Community based forest management

Forest Enactment Sesaot into regional Forest Park (TAHURA) through a ministerial decree No. 244 / Kpts- II / 1999 and No. 598 / Menhut-II / 2009 conflict between the various interested parties. Research with qualitative approach is wanted (1) map the problem (dynamics) access, property, power, and authority over natural resources in the Forest Sesaot before and after establishment; (2) analyze the structure and stages of the conflict and relations (collection and nets) power of the actors involved; (3) merekomendasikanskema collaborative management sebagaisolusi conflict resolution. The study found that conflict management of natural resources in the forest Sesaot sourced from struggles over access and management rights between the Government of West Nusa Tenggara with local people who then received support from the Government of West Lombok. With relationships, collection, and net power it has, the NTB provincial government support TAHURA scheme, while the West Lombok regency HKm support scheme (Community Forest). Third party managed to defuse the conflict with the decision to restore the status of forest functions Sesaot scheme TAHURA location HKm and move to other areas outside the forest area Sesaot. However, not all parties are satisfied with this decision. To avoid conflicts from happening in the future, the authors recommend a modified scheme HKm kolabaratif HKm be able to accommodate the interests of all parties.

How do humans come to care for their environment and what turns them into conservationists are central questions in environmental politics. Recent scholars have turned to Foucault’s ideas of “governmentality” to understand how technologies of power intersect with technologies of the self to create “environmental subjects,” that is, people who display a sense of commitment to the conservation of the environment. In this article, I argue that the applications of governmentality tend to privilege technologies of power and pay insufficient attention to the role of affect, emotions, and embodied practices in shaping human subjectivities. I draw on Spinoza’s framework of affects and Hardt and Negri’s idea of “affective labor” to bring attention to the processes through which human beings make themselves and the role of affect and environmental care practices in shaping subjectivity. Using the example of community-based forest conservation efforts in Odisha, India, I argue that we need to look beyond economic and political rationalities to explain human action and behavior. I suggest that villagers’ efforts to regenerate degraded forests involve affective labor in which mind and body, reason and passion, intellect and feeling are all employed together. Through the daily practices of caring for the forest and helping the forests grow, villagers not only transform natural landscapes but also transform their individual and collective subjectivities. I conclude by elaborating on the “biopower from below” of these environmental care practices.

The facilitators guide provides all the necessary information, required tools, and steps involved in the preparation of community-based forest management and development plan. The guide was expected to help both the facilitators and local communities to prepare CBFMPs in a collective and participatory manner with active participation of different stakeholders associated with community-based forests and their resources. We hope that users of this CBFM facilitator’s guide will find it practical, applicable, realistic and useful in the field situations.

Abstrak Kawasan hutan yang berada dalam wilayah Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Konservasi (KPHK) Kuala Lupak merupakan tipe hutan rawa. Hutan rawa sebagai salah satu tipe hutan yang ada di Indonesia mempunyai peranan yang penting dan strategis karena keunikan lokasinya, karakteristik hutan dan gambutnya, kekayaan dan keanekaragaman flora dan faunanya serta fungsinya dalam ekosistem global. Walaupun demikian, kondisi kehidupan ekonomi masyarakat yang mendiami wilayah-wilayah hutan rawa pada umumnya tergolong miskin dan bergantung hidupnya dengan hutan. Konsekuensi dari rendahnya pendapatan adalah masyarakat semakin tergantung pada sumber daya lahan, semakin sulit mengembangkan potensi diri, standar minimal kebutuhan masyarakat sulit terpenuhi, dan pada akhirnya masyarakat kurang dapat berpartisipasi dalam program pembangunan. Upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat merupakan cara untuk mengangkat harkat dan martabat masyarakat dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan lestari dan masyarakat sejahtera. Agar kegiatan pemberdayaan dapat lebih terarah diperlukan suatu model pemberdayaan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar hutan rawa bergambut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (a) mengidentifikasi kondisi modal sumberdaya di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak, (b) mengkaji perilaku masyarakat dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak, dan (c) merumuskan model pemberdayaan masyarakat di di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan mewujudkan kelestarian hutan. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan kombinasi antara penelitian kuantitatif dan penelitian kualitatif. Pembahasan hasil analisis penelitian kuantitatif akan dapat lebih mendalam dan tidak kering jika dikombinasikan dengan hasil analisis penelitian kualitatif. Dengan kombinasi ini, akan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih luas terhadap masalah-masalah penelitian. Penelitian dilaksanakan di desa-desa di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak yang mempunyai karakteristik lahan hutan rawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat telah memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang cukup baik dalam pengelolaan hutan, namun dari aspek sikap (afektif) masih tergolong rendah. Untuk mengoptimalkan peran masyarakat maka model pemberdayaan harus mengarah kepada pembentukan perilaku positif masyarakat untuk mengelola sumberdaya hutan. Model ini dilakukan dengan memperkuat modal sumberdaya di satu sisi dan pelaku pemberdayaan di sisi lain. Keduanya harus dimediasi oleh proses pemberdayaan hingga dapat meningkatkan keberdayaan masyarakat. Model ini disebut dengan Model Pemberdayaan Perhutanan Sosial Berbasis Pembelajaran.

In resource dependent rural areas of developing countries, common property resource management has been considered as one of the most viable options for combining poverty reduction, enhancement of local level economic development and biodiversity conservation. The past decade has witnessed an increasing emphasis on community-based forest management, with transference of forest management responsibility into the hands of local communities. However,

People’s dependency towards natural environment including forestis a manifestation ofefforts  to  meet  their  needs. Commodity  widely  used  by people  surrounding  forest is  various undergrowth species  found  in  the  forest area. In Mount Merapi National Park (TNGM), undergrowth species got less attention because its utilization is considered still limited and some regarded it as weed. This research aims to study the diversity ofundergrowth species in utilization zone of TNGM and its use by  surrounding village communities.  To  determine  the distribution pattern  and to  identify  undergrowth  species,  vegetation  analysis (ANVEG) was done in nine plot observations with a size of 1 x 1 m2. Each plot was devided into10 x 10 cm2 sub plots and observed.To assess utilization of undergrowth species, interviews were conducted with 30 respondents purposively selected  from the village  of Umbulharjo  and  Glagahharjo.  The  results  showed  there were 23 undergrowth  species found  in  the  plot  observations in  TNGM utilization  zone.  Some  residents  around  TNGM  already used it for  various purposes,such  as  formix/additional  fodder,  fertilizer, traditional  medicines,  beverages  and  cattle bedding.  However, nowdays its utilization was limited  only on several species  i.e ireng-ireng (Eupatorium riparium), kirinyuh (Cromolaena odorata), rumput eri (Chrysopogon Aciculata), tapakliman (Elephantopus mollis) and regedeg  (Centella  asiati).Therefore,  utilization  of  undergrowth  species needed to  be  disseminated  widely  to  surroundingcommunity so as to utilizeit optimally.

Ketergantungan masyarakat dengan lingkungan alam berupa hutan merupakan manifestasi dari upaya masyarakat sekitar hutan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Salah satu komoditi yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sekitar hutan adalah berbagai jenis tumbuhan bawah yang ditemukan di dalam kawasan hutan. Di kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi (TNGM), keberadaan tumbuhan bawah masih kurang diperhatikan karena selama ini dianggap variasi pemanfaatannya masih terbatas serta sebagian masih menganggapnya sebagai gulma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan bawah di zona pemanfaatan TNGM serta pemanfaatan yang telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat di desa-desa sekitarnya. Untuk mengetahui pola penyebaran dan identifikasi jenis tumbuhan bawah, dilakukan analisa vegetasi (ANVEG) pada sembilan (9) buah petak/plot pengamatan dengan ukuran 1 x 1 m 2. Pada masing-masing plot pengamatan dibuat sub petak/sub plot dengan ukuran 10 x 10 cm 2. Untuk mengkaji pemanfaatan tumbuhan bawah oleh masyarakat sekitar TNGM, dilakukan wawancara dengan 30 orang responden yang dipilih secara purposif dari Desa Umbulharjo dan Desa Glagahharjo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, terdapat 23 jenis tumbuhan bawah yang ditemukan pada plot pengamatan di zona pemanfaatan TNGM. Sebagian warga sekitar TNGM sudah memanfaatkan tumbuhan bawah untuk berbagai keperluan antara lain untuk campuran/tambahan pakan ternak, pupuk, obat tradisional, minuman dan alas tidur ternak. Namun saat ini pemanfaatannya baru pada beberapa jenis tumbuhan yaitu ireng-ireng (Eupatorium riparium), kirinyuh (Cromolaena odorata), rumput eri (Chrysopogon aciculata), tapak liman (Elephantopus mollis) dan regedeg (Centella asiati). Manfaat tumbuhan bawah perlu disosialisasikan secara luas kepada warga sekitar TNGM agar pemanfaatannya dapat dilakukan secara optimal. Kata kunci: Gunung Merapi, masyarakat, pemanfaatan, tumbuhan bawah Suharti S. 2015. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan bawah di zona pemanfaatan Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi oleh masyarakat sekitar hutan. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1: 1411-1415. People's dependency towards natural environment including forest is a manifestation of efforts to meet their needs. Commodity widely used by people surrounding forest is various undergrowth species found in the forest area. In Mount Merapi National Park (TNGM), undergrowth species got less attention because its utilization is considered still limited and some regarded it as weed. This research aims to study the diversity of undergrowth species in utilization zone of TNGM and its use by surrounding village communities. To determine the distribution pattern and to identify undergrowth species, vegetation analysis (ANVEG) was done in nine plot observations with a size of 1 x 1 m 2. Each plot was devided into 10 x 10 cm 2 sub plots and observed. To assess utilization of undergrowth species, interviews were conducted with 30 respondents purposively selected from the village of Umbulharjo and Glagahharjo. The results showed there were 23 undergrowth species found in the plot observations in TNGM utilization zone. Some residents around TNGM already used it for various purposes, such as for mix/additional fodder, fertilizer, traditional medicines, beverages and cattle bedding. However, nowdays its utilization was limited only on several species i.e ireng-ireng (Eupatorium riparium), kirinyuh (Cromolaena odorata), rumput eri (Chrysopogon Aciculata), tapak liman (Elephantopus mollis) and regedeg (Centella asiati). Therefore, utilization of undergrowth species needed to be disseminated widely to surrounding community so as to utilize it optimally.

Title of thesis: Traditional ecological knowledge and (co-)management among the Mapuche: Exploring Lanín national Park (Argentina).

Based on empirical field research, this thesis examines the relationship between traditional
ecological knowledge (TEK) and nature conservation, focusing specifically on the mapuche
communities in the Lanín National Park (LNP) in Argentina, and the issues and complexities
relating to the co-management of the LNP.
The collected data were qualitatively analyzed according to an interdisciplinary and
systematic theoretical perspective, which highlights that: 1) The notion of "indigenous
community" has to be problematized regarding the context of internal migrations; the
recognized status of indigenous communities has repercussions within the LNP; 2) TEK is
ecosociospecific, embedded in an institutional regime of community possession, and show a
coherent set to deal with a wide range of needs (sociocultural and economic reproduction);
3) The institutional conditions related to the LNP are fundamental and influence the updating
of TEK, and the guidance of the use of natural resources: for example, the partial physical
possession of the resources for the Mapuche, does not allow them for economic and
sociocultural reproduction; the spatial boundary underline the inherent limitations of TEK,
when they have to respond to the needs of productive growth (increasing population
density), and results in the deterioration of ecological funds.
Thus, this thesis reveals the contradictions between co-management and the TEK of the
Mapuche, threatening both the TEK and the natural resources of LNP; it also draws
attention to the agency of the social actors, as the Mapuche now seem to confer upon their
TEK a strategic role in a process of reterritorialization and indigenous empowerment.
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Titre de la thèse: Savoirs traditionnels écologiques et (co-)gestion chez les Mapuche :
Le cas du Parc national Lanín (Argentine).

Réalisée à partir d'une recherche de terrain, cette thèse porte sur le rapport entre les savoirs
traditionnels écologiques (STE) et la conservation de la nature; particulièrement ceux de
collectivités mapuche concernées par le parc national Lanín (PNL) en Argentine, marqué par
un processus de co-gestion et ses enjeux.
Les données collectées ont été analysées qualitativement suivant une perspective théorique
interdisciplinaire et systémique, mettant en évidence que: 1) La notion de «communauté
autochtone» doit être problématisée vu les migrations internes; le statut reconnu aux
autochtones a des répercussions dans le PNL; 2) Les STE sont écosociospécifiques, ancrés
dans un régime institutionnel de possession communautaire et relèvent d’une logique
d’ensemble afin de répondre à un ensemble de besoins (reproduction socioculturelle et
économique); 3) Les conditions institutionnelles liées au PNL sont fondamentales et influent
sur l'actualisation des STE et l'orientation dans l'usage des ressources: par exemple, la
possession matérielle partielle des Mapuche sur les ressources ne leur permet pas une
reproduction économique et socioculturelle; la limite spatiale souligne les limites intrinsèques
des STE lorsqu'il s'agit de répondre à la nécessité d'une croissance productive (population
toujours plus dense), engendrant la détérioration des fonds écologiques.
Ainsi, cette thèse révèle les contradictions entre le cadre de la co-gestion et les STE
mapuche, menaçant à la fois les STE et les ressources du PNL; également l'agencéité des
acteurs sociaux puisque les Mapuche conféreraient désormais à leurs STE un rôle dans un
processus de reterritorialisation et d'empowerment autochtone.

This paper seeks to identify the factors which are responsible for successful management of natural resources when communities are given opportunities to manage those resources. Applying the social capital framework, it analyzes empirical data from the well known case of Kalahan Educational Foundation, the Philippines. The study confirms previous findings, which have emphasized the high level of cohesion and traditional norms among a homogeneous community of indigenous peoples (bonding social capital) as a success factor. This study further identifies that for effective management of collective action, mobilization of bridging and linking social capital are equally important as they do not only help mobilize external resources but, at times, also promote bonding social capital.

Buku ini merupakan hasil studi mengenai masalah permukiman dan kawasan pertanian masyarakat yang berada dalam kawasan tiga taman nasional di Indonesia, yaitu Ujung Kulon di Jawa, Kerinci Seblat di Sumatra, dan Lore Lindu di Sulawesi. Tidak ada satu pun kawasan konservasi di Indonesia yang bebas sama sekali dari konflik ruang dengan permukiman dan pertanian masyarakat. Buku ini menguraikan lima tipe permukiman dalam relasinya dengan taman nasional, serta enam bentuk respon dari Balai taman nasional dalam menyikapi berbagai tipe permukiman itu.
Kesimpulan buku ini menekankan bahwa anggapan masyarakat setempat adalah ancaman utama terhadap keutuhan kawasan konservasi tidaklah selalu tepat, dan dalam banyak kasus ancaman itu justru berasal dari institusi pemerintah sendiri baik di aras pusat maupun daerah otonom.
Oleh karena itu, cara pandang dan paradigma mengenai penyebab degradasi hutan maupun model pengelolaan kawasan konservasi haruslah dirubah.

Although Indonesia is experiencing one of the most complex transformations of social forestry policy in the world, there is a need to step back and more closely examine the politics, ecologies, and economies that provide context for its implementation. This introduction offers a synthesis of the collection of special section submissions in Forest and Society. We begin by navigating the current social forestry moment by presenting a heuristic for identifying the discourses underpinning the rapid expansion in support of social forestry schemes. These perspectives are fragmented across four continuously contested discourses: community-first, legal-first, conservation-first, and development-first. We then contextualize the historical developments that brought social forestry into its current form by laying out a genealogy of its antecedents across three distinct generations. These three generations of social forestry are roughly aligned with the overall political changes that have taken place in Indonesia, each of which engaged in their own mechanisms for defining and administering social forestry. The first generation roughly follows the period of New Order rule; a second generation began as the regime unraveled, resulting in a period of reform and restructuring of the political system. At this time, new legal frameworks were introduced, followed by the development of new implementation mechanisms. We argue that social forestry has entered a third distinct period that is characterized by the expanding interests of numerous stakeholders to formalize permitting schemes. This third generation presents new possibilities for redefining land management on Indonesia's vast national forests. The contributions to this special issue shed new light on the overall implications of these changes. We divide the findings across submissions, covering broad topical engagement on the economies, ecologies, and politics at different governing scales. From these findings we suggest a course for future research, and identify key policy challenges for the future of social forestry and for Indonesia.

Inclusion of marginalized sections and minorities remains one of the most vexing problems for democratic politics. This article discusses the enactment of a recent Indian law, ‘The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights) Act, 2006’, as exemplifying the possibilities of inclusion of marginalized groups in democratic processes. The law was enacted in response to a nationwide mobilization of marginalized forest dwellers and their advocates demanding rights over forests. Grassroots-level formations representing forest dwellers came together across scales and spaces to form a network that successfully negotiated India's democratic politics to achieve the passage of the law. The case illustrates the role of grassroots mobilizations in creating alternate discourses of legitimacy, networking across scales and locations, and using spaces provided by representative democracy to include the voices and demands of the marginalized in democracies.

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited 'forest land' in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment. This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration. Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7 MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the policy and practice of community-based forest management (CBFM) in the Philippines over the last three decades -one of the longest experiences in Asia. As a form of structural policy reform, CBFM may be viewed as radical and progressive. It replaced the century-old corporate mode of forest utilization where benefi ts fl owed directly to an elite minority and attempts to institutionalize a more "people-oriented," approach of forest management. However, progress on the ground in terms of achieving the CBFM's goals on sustainable and equitable forest management remains elusive. Unstable policy, overly bureaucratic procedures, CBFM viewed as a project and not as an approach to replacing commercial large-scale forestry, and weak institutional support system, deter effective implementation. Drawing from three decades of experience, the paper distilled emerging lessons for sustainable and equitable forest management that may be useful to other countries promoting community forestry.

Conservation of indigenous tree species is crucial for restoration of ecosystems and provision of livelihood support functions among rural communities. However, most tree planting initiatives have promoted exotic species, ignoring native species which populations have for long depended on. This study assessed the indigenous tree species conservation and Use Values in the Kyoga plains and the highland ranges Agro Ecological Zones of Uganda. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to capture primary data from a total of 422 household heads. Data were coded and entered in SPSS statistical package (Version 16). Descriptive statistics were generated to establish the distribution of indigenous trees on farms and tree management options employed by farmers. Chi-square test at 5% probability level was used to assess whether there was any difference in indigenous tree establishment, propagation and management options in the four study districts. The Use Value index technique was used to rank and prioritize 20 indigenous tree species. Most of the local communities in Eastern highland ranges prefer planting and retaining indigenous tree species in crop fields, while deliberate tree planting in the vicinity of family compounds (homestead) was predominant in the Kyoga plains. Indigenous tree species mode of establishment, propagation and management options significantly differed across the four study sites (P<0.05). The overall tree species Use Value Indices generally correspond to the number of uses of a particular tree species and vary between 2.4 and 0.2. Our study findings show rather a narrow range between the highest and least use value, implying that communities generally valued a particular tree species for at least more than one preferred use. Local communities prefer protecting naturally growing indigenous tree seedlings than planting. They facilitate tree regeneration when the benefits of their investment are guaranteed and the economic value such trees can provide to the household. Therefore, while evaluating indigenous tree species for relative importance and use, the end objectives of such evaluation must be critically examined in light of the interest of different tree resource user groups.

Participatory approaches to forest management have gained wide acceptance and have also become the primary guiding principle in the management of natural resources worldwide. Despite their widespread popularity, participatory methods developed so far have often been criticized as lacking in rigor and in need of better structuring and analytical capabilities. This paper proposes and combines two approaches, namely multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and participatory modeling. MCA offers an analytical environment where multiple goals, objectives, and perspectives can be accommodated and analyzed collectively and holistically. Such framework is deemed appropriate under a community-based forest management (CBFM) setting that is typically characterized by plurality of opinions and interests. Participatory modeling, on the other hand, is a general framework that subscribes to the principles of participatory action research, where direct participation of local communities is deemed crucial to the success of any management strategy. To ensure that the modeling process is participatory, the modeling environment, model formulation, and model development must be transparent and within the grasp of local participants. This paper describes how these two approaches can be integrated in a decision support system. The integration of the two approaches takes advantage of the analytical capabilities of MCA and the open and collaborative nature of participatory modeling. Applications of these two approaches as stand alone models are briefly described. A more detailed case study describing the integration of the two approaches is also described. #

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a major strategy in managing forest lands in the Philippines. Forest and land management activities implemented in CBFM project sites include management of tropical forests (enrichment planting, timber stand improvement or TSI and limited harvesting), rehabilitation of degraded lands (reforestation, assisted natural regeneration (ANR)) and agroforestry. The environmental effects of CBFM and its technologies are largely positive. CBFM has led to the conservation of natural forests and the associated biodiversity. The planting of trees in farms and landscapes has led to soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biomass production.

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a major strategy in managing forest lands in the Philippines. Forest and land management activities implemented in CBFM project sites include management of tropical forests (enrichment planting, timber stand improvement or TSI and limited harvesting), rehabilitation of degraded lands (reforestation, assisted natural regeneration (ANR)) and agroforestry. The environmental effects of CBFM and its technologies are largely positive. CBFM has led to the conservation of natural forests and the associated biodiversity. The planting of trees in farms and landscapes has led to soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biomass production.

The urgent need to limit anthropogenic carbon emissions has led to the global initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD +). One option to facilitate the design and implementation of REDD + is to build on the experiences of community forest management (CFM). Despite tensions between the central objectives of REDD + and CFM, the two policy interventions share the objective of managing forests sustainably. REDD + projects can build on and benefit from the environmental, social, human, and institutional capital associated with existing community forest governance. Using a comparative case approach with studies from Nepal and Tanzania, we illustrate interactions between REDD + and CFM. In Nepal, most REDD + pilot projects have been located in community forest sites, especially in high-carbon forests. In Tanzania, REDD + funding is being used to expand the area of forest under Participatory Forest Management. Our study also highlights how community forestry institutions may need to be modified to satisfy key REDD + criteria. Greater institutional coordination, equitable benefit sharing mechanisms, and higher community capacity for monitoring, reporting, and verification are key areas needing change. There are significant risks, but the vast experience and significant successes of CFM can improve prospects for achieving REDD + objectives in other less-industrialized, forested countries.

A community-based monitoring system that focuses on natural resource use and forest quality in montane evergreen forest and miombo woodland areas was developed and implemented in 23 villages in 2002 as part of a participatory forest management regime in Iringa District, Tanzania. The scheme was developed to suit the needs and capacities of locally-elected natural resource committees managing and monitoring natural forests. Rather than measuring biodiversity, the monitoring is focused on resource extraction and disturbance. High levels of commitment to the monitoring were displayed by village level managers, and the preliminary feed-back indicates that the monitoring scheme provides them with the relevant information needed to suggest appropriate management interventions. While external support has been essential to cover development costs, natural resource revenue generated at village level can provide most of the running costs. Once developed, the scheme can, however, be transferred to similar areas at significantly lower costs that can be met by Tanzanian District budgets. Natural resource revenue generated from montane forests is generally much lower than in woodland areas due to restrictions on resource extraction imposed as a consequence of national and international interests. Opportunities to provide economic incentives for montane forest managers through direct utilisation of the resource are limited and it remains to be seen whether other non-economic incentives can sustain long term commitment in these biodiversity rich areas. Findings indicate that the key elements of this local resource utilisation monitoring scheme are simplicity, incentive mechanisms, transparency and accountability, and autonomy for local managers. However, the methods may not provide sufficient data on changes in biodiversity values in the high value forests and may need to be augmented by conventional monitoring by scientists funded by national or international institutions. Elements of the scheme are now being institutionalised within the forestry sector in Tanzania.

In Ghana, forests provide many products on which the local population subsists. However, these resources are depleting due to a variety of factors including agricultural expansion and over-exploitation of forest resources. This paper presents an analysis of the level of local dependence on forest resources and its implications for forest management in Ghana. The paper also outlines the causes of continuing deforestation in the studied region from the perspective of the local residents and discusses what role they could play in addressing the problem. The aim is to share more light on the current causes of deforestation and make suggestions for improved community-based forest management practices that could help to reduce deforestation. Primary data was collected through personal interviews and focus group discussions with 431 household heads randomly selected from three Forest Districts in Ghana. The survey showed that income from agriculture constituted 60% of the average total rural household income. Forest income provided 38% of total household income, and off-farm income 2%. The four most highly ranked causes of deforestation are poverty-driven agriculture, lack of alternative rural wage employment other than farming, household population levels, and conflict in traditional land practices. This shows a shift in the view of local people who in the past were quick to blame logging companies and government policies for deforestation. The majority of the respondents depended on wild animals like snail, bush meat, wild honey and wild and cultivated vegetables. Given the reasons for deforestation, much thought needs to go into Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.

Timber production is an important ecosystem service of European mountain forests. This paper aimed to assess the current practices in logging operations and to identify the efficiency gaps in timber production. The study was located in seven case study areas from representative European mountain ranges, where 632 logging operations were analysed. The focus was on road infrastructure, transport systems, harvesting methods and extraction technologies. Often inappropriate technology was used in steep terrain; there was no correlation between the average slope and the selection of harvesting systems. Skidding was the most common extraction method (75%), while cable yarding and forwarding had shares of 15% and 8%. The mean road density was 18.5 m ha-1. The mean extraction distance was 501 m. The mean harvesting and extraction productivity were 9.0 m³ h-1 and 10.2 m³ h-1; the mean costs were 11.1 € m-³ and 11.7 € m-³, respectively. Non-mechanized and obsolete harvesting systems reported the lowest efficiency and the highest environmental footprint, while fully mechanized systems reported the highest efficiency, the lowest number of accidents and the lowest stand damage. Cable yarders are the appropriate extraction technology in steep terrain, but they require a well-developed road network. Higher mechanization degree, improved quality of the road networks, knowledge transfer to practice and training of forest workers are some of the necessary measures to overcome the efficiency gaps in timber production in European mountain forests.

Chhattisgarh state in India has the highest incidence of poverty in the country with an estimated 47.9 per cent of the State‟s population living in poverty. It has the third largest area under forest and approximately 44% of the total geographical area of the state falls under forests. There is a strong connection between forest areas and poverty and the state is no exception. The study had four clear objectives one of which was to understand and document the traditional natural resource management in the villages in the form of a case study. The case study also involved understanding the role of community forest management and its prospect in a post-CFR environment. The other three objectives were to do resource mapping, prepare bylaws for Community Forest Management (CFM) and assess the possibility of a NTFP based business plan.

The poor performance of various people-oriented forestry projects has prompted the government to adopt the Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) program as the development pathway for addressing upland poverty and deforestation. The Program is based on the premise that if local communities were given access to, control of, and benefits from forest resources, they will be transformed into responsible stewards and partners in the promotion of sustainable forest management.

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited 'forest land' in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment. This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration. Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7 MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country.

This is to certify that Ms. Ranjana Budhathoki, a student of M.Sc. 2 nd year, Central Department of Environmental Sciences, T.U., has carried out this case study entitled "A Case Study on Assessment of Sustainability of Harisiddhi Community Forest of Sindhupalchowk District" under my supervision and guidance.