Coopetition

Purpose - This paper analyzes important theoretical work conducted in the research streams of co-opetition and value creation. While innovation is acknowledged as a desirable and empirically verified outcome of co-opetition between firms, academic research has not systematically examined value creation outcomes of intra-firm co-opetition. This study aims to explore the nature of co-opetitive relationships within the firm. Processes of knowledge creation, differentiation and evolution are presented in the paper.

Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines and compares co-opetitive dynamics in different contexts, by adopting a multi-level approach to help understand and analyze the complex phenomenon of intra-organizational co-opetition. Value creation in an ecology perspective is discussed to enhance the conceptualization of the Quintuple Helix.

Findings - This paper highlights the role of knowledge differentiation as a driver of value creation. In particular, intra-firm co-opetition dynamics are investigated in relationship with knowledge evolution. A theoretical model is proposed via the DUCCK framework (Dynamics of Ultra-Organizational Co-opetition and Circuits of Knowledge).

Research limitations/implications - This paper attempts to provide new perspectives on the growing academic field of co-opetition and knowledge creation. It complements previous research in intra-organizational settings and offers an alternative knowledge-based view of organizational value creation.

Practical implications - The paper contributes to develop managers’ practices in understanding potential benefits of intra-organizational co-opetition. The paper also brings additional insights for KM practitioners, by considering the impact of co-opetition on knowledge dynamics.

Keywords: co-opetition, intra-organizational, co-opetition dynamics, knowledge-based view, knowledge evolution, value creation, value ecology, knowledge management

Il paper esamina - con aggiornamento al 2007 - i fenomeni di cooperazione portuale o di coopetition in atto. Successivamente l'autore è stato coinvolto - anche dal punto di vista operativo - nella costituzione del NAPA (North Adriatic Ports Association)

Bu çalışma*, Paolo Sironi’nin “FinTech Innovation” isimli kitabından yola çıkarak FinTech dünyasının yıkıcı teknolojik gelişimine karşı, sürdürülebilir yenilikçiliğin neden önemli olduğunu ve bu sürecin nasıl ortaya çıktığını özetlemektedir.

Çalışma genel olarak FinTech’in genel tarihçesi ile temel kavramları ortaya koyduktan sonra Yenilikçilik Teorisi ile yıkıcı teknoloji ve sürdürülebilir yenilikçiliğin ilişkisini kurarak bu konseptlerin rekaberlik çerçevesini oluşturacak beş farklı strateji önerisi sunmaktadır.

*Bu çalışma, Paolo Sironi tarafından yazılan “FinTech Innovation” kitabının ilk bölümünden özetlenmiştir. FinTech Innovation kitabının içinde Sironi, tüm kavramların detaylarını ele almakta ve adım adım belirli bir yıkıcı yenilikçilik konseptinin DNA’sını çözümlemektedir.

No atual contexto competitivo, as empresas devem buscar recursos que lhes garantam resultados positivos e sustentáveis. Dentre as estratégias desenvolvidas, estão as interorganizacionais, as quais envolvem ações de cooperação e colaboração entre parceiros. Cooperação e colaboração são normalmente usadas na literatura de negócios como sinônimos, no entanto, podem-se considerar conceitos distintos. Este ensaio discute esta diferença entre os termos. Observa-se que a cooperação ocorre em nível horizontal com ganhos para ambos os parceiros, e a colaboração aparece em nível vertical ou horizontal, como apoio de uma organização a outra. Ainda, discute-se o papel da coopetição, que ocorre em nível horizontal, não exclui episódios de colaboração, mas é uma ocorrência simultânea de competição e colaboração entre competidores.

Purpose
This paper analyzes important theoretical work conducted in the research streams of co-opetition and innovation as catalysts of organizational performance. It is noteworthy that while technological innovation and economic performances appear as beneficial outcomes of inter-organizational co-opetition, academic research has not systematically examined organizational performance outcomes in intra-firm co-opetition settings. This study therefore aims to explore the nature of co-opetitive dynamics within the firm. In light of this, knowledge processes contributing to enhance organizational performance and capabilities are presented in the paper.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper examines and compares co-opetitive dynamics in different contexts, by adopting a multi-level approach to help understand and analyze the complex phenomenon of intra-organizational co-opetition. In particular, existing academic contributions are examined, in an attempt to identify relevant links between co-opetition and innovation.

Findings
The knowledge-based perspective used to analyze the potential of co-opetition at the firm level brings a first representation of how knowledge value creation is achieved and sustained through KM oriented strategies. A framework for co-opetition dynamics within the organization  is also introduced and focuses on intra-firm relationships that result in value creation.

Originality/value
This study complements previous research limited to inter-organizational settings. This is the first attempt to link internal co-opetition to firm’s managerial practices.  The paper thus contributes to develop the field of strategic management and brings additional insights for KM practitioners, by considering the impact of co-opetition on knowledge dynamics.

Keywords: Co-opetition, Intra-organizational, Value creation, Knowledge management, Organizational performance

Coopetition is a concept found in the organizational, management and tourism literature that describes a practical strategy of actors to simultaneously cooperate and compete with other actors. This paper reviews the wider literature of coopetition and identifies four themes namely process, intensity, dynamism, and level of coopetition. Tourism coopetition research addresses all of these themes. Based on the review, coopetition is a dynamic behaviour of the actors influenced by internal and external factors and, an actor’s decision to compete or cooperate may change the process and intensity of coopetition. A tourist destination as a co-location of various actors provides an opportunity to study coopetition at multiple levels as well as exploring the overlap of these themes in particular situations.

The foundation of game theory was laid by Jphn V. Neuman (1903-1957) in his beautiful paper “Zur Theorie der Gesselschaftsspiele”e (s.295-320). The subject obtained reputation in a wider circle, after the appearance in 1944 on the book “Theory of Games and Economic Behavior” (Princeton University Pres) which John von Neumann wrote together with the mathematical economist Oskar Morgenstern (1902-1977). Since that time some thousands of paper connected with the subject appeared in various places. The need of game theorists to have their own journal was fulfilled in 1971 by the foundation of Iınternational Journal of Game Theory” (Physica Verlag, Vienna). The objective of this study is to expose the interest conflict between different groups and/or indivisuals expectations in Muğla transportation sector and to give basic information about game theory which is a systematic approach to understand the behaviors of the players on a situation that the outcomes connected with the others behavior. However much the theory is not a decision tool on daily lifes practice, it would be helpful to undarstand the behaviors of the sides.

This paper analyzes important theoretical work conducted in the research streams of co-opetition and innovation as catalysts of organizational performance. It is noteworthy that while technological innovation and economic performances appear as beneficial outcomes of inter-organizational co-opetition, academic research has not systematically examined organizational performance outcomes in intra-firm co-opetition settings. This study therefore aims to explore the nature of co-opetitive dynamics within the firm. In light of this, knowledge processes contributing to enhance organizational performance and capabilities are presented in the paper. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines and compares co-opetitive dynamics in different contexts, by adopting a multi-level approach to help understand and analyze the complex phenomenon of intra-organizational co-opetition. In particular, existing academic contributions are examined, in an attempt to identify relevant links between co-op...

Prior studies of coopetition have explained the what, how and why of firms cooperating with competitors. Among these, examining the how question as to the stream of coope-tition dynamics is the most challenging theme. Previous research has focused much more on the cooperation side. Less attention has been paid to the competition side to reveal what happens to competition after the competitors have collaborated. This study sheds light on the issue of cooperation-based competition by answering the question: while cooperating with competitors, how do rival partners compete based on cooperation? Linking the competitive dynamics perspective to coopetition, we conducted a single-case study to analyse the competition between two leading competitors in the Taiwanese bicycle industry. We collected the reported issues pertaining to the competition in the Eu-ropean market and supported by in-depth interviews. The analysis leads us to develop three propositions and a conceptual framework for illustrating the cooperation-based competition and addressing how cooperation may influence competition in a coopeti-tion relationship. This study provides new insights into a theoretical issue of cooperation-based competition. The case also provides management implications while taking a coo-petition strategy.

This paper analyzes important theoretical work conducted in the research streams of co-opetition and innovation as catalysts of organizational performance. It is noteworthy that while technological innovation and economic performances appear as beneficial outcomes of inter-organizational co-opetition, academic research has not systematically examined organizational performance outcomes in intra-firm co-opetition settings. This study therefore aims to explore the nature of co-opetitive dynamics within the firm. In light of this, knowledge processes contributing to enhance organizational performance and capabilities are presented in the paper. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines and compares co-opetitive dynamics in different contexts, by adopting a multi-level approach to help understand and analyze the complex phenomenon of intra-organizational co-opetition. In particular, existing academic contributions are examined, in an attempt to identify relevant links between co-op...

The article takes a recent statement delivered by the Italian competition authority on some agreements for the production of wines as a starting point for considering the main contents of the EU Common Agricultural Policy in the wine sector and the main organizational aspects of the relevant industry. Some considerations are then developed with regard both to the existing system of wine consortia in Italy and possible co-opetition outlooks.

Kursus bahasa Inggris merupakan salah satu kegiatan populer sejak tahun 1980 an di Indonesia tidak terkecuali di kota Garut. Merdeka College ICB merupakan lembaga pendidikan bahasa Inggris pertama di kota Garut. Didirikan sejak tahun 1986, ICB menjadi ikon yang sangat populer saat itu, hampir semua peminat kursus bahasa Inggris se kabupaten Garut berbondong-bondong kesana. Rata-rata siswa ajarnya mencapai 500 orang per semester, jumlah yang cukup fantastis saat itu jika dibandingkan dengan kapasitas gedungnya. Bisnis keluarga yang dirintis oleh pendirinya bapak Adang Kurnia ini terus mengalami kemajuan pesat, selain kursus bahasa Inggris, ICB merambah ke jenis kursus lain seperti elektro, otomotif, kesekretariatan, mengetik, dan komputer. Namun seiring perkembangan jaman, persaingan di bidang kursus tidak dapat dihindari, terlebih setelah munculnya bimbingan belajar untuk para pelajar, kurang lebihnya menyedot sebagian besar pasar potensial kursus dan juga diantara kursus bahasa sendiri. Di tahun 2000an bisnis kursus bahasa Inggris sudah hampir diambang kebangkrutan, peminatnya tinggal 10% dari semula, bidang kursus lainnya seperti mengetik, elektro dan otomotif selesai karena tidak ada peminat. Bukan hanya itu pegawai dan guru-guru pun hampir tinggal 5 %dari jumlah semula. ICB kemudian mencoba bangkit dengan mengambil jenis usaha lain di bidang pendidikan. Melihat potensi wisata dan hotel di kabupaten Garut yang cukup diminati para wisatawan, Pak Adang, akhirnya membuka sekolah perhotelan 1 tahun di akhir tahun 2000. Peminatnya memang tidak banyak, tetapi dapat melanjutkan usaha bidang pendidikan yang dicintainya. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana value co-creation dari bisnis  kursus bahasa Inggris, dan melihat kompetisi serta kolaborasinya dengan value net. Dalam value net digambarkan co-opetition, dimana ICB sebagai pusat model, kursus dan lembaga pendidikan sebagai pesaing, Diknas, Disnaker, Hotel sebagai komplementor. Siswa, mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum digambarkan sebagai pelanggan. Suppliernya terdiri dari pengajar, dan universitas. Dengan teknik wawancara terhadap pemilik, mantan pengajar, pengajar, mantan karyawan, karyawan, siswa ajar, mantan siswa ajar, dan pihak-pihak pemerintah yang pernah tahu kejayaan ICB riset ini menghasilkan data yang kaya bagaimana bisnis kursus bahan Inggris ini dimulai, berkembang, jaya dan layu.  Berubahnya co-opetition dalam value net menandakan pentingnya inovasi dan menjaga hubungan baik dengan para stakeholder dalam bisnis keluarga.

Following the increasing military pressure from Al-Andalus, the northeastern borders of the Kingdom of Asturias became a frontier territory which was characterised by well-defined social hierarchies. The surviving sources from the period confirm that this was common throughout the Christian North, as there are references to a consistent number of comites who were active in various territories characterised by different political identities, such as Lantarón, Cerezo,  Álava and Castile.
Thus, far for being marginal, the period of aristocratic rivalry documented between 860 and 940, shows a great deal of political action concerning the borders of the Asturian kingdom. Moreover, the centrality of rural wealth, military activities and familiar relationships between aristocrats is central to understand notions of power and governance in a period which culminated in the sudden expansion of Castile under the rule of Fernán González. Throughout a systematic study of narrative sources and charters copied in Castilian cartularies from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, this chapter will examine such a complex time of competition among military chieftains.

Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı, eş zamanlı olarak rekabet ve işbirliğine odaklanarak, rakip firmalarla oluşturulan işbirliği ağının, firmaların rekabetçi davranışlarına etkisini sınamaktır. Literatürde işbirliği ağlarına yönelik çalışmalar olmasına rağmen rekabetçi işbirliğini konu olan çalışmaların oldukça az olması ve firmaların bu tür işbirliklerinin gün geçtikçe artması konunun irdelenmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada ilk olarak firmaların rekabetçi davranışlarını açıklayabilmek için rekabetçi işbirlikleri yoğunluklarına göre rekabet yoğun ve işbirliği yoğun olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu ilişki yoğunluklarının temelinde rekabetçi işbirliği ağının yapısal özellikleri ve firmaların rekabetçi davranışları tartışmaya açılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak ise firmalar rakipleriyle işbirliği yönelmiş olsa da aralarındaki rekabetçi işbirliği ilişkisinde rekabet yoğunluğunun daha yüksek olduğu söylenilebilir. Abstract This article aims to address the effect of firms' competitive behavior in co-opetition network in which engaged their competitors, focused on simultaneous cooperation and competition. It is, however, important to examine because little research has addressed the phenomenon of co-opetition and the phenomenon in practice is on the rise while research has demonstrated in cooperative network. Co-opetition had been firstly classified according to their intensity as intensity of cooperation and intensity of competition to reflect firms' competitive behavior. Based on intensity of this relationship, characteristic of co-opetition network structure and firms' competitive behavior have discussed. Finally, it can be said that intensity of competition is the higher in co-opetition relationship even though firms have engaged in cooperation with competitors.

The purpose of this research is to study deeply innovation in service through networking strategies. In tourism sector, it is extremely interesting to study collaborative relationships even
among competitors, in a general scheme of value strategy co-planning, typical of coopetition.
We propose a theoretical model which deepens its roots on resource-based theory (RBT) with a service-dominant logic (SDL) perspective. In this direction, “relational view” and coopetition logic (game theory) are considered in value co-creation, applied to service innovation in hotel high quality management. This provides a fresh theoretical platform to examine aspects of entrepreneurship and improve theorising. Our theoretical framework can represent a possible
tool in terms of strategic decisions’ support systems. This framework can be adopted to evaluate networking initiatives’ efficacy both in service innovation and in value-co-creation, with a set of advantages for the single firm as well as for the whole system (destination). The originality of this paper concerns its capacity of considering the issue of service innovation in a network perspective that involves RBT, SDL and coopetition.

Kursus bahasa Inggris merupakan salah satu kegiatan populer sejak tahun 1980 an di Indonesia tidak terkecuali di kota Garut. Merdeka College ICB merupakan lembaga pendidikan bahasa Inggris pertama di kota Garut. Didirikan sejak tahun 1986, ICB menjadi ikon yang sangat populer saat itu, hampir semua peminat kursus bahasa Inggris se kabupaten Garut berbondong-bondong kesana. Rata-rata siswa ajarnya mencapai 500 orang per semester, jumlah yang cukup fantastis saat itu jika dibandingkan dengan kapasitas gedungnya. Bisnis keluarga yang dirintis oleh pendirinya bapak Adang Kurnia ini terus mengalami kemajuan pesat, selain kursus bahasa Inggris, ICB merambah ke jenis kursus lain seperti elektro, otomotif, kesekretariatan, mengetik, dan komputer. Namun seiring perkembangan jaman, persaingan di bidang kursus tidak dapat dihindari, terlebih setelah munculnya bimbingan belajar untuk para pelajar, kurang lebihnya menyedot sebagian besar pasar potensial kursus dan juga diantara kursus bahasa sendiri. Di tahun 2000an bisnis kursus bahasa Inggris sudah hampir diambang kebangkrutan, peminatnya tinggal 10% dari semula, bidang kursus lainnya seperti mengetik, elektro dan otomotif selesai karena tidak ada peminat. Bukan hanya itu pegawai dan guru-guru pun hampir tinggal 5 %dari jumlah semula. ICB kemudian mencoba bangkit dengan mengambil jenis usaha lain di bidang pendidikan. Melihat potensi wisata dan hotel di kabupaten Garut yang cukup diminati para wisatawan, Pak Adang, akhirnya membuka sekolah perhotelan 1 tahun di akhir tahun 2000. Peminatnya memang tidak banyak, tetapi dapat melanjutkan usaha bidang pendidikan yang dicintainya. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana value co-creation dari bisnis  kursus bahasa Inggris, dan melihat kompetisi serta kolaborasinya dengan value net. Dalam value net digambarkan co-opetition, dimana ICB sebagai pusat model, kursus dan lembaga pendidikan sebagai pesaing, Diknas, Disnaker, Hotel sebagai komplementor. Siswa, mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum digambarkan sebagai pelanggan. Suppliernya terdiri dari pengajar, dan universitas. Dengan teknik wawancara terhadap pemilik, mantan pengajar, pengajar, mantan karyawan, karyawan, siswa ajar, mantan siswa ajar, dan pihak-pihak pemerintah yang pernah tahu kejayaan ICB riset ini menghasilkan data yang kaya bagaimana bisnis kursus bahan Inggris ini dimulai, berkembang, jaya dan layu.  Berubahnya co-opetition dalam value net menandakan pentingnya inovasi dan menjaga hubungan baik dengan para stakeholder dalam bisnis keluarga.

Traditionally, IT firms closely guard the management and control of critical information assets. A group of IT firms, however, adopted a different approach and formed an organization with the goal of sharing critical IT security information with industry peers (firms in the same industry that do not directly compete) and competitors to more effectively manage IT security. The inherent vulnerability in sharing critical information with other (potentially competing) firms presents an interesting, coopetition paradox for firms. Drawing from the theoretical foundations of the relational view of the firm that resolves the coopetition paradox, we conducted an empirical test to determine
whether security information sharing impacts firm's financial performance. Our findings suggest that IT firms engaged in interfirm security information sharing outperform their industry peers in terms of operational costs and overall profitability.

In 1512, Roman writer Blosio Palladio published a lengthy and laudatory prose, entitled Suburbanum Augustini Chisii, intended to exalt the magnificence of Sienese banker Agostino Chigi’s emerging villa, known today as the Villa Farnesina.  Within his writing, however, Palladio invokes a noteworthy allusion between painting and poetry in his discussion of the early work of Venetian Sebastiano del Piombo within the villa’s chambers: “Tam foelix pictor vate, ut pictor Poeta” (“So fortunate the painter is by the poet, as the Poet by the painter” ). This allusion to Sebastiano as poet is undoubtedly a loaded one, as it creates a connection with the poesie tradition so often associated with Venetian cinquecento painting and the oeuvre of Titian. Simultaneously, this reference bears significance in terms of Sebastiano’s approach to painting, particularly in light of Stephen J. Campbell’s recent argument (2010) for the conceptualization of poesie painting as a sort of artistic/metaphorical grafting.  Extending Campbell’s points, this paper argues that a similar grafting occurs in Sebastiano’s early Roman works. Examining key works from this period in Sebastiano’ career will reveal how this conceptual graft manifested in his paintings, revealing both Sebastiano’s negotiations between Roman and Venetian painterly practice in the early cinquecento and the incisiveness of Palladio’s words.

Trans Metro Bandung (TMB) merupakan moda transportasi massal yang dibangun sebagai solusi masalah kemacetan dan solusi masalah polusi kota Bandung. Namun, TMB menjadi sumber konflik social karena keberadaannya menimbulkan bentrokan kepentingan antara berbagai pihak. Dinas perhubungan (Dishub) kota Bandung sebagai pelaksana manajemen TMB, dianggap sebagai pihak yang harus bertanggung jawab menyelesaikan konflik, karena pihak-pihak lain menganggap bahwa Dishub belum bisa menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik sehingga konflik terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengusulkan frame terbaik dengan skenario yang dapat menjadi resolusi bagi konflik TMB serta meningkatkan total manfaat dari sudut pandang Dishub. Upaya ini dilakukan dengan menggabungkan jarring nilai ko-opetisi, Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR), dan Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART). Jaring nilai ko-opetisi digunakan untuk membangun frame keadaan terkini berdasarkan sudut pandang pakar transportasi dan peneliti, dimana Dishub menjadi inti jaring nilai tersebut. Dengan menggunakan analisa stabilitas dapat diketahui  skenario yang berpotensi menjadi resolusi bagi konflik TMB pada masing-masing frame. Hasil analisa stabilitas pada setiap frame kemudian dibandingkan dalam rangka mengetahui frame yang dapat memberikan skenario dengan manfaat tertinggi bagi Dishub dalam menyelesaikan konflik TMB. Penggabungan GMCR dan SMART ini dinamakn Graph Model with Multiple-attribute Rating (GMMR). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa skenario terbaik yang dapat diambil oleh Dishub Bandungadalah mencoba memotivasi masyarakat untuk tidak menggunakan kendaraan pribadi dalam bermobilitas yang rute nya dilewati TMB serta melakukan Dishub merger dengan DAMRI sehingga sumber daya keunggulan dari masing-masing pihak bisa digabungkan untuk menghasilkan moda transportasi massal kota Bandung  yang memuaskan mobilitas masyarakat. Skenario terbaik ini memberikan peningkatan nilai total manfaat sebesar 10.96% dari existing condition.

As indústrias do vinho e do turismo são "os dois lados da mesma moeda", identificadas como parceiros naturais simbióticos, podendo ser classificados como um ecossistema catalisador do desenvolvimento rural. O turismo do vinho é um excelente veículo de resgate da memória e da construção de uma identidade cultural, garantindo a continuidade das tradições ao longo das gerações, resultante do processo de socialização, onde o indivíduo aprende e interioriza o sistema de valores, de normas e comportamentos de uma determinada cultura. Este tema valoriza as “velhas” atividades rurais e desenvolve outras, investigando oportunidades e fatores de competitividade que existem em cada região. O estudo identifica dinâmicas competitivas que possam moldar o ecossistema do enoturismo usando dados de uma amostra de conveniência de 51 empresas ligadas à indústria do vinho em Portugal. Para alcançar o sucesso empresarial e o desenvolvimento territorial, serão necessárias estratégias de coopetição, criar uma oferta de produtos inovadores e distintivos e promover os produtos endógenos de cada região. Os resultados mostram uma relação complexa entre os stakeholders dentro do ecossistema, com limitadas práticas de cooperação. Foi concluído que, para o enoturismo criar mais-valias sustentáveis nas regiões, é crucial reforçar as parcerias e fortalecer estratégias ganha-ganha de coopetição que envolvam todos os stakeholders e ainda garantir uma harmonização da visão e dos objetivos de cada parceiro, alinhados com a especialização inteligente das regiões e focados no crescimento e desenvolvimento sustentáveis dos territórios.

Trans Metro Bandung (TMB) is a mass transportation mode that was built as an alternative solution to Bandung traffic jam.  The government felt that the TMB is the best transportation mode in order to solve traffic jam and pollution problem in Bandung city. Unfortunately TMB also became a source of conflict especially with the existing public transportation companies. This research purpose a combination of Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) and value net of coopetition to analyze this conflict.  Based on this analysis, possible steps in order to solve this conflict can be purposed.

The practice of urban tourism was renewed, from the 1980s, through the new relationship between tourism and the metropolis. We move from the historic city, as a traditional tourist attraction, to the cultural metropolis and metropolitan tourism. In this sense, culture and heritage seem to be less associated with the traditional tourist product, but rather with the status of a metropolis, that of the cultural metropolis. Our analysis will focus on the idea that tourism, culture and heritage, perceived as competing entities, are also actors developing cooperation, in the process of globalization favouring adaptation, especially in metropolises. The observation will be done through the Montreal model of cultural and tourist metrópolis. Resumen La práctica del turismo urbano se ha renovado a partir de los años 80, a través de nuevas relaciones entre el turismo y la metrópoli. Hemos pasado de la ciudad histórica como atractivo turístico tradicional a la metrópoli cultural y al turismo metropolitano. La cultura y el patrimonio parecen estar menos asociadas con el producto turístico tradicional y más con el estatus de una metrópoli, la de la metrópoli cultural. Nuestro análisis tratará sobre la idea de que el turismo, la cultura y el patrimonio, percibidos como entidades que compiten entre ellas, son también actores que desarrollan una cooperación, en un proceso de mundialización que favorece la adaptación, especialmente en las metrópolis. La observación se llevará a cabo a través del modelo de Montreal como metrópoli cultural y turística.

As a concept providing a new understanding of inter-firm relationships, co-opetition shapes new perspectives of strategic advantage in a context of hypercompetitive environment. However, despite growing literature examining inter-organizational co-opetition, the research field has been little investigated in terms of the nature, dynamics and sustainability of the phenomenon within firms.
                                                     
The aim of this paper is to define the role of intra-organizational co-opetition in leveraging and supporting knowledge-based innovation through ambidexterity. More precisely, the multi-level perspective used to analyze the potential of intra-organizational co-opetition leads to a first representation of the ways and means by which organizational ambidexterity is achieved at the micro-level.

Supported by the identification of critical knowledge processes, this research aims to extend the understanding of internal co-opetition. It also proposes novel academic and managerial insights aiming to reinforce organizational sustainability, and contributes to appreciate a knowledge-based framework as enabler of the development of firms' dynamic capabilities.

Keywords: Intra-organizational dynamics, Co-opetition, knowledge-based innovation, Organizational ambidexterity, Paradox theory

1. This paper proposes an interaction model representing a global
economy aiming to become environmentally sustainable.
2. The model looks at the production side and consumption side
of the economies of two groups of countries.
3. Regarding the production side, the suggested model considers
aggregate common/coordinated investments in green technologies
against climate change.
4. On the side of consumptions, it considers economic and policy
instruments to change the patterns of households’ consumptions,
towards products respectful of the planet.
5. The model follows a multi-dimensional game theory approach
and applies a theoretical framework à la Cournot.
The results of the paper are the following:
1. the model provides win-win solutions for the participants;
2. the model shows strategic situations in which each player takes
advantages by cooperating and competing at the same time
within the global economy;
3. each player gets a positive return beyond the initial Cournot
Nash equilibrium;
4. the model shows the convenience for each player to cooperate
and suggests the implementation of policies in order to satisfy
the basic requirements of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, in terms of production, consumption and climate
change.

This article studies strategic interactions between firms that form alliances to exploit synergistic benefits. Firms cooperate to create value, but they can also compete to capture value. Fundamental questions rarely addressed by strategy scholars relate to how the configuration of control over resources influences firms' strategies, the potential for termination, and the emergence of cooperation and trust. The formal results reveal crucial aspects of the interor-ganizational rent-generating process and yield testable implications. With greater synergistic benefits, firms invest more, but they also compete more intensively to capture more value. With symmetric control, more value gets created, which limits the potential for termination but also exacerbates the competition for value; from a relational perspective, this form of control augments the calculative rationale of cooperation and trust.

The utility for players or agents is the quantification of their happiness or satisfaction. It can be the function of single parameter or many. In game theory literature, utility is the function of strategy they wish to play. In many cases, it is assumed that the utility for a player is the function of single strategy. In this paper, we have considered the multiple strategies of players to define their utilities. We have developed the model to analyze these utilities of players involved in pricing games (Supplier-buyer game). We have taken a numerical example to validate the model. Also we have extended our analysis to the combination of pricing and production game (Supplier-supplier game) which serves as an input for supplier selection process.

Entrepreneurial actors are exposed to rapid market changes and increased pressure to identify productive opportunities, while they are recognized as significant contributors to economic growth and technology development, and, as such, play a key role in entrepreneurial capability development of at regional and national levels. While communities of entrepreneurs are at the bottom line of innovation and technology development, co-opetitive relationships in such clusters need to be further investigated. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, it aims at developing a framework for co-opetitive incubation schemes in entrepreneurial clusters settings. Second, it explores the development and evolution opportunities of entrepreneurial clusters involved in co-opetition dynamics. Finally, it discusses issues and implications related to clusters of entrepreneurship and the emergence and growth of technological innovation.

The article builds on existing literature on co-opetition and entrepreneurial clusters to develop a framework for co-opetitive innovation in entrepreneurial context. We employed resource-based view of the firm and knowledge-based innovation to provide a new co-opetition perspective on entrepreneurial clusters. We analyzed when, how and why entrepreneurial actors develop cooperative and/or competitive relationships at the incubation and start-up stage, which is key in comprehending both the dynamics supporting entrepreneurial activities and the process of technological acceleration in an entrepreneurial ecology.

According to a number of theorists, clusters are designated by geographical proximity, competitive rivalry and inter-firm knowledge exchanges. Extensive literature on clusters highlight the role of entrepreneurs in organizational creation and supporting ecosystems. The paper brings additional insights about co-opetitive dynamics, technology development and acceleration, as well as innovation growth in entrepreneurial initiatives. We propose a model embedded into a wider entrepreneurial eco-system theory in which entrepreneurial clusters co-creation is highly dependent of knowledge creation and knowledge capture opportunities as seedbed for technological innovation.

Despite fast growing literature on co-opetition and on network and clusters innovation, research on the dynamics of co-opetitive innovation in an entrepreneurial ecology has revealed scarce. This article responds to calls for further development and investigation of the concept of co-opetition in entrepreneurial ecology. Furthermore, we provide additional insights on the role of co-opetition and more specifically how strengthening the coevolution of co-opetitive-based incubation schemes helps entrepreneurs to foster superior technological emergence and performance. Authors suggest to expand the study in further examining co-opetitive flows within entrepreneurial clusters and their evolution over time.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial clusters; Innovation; Co-opetition dynamics; Technology; Incubation

We consider two firms introducing vertically differentiated products to a market ruled by the consumers’ willingnessto-pay. If consumers behave indifferently to all the products, they would always choose the product which offers highest net utility. The paper considers a more realistic case in which high utility products do not necessarily satisfy the consumers who are sensitive to price enhancements. They are eager to analyze whether choosing a new entrant offering higher quality products is worth the price. In such a setup, competing firms offering vertically differentiated products could employ cooperative bundles. By introducing new products in stages, we show that the market gets divided based on consumers’ willingness to pay more for an expensive product. We have employed computational method on a newly built coopetition model. Our results show that cross bundling can improve both sellers’ profits, also leading to a boost in the entrant’s position in the market. In fact, the applied strategy of simultaneous cooperation and competition in this paper shows that, coopetition drives consumers’ attention to purchase cross-bundles instead of individual products or direct bundles, which in the end benefits both firms. Also it is shown that previous solutions are not necessarily optimal for duopolies practicing coopetition.

In the present introductory work we propose a survey of an original analytical model of coopetitive game, conceived and introduced in 2009 by the author himself. Much of the material presented here has been already published in their complex, at dierent stages of development, in numerous papers, during the last 5 years. Here we explain the present state of the theory, in a virtually complete, organized and self-contained version. We also suggest hereafter the presentation of the model-general types of feasible solutions-again in a coopetitive perspective-in the form of sophisticated bargaining solutions (in a rational decision theory context) viewed as reasonable mediations among the partially diverging interests driving the players of the coopetitive games themselves.

Overall purpose of this article is to scrutinize theoretically
and empirically the relationship between local
economic development and coopetitive networks
of SMEs. This new aspect facilitates to understand
more the driving force, core and automatisms
of regional economic growth. By combining
quantitative and qualitative methods the paper can
provide insight into the process of regional economic
growth. Of course, the dataset is analyzed
and elaborated by the graph theory and its models.
Despite this fact, I found, for the first time ever,
three coopetitive networks of SMEs at nodal regional
level. The results shows that there is significant
close correlation between the SMEs networking
and local/urban economic development, it can
be proved by not only conceptually but also by empirically
as well. The players of coopetitive networks
have been able to cooperate each other within the
framework of transportation and information distribution
so as to they could reduce expenditures. Finally,
the urbanization economies of scale and the
localization economies of scale have been determined
by the three coopetitive networks of SMEs.