučno-istraživačkih radova za humanističke, prirodne, sociološke, sportske i psihološke nauke.

Ključne riječi: čikago standard, čikago stil, čikako format, čikago forme, humanistički stil, CSE stil, autor- datum stil,"

Although Elias Brand contributes only one letter to the first edition of Clarissa, and three letters to the revised third edition of 1751, he is considered by Samuel Richardson important enough to include in his list of the "Principal Characters." This article accounts for Brand's complicated role by analyzing in detail the meaning of the forty-five quotations punctuating his letters, as well as the manner in which he quotes his tags and texts. Brand's marshalling of spurious evidence against Clarissa and his habit of quoting authors as authorities suggests that the latter may be a key to the credibility of the former. Brand repre sents himself as a confirmed "Ancient," but taking the pedant at his own word is dangerous because of the extent of his surprising debt to the British "Moderns" and to the seventeenth-century Oxford scholar and Anglo-Latin poet, John Owen. This article concludes that Brand's letters are thematic and structurally integral to a novel that is, in many ways, about the consequences of right and wrong reading.

In the last century a great progress was noted in all scientific disciplines. With the increasing number of scientific research, researchers and investment, the number of publications has grown exponentially. Besides, the development of information technologies and the emergence of the Internet, communication between scientists as well as the traditional roles assigned to the institutions responsible for information processing and provision has been changed. Due to the rapidly increasing subscription rates, libraries, although the primary participants in the scholarly communication process, lose their ability to meet user information needs. In order to overcome commercialization of scholarly publishing, libraries intensify use of different electronic resources, coordinate acquisition policy and form consortia. In November 2001, leading research libraries in Serbia launched an initiative to form the Consortium for Coordinated Acquisition of Serbian Libraries (KoBSON). Subscribed services, funded by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia, currently include over 35,000 scientific journals, about 40,000 books and several citation databases. In the field of Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine, 73.4% of total number of the most relevant dental journals is available in electronic form to Serbian academic community. This article presents a comprehensive overview of basic information about available journals: impact factor, productivity, publication continuity and frequency, language, services that they are available through, size of archives and existing formats. At present Serbian academic institutions have access to more than two thirds of the world's most relevant dental journals, which justifies the Consortium founders' initial idea of wide accessibility of scientific information and requires greater involvement of librarians in introducing available services to researchers in order to ensure their full utilization.

For Lefebvre, the state and its constituent institutions call for urban spaces but they do not act alone or with impunity in the production of space and their specific requirements are often contested. This was certainly the case in Lowell as the city entered a critical phase of post-industrial reimagining and transformation in the late 1960s. If we are to take seriously Lefebvre’s invocation to scrutinise the histories of the production of urban space, then of course the context in which the concept of the Lowell National Historical Park (LNHP) emerges in the 1970s becomes a critical historical moment requiring investigation. I argue in this chapter that this history was not an inevitable linear procession but rather involved a series of precursor projects and initiatives involving struggles of different spatial coalitions with greater or lesser support from the public sector. After explaining the emergence of Model Cities, in this chapter archival and interview data are used to dig beneath the surface of Model Cities to examine the importance of two neglected production of public space projects: the Western Canal beautification and Ecumenical Plaza. Lowell city council (LCC) has been criticised for its complicity in the destruction of significant historic buildings through the urban renewal programmes of the 1960s, particularly the loss of the Merrimack Mills Company factories and the boarding houses at Dutton Street. This chapter examines a positive contribution of LCC to post-industrial reimagining; the establishment of the Lowell Historic District Commission, an idea rejected initially.

-380 Direct Citations since 2003 (updated April 30,  2018)
-380  ετεροναφορές/παραπομπές/αναφορές—απευθείας στο έργο— σε επιστημονικά περιοδικά, βιβλία, πρακτικά συνεδρίων, διδακτορικές διατριβές, κ.ά., από το 2003 έως 30/4/2018.
See: UoA Scholar: http://scholar.uoa.gr/ikamper/home [UoA-National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]
-Publications in: http://scholar.uoa.gr/ikamper/publications [UoA Scholar]
- Pergamos Digital Library of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens: https://pergamos.lib.uoa.gr/uoa/dl/frontend/index.html

This review of literature presents the accuracy level of references in journal articles related to domain of medical science and its allied subjects. Peer-reviewed journals, which are being indexed in international citation databases and possess high impact factor, have reference errors. Not only journal articles but also the PubMed database contains bibliographic errors. Due to faulty references, task of indexing and abstracting of authors and articles in citation databases becomes troublesome. The high level of reference accuracy makes the scientific writings more reliable and useful which further moves towards the high quality scholarship.

Introduction For a long time, The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI, now Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, US) citation databases, available online through the Web of Science (WoS), had an unique position among bibliographic databases. The emergence of new citation databases, such as Scopus and Google Scholar (GS), call in question the dominance of WoS and the accuracy of bibliometric and citation studies exclusively based on WoS data. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in the received citation counts for Serbian Dental Journal (SDJ) found in WoS and Scopus databases, or whether GS results differed significantly from those obtained by WoS and Scopus, and whether GS could be an adequate qualitative alternative for commercial databases in the impact assessment of this journal.

La motivación de una sentencia contiene, habitualmente, referencias a diversas fuentes del derecho que se incorporan como discurso indirecto en el texto de la decisión judicial por medio de citas. Este trabajo postula la necesidad de evitar la incorporación de fuentes inútiles, impertinentes o poco fiables, así como el uso de citas erróneas, imprecisas o inexactas. En tal sentido, se estudia tanto el aspecto de fondo (la fuente utilizada) como de forma (la cita de esa fuente) y se proporcionan ejemplos concretos de las problemáticas identificadas –tomados, en su mayoría, de la jurisprudencia argentina–. Se presenta, además, una serie de criterios que conforman buenas prácticas en el uso de fuentes y citas en sentencias judiciales.

Introduction Serbian Dental Journal (SDJ) is a major source of formal communication for dentists in this region. The purpose of this bibliometric study was to examine articles published in SDJ in period 2002-2009, in reference to journal productivity and nature of authorships, citation patterns, most frequently cited scientific journals and the role of self-citations. Material and Methods Bibliographic data, as well as metadata for all articles were taken from the Serbian national citation index SCIndeks. Bibliometric analysis of source articles included the number and type of article, author characteristics and cited literature. For each citation the following data was recorded: author(s), article title, journal title, monographic title, publication type, publication year and language. Results In this period 193 articles were published and most of them were original research articles. In this period a total of 314 national and international authors cooperated, responsible for 538 authorships. The mean number of authors per article was 2.8. Most cited items in terms of publication type were journal articles (83.5 %), while the most frequently cited journals were just those most relevant in the field of dentistry. Results also indicate that the age of the cited literature is below the norm for medical literature. Conclusion Obtained numerical indicators do not differ significantly when compared to other scientific and professional journals. However, it can be concluded that it is necessary to increase journal productivity and self-citation rate, as well as citation of current literature, up to five years old. This analysis allows evaluating patterns of scientific communication among dentists in this region, as well as journal's current management strategies in order to define useful future directions for the inclusion into the international system of scientific information exchange. Journal Časopis Number of citations Broj citata J Endod 278 Int Endod J 168 J Prosthet Dent 165 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 151 Quintessence Int 108 J Dent Res 106 Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 106 J Periodontol 101

This review of literature presents the accuracy level of references in journal articles related to domain of medical science and its allied subjects. Peer-reviewed journals, which are being indexed in international citation databases and possess high impact factor, have reference errors. Not only journal articles but also the PubMed database contains bibliographic errors. Due to faulty references, task of indexing and abstracting of authors and articles in citation databases becomes troublesome. The high level of reference accuracy makes the scientific writings more reliable and useful which further moves towards the high quality scholarship.

The recruitment and selection process of organizations bring about enhanced organizational and employee productivity. Selection is a technique used by organizations/businesses in choosing a suitable candidate for a job. Recruitment and selection involve a process which must pass a series of evaluation before final placement decisions can be made. The objective of this handbook is to identify how psychology plays an important role in ensuring reliable and valid psychological assessment in the workplace. This employment journal is borne out of scientific research study and is based on employment screening, selection, placement and the interview process and it is written to help professionals, organizations and businesses better understand the recruitment and selection stages and the interview methods or processes used within organizations, and to better equip professionals to face the interview world while citing real-life and hands-on experiences (occurrence). This journal reviews:
    1. The recruitment
    2. Employee selection
    3. Psychological assessment
    4. The selection method
    5. The reliability and validity of the selection assessment
    6. The final selection and placement decision
    7. The basic features of the interview, types of interviews, the interview formats, the interview contents and how the interview can be administered by an organization.

In that, the journal answers some of the hard and not so hard interview questions while citing the best ways to answer them as it pertains to each person’s knowledge, skills, past experiences and qualifications on the job. After studying this handbook, you will better understand the recruitment and selection stages and the interview methods or processes used within organizations, while standing out from your peers and being in demand.

This research arises from the interest in learning about the cultural differences in the use of citation of writers in the genre of master´s thesis writing. The citations are an essential element within the academic writing and play different rhetorical functions in each of the parts of academic work that help define its structure. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to study this phenomenon. The results gathered in the research show that the differences between the theses studied in the Spanish group and in the Filipino group indicate general trends. They are evident both in quantitative form and in content. The highest number of citations and the greater length of the introductory and the concluding sections in the Filipino group evidently demonstrate a disparity in the rhetorical structure of the master´s thesis in both cultural conventions. Such difference is corroborated by the use of different rhetorical functions within the said two sections, reflecting therefore their distinct approaches to these two particular sections of academic work.

This article analyzes the correlation between the use of functions of citations and the organizational structure of the Introduction section of a corpus of sixteen (16) master´s theses written in Spanish in the field of Applied Linguistics by native and non-native writers. The quantitative and qualitative analysis in this study arises from the model proposed by Carbonell-Olivares et al. (2009) which aims to define the organization of the Introduction section of the doctoral thesis in Spanish and the classification of the functions of citations made by Sánchez Jiménez (2011). The research results show that there is a direct relationship between the use of citations and rhetorical organization of the master´s thesis. On the other hand, it is indicated that the formal instruction received by Filipino students makes a significant difference both in the order of the Introduction section and in the quantity and variety (AT, AP, REF, DE, EN, COMP, EJ) of the citations used in comparison with the Spanish group (AT, AP, REF, EV). Moreover, the Introduction´s structure demonstrates that the Filipino writers put more emphasis on the contextualization of their study (M1) while the Spanish group highlights the presentation of their research (M3) that precedes the Introduction section.

On pourrait commencer cette réflexion sur la bibliothèque, son lieu ou son non-lieu, thème qui sert de fil conducteur aux réflexions de ce numéro de Postures, en prenant le livre comme point de départ. En effet, les livres sont le référent premier auquel renvoie la bibliothèque, si bien que la conservation, l'organisation et l'accès aux livres restent quelques-uns de ses objectifs principaux.

What paper should be cited where, and why? Gaining insight into citation practices in HCI can enrich our understanding of the structure of research, as well as social and political factors that influence knowledge production. Recent research into HCI citation practices have identified problematic trends: inaccurate citing and a lack of critical citations. Directly investigating authors' motivations for citing can provide a fuller picture of citation practices. It can help us understand HCI research as a social system and develop a theory of citing. We report an interview study designed to identify authors' motivations to cite. We found three primary motivations: affirming personal relationships, building intellectual narratives, and serving strategic objectives. We discuss our findings from a social constructivist perspective of citation practices. In addition, we explore how these findings can strengthen efforts to write CHI papers. Finally, we outline steps to develop a theory of citing in HCI research.

I describe a simple modification which can be applied to any citation count-based index (e.g. Hirsch's h-index) quantifying a researcher's publication output. The key idea behind the proposed approach is that the merit for the citations of a paper should be distributed amongst its authors according to their relative contributions. In addition to producing inherently fairer metrics I show that the proposed modification has the potential to partially normalize for the unfair effects of honorary authorship and thus discourage this practice.

In a society experiencing information overload, and an increasingly demanding and competitive academic environment, it is vital that scholars take steps to promote access to their own research. In this talk I explain why we should spend time and resources on disseminating our research, engage with some of the reasons why scholars might not want to do so, explain some strategies for maximising electronic research dissemination, and produce evidence to show that these techniques work. This is an improved version of a talk I gave at the School of East Asian Studies Research Awayday on 29 January 2015.

Today, with the power of citation building apps: You can set your citation style; Fill all the information needed for your sources; Cite the authors, papers, books, and sites; And generate a complete bibliography automatically.... in under 10 minutes only.

Scholarship is that process of becoming familiar with, ordering, and acknowledging the thinking of earlier workers in a particular line of inquiry. It can easily become a lifetime task. The process is obviously valuable. Subduing the arrogance of an ignorant mind (especially one's own) is very healthy. Scholarship not only helps to avoid past mistakes and save the waste of "reinventing the wheel", but can also be a stimulus for new and more sophisticated ideas about a topic. However, the largest body of scholarship always remains inert, not only failing to stimulate new ideas, but actually forming a bulwark against the intrusion of fresh thinking...

This study had two purposes: to examine the expertise of doctoral students in their use of the scholarly literature and to investigate the use of citation analysis as a tool for collection development. Analysis of 1,842 coded citations gleaned from 30 education dissertations awarded in 2000 from 3 institutions in the United States revealed that journal articles, at 45%, were cited most frequently, followed by monographs (33.9%) and "other" (18.3%), with magazines and Web sites contributing less than 2% each of the total material types cited. The study examined 858 journal and magazine citations, which were found in 239 unique titles. A relatively small number of journals contained a high percentage of the references found in the dissertations analyzed. Based on a design by D. Kohl and L. Wilson (1986), dissertation citations were also scored for scholarliness, currency, and appropriateness of format, and scores on the three criteria were averaged to arrive at a quality rating. Results of interinstitutional comparisons revealed a significant amount of variation and were considered in conjunction with institutional characteristics and published criteria for quality bibliographies. The data suggest that the assumption of doctoral student expertise in their use of the scholarly literature may be overstated and should be examined in relation to their preparation for professional status. For purposes of developing a library's research collection, a core list of titles, generated on the basis of multiple, rather than single, institutional analysis is indicated. (Contains 8 figures, 11 tables, and 28 references.)

В мировой научной сети Academia.edu, где зарегистрировано 51,328,813 Academics,мы стали обладателями последовательно шести виртуальных кубков, находясь в численаиболее читаемых учёных:
1. ТОР 5%.
2. ТОР 4%.
3. ТОР 3%.
4. ТОР 2%.
5. ТОР 1%.
6. ТОР 0,5%.

A largely neglected area of study in international law has been referencing patterns by international courts and tribunals. This article assesses referencing data collected from the International Criminal Court's (ICC) records issued in the Uganda and Central African Republic situations. The data is generally restricted to 'persuasive citations'-those references that the ICC's various chambers have used to help decide a point of law. Covering over 500 records, this study addresses, among other things, the frequency with which the ICC cites its own judgments, the nature of external sources cited, how referencing changes over time and how often individual judges cite their own decisions. The data may prove useful to the ICC itself, advocates who appear before it and scholars of international law.

Objective: The references are an important component of citation analysis. In this study, it is aimed to determine the reference analysis of Iranian Medical English Journals (IMEJ) based on WOS, Scopus and PubMed journal selection criteria. Methods: This study is a descriptive quantitative analysis which deals with the last issues of 52 numbers of IMEJ which haven't been indexed in WOS, Scopus, and PubMed. The data were collected observing the journals data provider websites and then entered into a checklist tool. MS Excel software was used for data analysis. Results: About 88.5% of journals had their own reference style. In 60.9% of journals, the amount of failure in the reference style was less than 10%. The average of self-citations to authors and journal articles, were 3.6% and 1.2%, respectively. The average percentage of foreign references was 83.6%. Most of the references were old and only 2.9% of references were done in the study year. Journals with 87.2%, had received m...

This study had two purposes: to examine the expertise of doctoral students in their use of the scholarly literature and to investigate the use of citation analysis as a tool for collection development. Analysis of 1,842 coded citations gleaned from 30 education dissertations awarded in 2000 from 3 institutions in the United States revealed that journal articles, at 45%, were cited most frequently, followed by monographs (33.9%) and "other" (18.3%), with magazines and Web sites contributing less than 2% each of the total material types cited. The study examined 858 journal and magazine citations, which were found in 239 unique titles. A relatively small number of journals contained a high percentage of the references found in the dissertations analyzed. Based on a design by D. Kohl and L. Wilson (1986), dissertation citations were also scored for scholarliness, currency, and appropriateness of format, and scores on the three criteria were averaged to arrive at a quality rat...

This study had two purposes: to examine the expertise of doctoral students in their use of the scholarly literature and to investigate the use of citation analysis as a tool for collection development. Analysis of 1,842 coded citations gleaned from 30 education dissertations awarded in 2000 from 3 institutions in the United States revealed that journal articles, at 45%, were cited most frequently, followed by monographs (33.9%) and "other" (18.3%), with magazines and Web sites contributing less than 2% each of the total material types cited. The study examined 858 journal and magazine citations, which were found in 239 unique titles. A relatively small number of journals contained a high percentage of the references found in the dissertations analyzed. Based on a design by D. Kohl and L. Wilson (1986), dissertation citations were also scored for scholarliness, currency, and appropriateness of format, and scores on the three criteria were averaged to arrive at a quality rat...