Cultural World Heritage Sites

The historic center of Salvador de Bahia, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985, has undergone a serious process of loss of centrality, ruin and impoverishment throughout the second half of the twentieth century, culminating in the controversial Historic Center of Salvador Revitalization Program instituted by the government of the State of Bahia in the 1990s, which resulted in the expulsion of hundreds of low-income families and the creation of a scenic space for cultural tourism, entirely financed by public funds. Since 2007, public policies for the historic center of Salvador seem to have taken a new direction. However, the “new” conservation and management policies implemented since then have not yet incorporated the concepts of sustainability and social participation, as they still focus on attracting touristic activities and on disregarding the remaining families in the area .

Abstract Nowadays, traditional Khmer farmers are living on the framework of the ancient capital cities of Angkor, which is also visited by nearly two million tourists a year. They are torn between the aspiration of profiting from the country as it opens to the market economy and to mass tourism, and the restrictions of living in a place that is stagnating into a museum representation. With international heritage developers advocating the re-creation of an ancient idealized space, the solutions offered to the new generation are to either leave the site or to become part of its folklore. In this paper the approach these inhabitants chose when settling in this area
whilst developing it within the framework of their living culture shall be taken into consideration. Angkor is not stuck in the past: These populations lay new layers on the partly erased ancient structure. Ancient developments, far from being simply archaeological remains to be preserved, are used on a daily basis in residential, farming, and religious activities. Angkor is not just an archaeological site, it is also a living territory.

Malta is known for its limestone megalithic temples of which many are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. A variation of this limestone was historically, and until very few years ago, a primary building material in Malta. The temples are subject to various environmental influences which until recently have led to several collapses due in part to serious stone surface and infill loss. As a protection measure, open-sided shelters have been built over three of these temples. This work assesses the degrading influence of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particle matter, sulfur dioxide, and acidity in rain) on the temples, in combination and comparison with the influence of other environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature, precipitation, moisture, sea salt, wind) and in this respect evaluates the potential protective effect of the shelters. The variation in air pollution weathering of limestone exposed outdoor in Malta was calculated by exposure-response functi...

The aim of this study is to examine sustainability of rural tourism and world heritage tourism in mountainous areas. An empirical case study was conducted in Kannogawa Ward of Totsukawa Village, located along the Kumano-Kodo Kohechi Pilgrimage Route designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. Since then, Kohechi has got some tourists. However, there were almost no accommodation facilities in Kannogawa Ward. Meanwhile, "Children rural mountain fishing village exchange project" which was one of measures to promote rural tourism was introduced by national government, for the fifth year grade pupils at elementary schools. More than 10 farmers in Kannogawa began accepting children from 2008. However, due to the aging of the farmers, the project sorting of promotion measures in national government, and a disaster caused by typhoon in 2011, only 2 farm inns and a cottage are currently maintained. Due to the promotional activities to foreign people conducted by Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau, number of visitors who walk Kohechi has increased, although visits by children and families aimed at rural experiences have almost disappeared. Factors of continuing the management of 2 farm inns are that there are multiple members of the family who run the business, they are relatively healthy, and there are other sources of income, moreover, their passion and pleasure to interact with tourists are high. The results show that, although socioeconomic situation is severe in the study area, the promotion of rural tourism made existence of accommodation facilities that can respond to increase the number of World Heritage tourists, regional visualization, residents' understanding of tourists, local food materials, local and domestic fans at home and abroad possible. Rural tourism is a key not only for sustaining the pilgrimage route designated as World Heritage but for sustaining the rural communities located along the route in remote rural areas.

ABSTRACT: A vigorous nomination of properties representing vernacular and recent heritage for listing as World Heritage Sites has been motivated by the finding of the under-representativity of the previous two pat-terns on the World Heritage List, WHL. The projects that Hassan Fathy designed in Egypt, particularly New Gourna Village, are significant examples of the previous two patterns that enjoy exceptional heritage qualities. One of the major aspects that contribute to New Gourna’s exceptional heritage qualities is the humane consid-erations in Hassan Fathy’s design. Nevertheless, none of the projects that Hassan Fathy designed has been in-scribed as a World Heritage Site, WHS. The main aim of this study was to discuss the contribution of Hassan Fathy’s humane considerations in design to the outstanding significance of New Gourna. This study also aimed at discussing the potential criteria that can be adopted to justify New Gourna’s Outstanding Universal Value on the basis of the humane considerations in its design. The previous aims were achieved by means of a thorough exploration of the humane considerations in Hassan Fathy’s design of New Gourna. The findings re-vealed the significant contribution of Hassan Fathy’s humane considerations in the design of New Gourna to its outstanding universal significance. The study recommends adopting the World Heritage Centre’s criterion (i) to justify New Gourna’s Outstanding Universal Value, OUV, on the basis of the humane considerations in its design.

http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87094

O propósito da presente tese de doutoramento em arquitetura procura analisar e compreender de que modo, para o caso de Coimbra, a candidatura da Universidade de Coimbra – Alta e Sofia (UC-AS) a Património Mundial (PM) se constituiu como um operador de desenvolvimento urbano. Partindo da premissa que a candidatura da UC-AS a PM se assumia como estratégia para a promoção de desenvolvimento urbano, referenciada à proteção e valorização do património universitário e à revitalização e reabilitação urbana das suas áreas de referência, através do restabelecimento da inter-relação univer(sc)idade, a nossa problemática ancorava-se à compreensão de ‘como’ ou ‘de que modo’ uma candidatura a PM se concretiza como um operador de desenvolvimento para o seu contexto urbano.  Tendo em conta o interesse pela compreensão desse fenómeno – ou seja, o processo de candidatura na sua emergência, no seu sistema de gestão e na sua concretização – sobre o seu espaço de referência, o objetivo principal deste trabalho traduz-se em analisar e compreender o processo transformativo que o fenómeno da candidatura UC-AS a PM vem imprimindo ao desenvolvimento do seu contexto urbano – a Alta, a Sofia e a sua respetiva área de proteção. Com efeito, a UC-AS era inscrita na Lista do PM (LPM) em 22 de junho de 2013, finalizando o seu processo documental, cuja formalização se constituía a partir da sua inscrição na Lista Indicativa dos Bens Portugueses ao PM da UNESCO, em 2004. A abrangência da nossa investigação concretiza-se, não só na componente burocrática e documental do processo, mas, sobretudo, ao nível do seu conteúdo, cujas estratégia política e estratégia de intervenção já colhiam resultados mesmo antes da inscrição da UC-AS na LPM, evidenciando a capacidade do processo de candidatura em imprimir uma dinâmica de transformação sobre o seu território de influência, com dados recolhidos até ao fim de 2017. Para cumprirmos o propósito de investigação, desenvolvemos uma investigação qualitativa, baseada no estudo de caso da candidatura da UC-AS a PM, caracterizado por uma abordagem exploratória e, evolutivamente, explanatória, sendo apoiada em métodos analíticos, interpretativos e explanatórios. Para tal, a investigação recorreu aos suportes documentais que serviram para desenvolver a candidatura da UCAS a PM, tanto na sua formalização pelo dossier de candidatura, como na sua concretização pelas intervenções qualificadas sobre o património universitário e sobre o património urbano, sendo contrastadas com uma revisão bibliográfica continuada. Em função do nosso propósito, desenvolvemos a investigação a partir da articulação entre os domínios espaciais considerados para referenciar o espaço da candidatura – a UNESCO, o bem e o contexto urbano – e as perspetivas de leitura consideradas para referenciar as estratégias, de qualificação teórico-prática inerentes à política e à intervenção, assumidas pela candidatura – a própria candidatura a PM, a gestão do património e o desenvolvimento urbano, gerando as possibilidades de abordagem entre os domínios e as perspetivas de leitura.
Por um lado, investiga-se o enquadramento político-cultural internacional que caracteriza o âmbito da UNESCO, através dos conceitos, dos discursos e do papel das entidades que interferem com os propósitos das candidaturas a PM, com a gestão do património dos bens e dos sítios inscritos na LPM e, por inerência, com as estratégias de desenvolvimento assumidas, na esfera da política nacional e local, para cada um desses bens na LPM, tendo em conta a especialidade, especificidade e complexidade destes processos. Paralelamente, esta análise era contrastada com as críticas ao discurso do PM e da UNESCO. Por outro lado, investiga-se o caráter circunstancial do bem UC-AS, enquanto candidato a PM e como PM, na sua condição de mediador entre a UNESCO e o seu contexto urbano. Primeiramente, investiga-se os desígnios e intenções de candidatura e, de modo particular, a problemática inerente à construção da Cidade Universitária de Coimbra, na Alta, em função da destruição e da construção de património e do papel dos arquitetos para o desenho de cidade. Depois, investiga-se o sistema de gestão da UC-AS (o plano, o agente e os instrumentos), as questões de propriedade inerentes à autonomia de gestão do património, bem como, as políticas e práticas de intervenção sobre o património assumidas no âmbito da gestão nacional e local, como o caso da desclassificação da Igreja de São Domingos, na Rua da Sofia. Por fim, investiga-se as influências e concretizações da candidatura sobre o contexto urbano da UC-AS, a partir do restabelecimento do laço univer(sc)idade e da capacidade de negociação entre os dois agentes implicados em todo o processo, a UC e a Câmara Municipal de Coimbra. Esta investigação tem uma particularidade: os seus resultados parciais foram sendo comunicados ou publicados, por artigos científicos, depois de terem sido sujeitos a revisão por pares. Desse ponto de vista, o resultado da tese que se apresenta constitui-se na evolução crítica sobre essa produção e os resultados obtidos levaram-nos a concretizar três sínteses conclusivas: a primeira explica a eminente componente política atribuída a estes processos; a segunda distingue a componente da especificidade técnico-científica atribuída a estes processos, sendo que, o caso da candidatura da UC-AS se determina ancorada ao campo disciplinar da arquitetura; e a terceira considera que uma candidatura a PM deve ser um ativo para a gestão integrada da área candidata e do desenvolvimento urbano da sua área de influência, em função da sustentabilidade do sistema. Adicionalmente, a partir dos seus resultados e interpretações, esta investigação lança novas perspetivas sobre os argumentos utilizados pelo discurso ‘anti-UNESCO’.

This book provides a visual reconstruction of Palmyra, a World Heritage Site situated in Syria, which flourished in Greco-Roman times. Palmyra is situated in a desert oasis and served as a vibrant caravan station on the Silk Road connecting the Roman world with the East. It has been called 'the Queen of the Desert' and 'Venice of the Sands'.In 2015-2016 the city was conquered by ISIS who destroyed its monuments and museum, also killing several of its inhabitants. Their aim was to erase the memory and identity of the place, its people and our common heritage. However, through the use of modern technology including photogrammetry, digital imagery and 3D modelling, it has been possible to recreate the documented monuments, thus overcoming to some extent the trauma, cultural destruction and loss. The book unveils the rediscovery of the site by the West and revives and reconstructs the ancient city through images and history. The reader is taken through the spectacular city and its past by providing the information to follow the roots and development of the site, its monuments and its people through the ages, including rulers such as Queen Zenobia. The combination of visualization and written accounts interlink the environment and its people, the monuments and archaeological small finds by using ancient written sources, old photographs, new imagery, 3D models and 3D printing. Thus this ancient site and its past is revived in multiple dimensions. Monuments are visualized as digitally reconstructed ruins or as complete virtual models. This text is therefore the perfect guide for readers who wish to immerse themselves visually in the history of the area and to discover more about the archaeology and its preservation using diverse methods employing modern technology.

Abstract
“States Parties are encouraged to make resources available to
undertake research, since knowledge and understanding are fundamental to the identification, management, and monitoring of World Heritage properties.” (Unesco 2012b, § 215). This paper will discuss the framework for research following the inscription of a site, or group of sites to the World Heritage List. For the purposes of their management key personnel must have access to active research knowledge on an on-going basis. Continuing research lies at the very heart of all good heritage management and presentation. The dissemination and sharing of knowledge on protection
and conservation measures is essential and research, including
interpretative narratives must be shared also. Past research provides the foundation for understanding the significance of sites. But continuing research, with new research and monitoring methodologies and methods of knowledge-sharing, have the capacity to enliven, improve and advance conservation and management discourse, it methods and its on-site and museum interpretation.
For serial sites in particular co-management must include: 1) a
critical analysis of research undertaken historically and the extent of its dissemination; 2) the strengths and weaknesses of past research conclusions; and 3) the identification of gaps in knowledge. In the case of the Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps, it also requires consideration of the implications of potential knowledge gaps for all six states parties.
This paper will examine some of the changing conceptual frameworks that may now require consideration (for example, more integrated studies on the contexts of the pile dwelling sites and their associated cultural landscapes). It will examine how effectively new and improved technical methods of investigation, monitoring, protection and conservation are being applied and how widely knowledge of these methods is being disseminated across the serial and among its managers. Comparison of research traditions and perspectives in different states may also be a necessary element of continuing research management while re-examination of the existing theoretical framework within which management takes place will always be beneficial.

تأتي فكرة الكتاب وموضوعھ في محاولة لوضع المواقع التُّرَاثیة على خارطة السیاحة لتصبح إحدى المقاصد السیاحیّة عن طریق تقدیم رؤى تربط بین تطویر السیاحة والحفاظ على المواقع التُّرَاثیة وتنمیتھا بما یتناسب وقیمتھا الحضاریّة كمراكز جذب سیاحيّ، والخروج بخطة تطویریة توفق بین العناصر التُّرَاثیة، وأسالیب تشغیلھا، وإدارتھا بشكل یتناسب مع مكانتھا التاریخیّة، ویعزز المیزات التنافسیة لھذه المواقع بالتطبیق على مدینة صنْعَاء القدیمة بالیمن. لقد ناقش الكتاب الأفكار والمفاھیم المتخصصة بالتُّرَاث، وبیان أھمّیتھ، وأسالیب حفظھ، وطرق حمایته؛ نظراً لاحتوائھ على العدید من القیم والفوائد الاقتصادیّة، كأحد الموارد المستدامة التي یُمكن إعادة توظیفھا واستثمارھا بما یحقق عوائد مالیة واقتصادیّة. فضلًا عن استعراض المنظمات المعنیة بالتُّرَاث، والقوانین الدولیة الخاصة بحمایتھ. كما استعرض الكتاب المفاھیم المتعلقة بعملیة التوظیف السیاحيّ باعتباره أحد أسالیب الحفاظ على المباني التُّرَاثیة والأدوار الرسمیة والشعبیة وجھود المجتمعات المحلیّة في إنجاح المشروعات السیاحیّة التُّرَاثیة، ودور القطاع الخاص في تحقیق الاستدامة العُمْرَانیة والسیاحیّة للمواقع التُّرَاثیة. بالإضافة إلى الآثار المترتبة على التنمیة السیاحیّة المتوقعة في المدن والمواقع التُّرَاثیة.

Babylon was one of the biggest and greatest cities of the Ancient Near East. At present the ruins of Babylon extend over an area of 850 ha and constitute the largest ancient settlement in Mesopotamia.
The Report compiled in November 2004 on the state of the major relics in Babylon at that time, together with documentation of the modern infrastructure erected on the site during the 24-year rule of the late Saddam Hussein.
The use of substantial part of the Babylon archaeological site as a Coalition military base ("Camp Alpha") between April 2003 and December 2004 involved the placement of a major military facility, some 150 hectares in extent, directly on the center of the archaeological site.
The Report was prepared by the three Polish archaeologists (Mirosław Olbryś, Tomasz Burda and Agnieszka Dolatowska) stationed with Multinational Division Central South at Camp Alpha, for the occasion of the return of the site to Iraqi authorities. It reflects the condition of the site on the day of the hand over by the Multinational Forces in Iraq to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture.
The Report  has 107 text pages and over 1037 photographs and is a kind of conservation inventory. It assesses the condition of all the historical buildings erected on the ancient foundations and monuments located within the boundaries of the Camp Alpha. The document consists of two parts: (I) a catalogue divided into eleven zones established inside the Camp and (II) a second catalogue comprising fifteen historical buildings and monuments also located inside the Camp. Each catalogue item includes textual description and photographs. The part I and the entries of the part II have their own pagination and numbering of photographs.
A separate “Real Estate Inspection Report” on the fifty-two buildings (including the former palace of Saddam Hussein on an enormous artificial earthen hill) built on the site in the 1980s and 1990s was also prepared and joined.

Tourism is rapidly expanding. It is increasingly diversified and considered an important social value. Its economic value is also growing as well as its weight in national GDP increases. We are also witnessing the development of cultural and heritage tourism as an expression of societies' ability to transform their legacy into consumer products and instruments of local and regional development. From this perspective, there is a need to understand the motivations of the tourist and the profiles of visitors, linked to multi-attraction and multi-motivation demand. It is important to encompass and understand what is being visited, the search for experience and emotion, committed participation mediated by ethics and sustainable behaviour. All this allows to create the conditions for a new ontological tourism to grow within each one of us, in each trip, in each place.

Historic preservation in Barbados achieved its centenary in
November, 2009. In October, 1908 The West India Committee
alerted the Earl of Crewe, as Secretary of State, for the Colonies to an
article due to appear in the West India Committee Circular, on the
subject of the need for the preservation of historic sites, ancient
buildings and monuments in the British West Indies. This was
prompted by the appointment of a Royal Commission to “enumerate
and report on the historic monuments of England.”1 An extract from
the Circular was appended. In it the author suggested that “it is
proverbial that inhabitants of places rich in historical associations
care far less for them than visitors do”, and that on more than one
occasion they “felt compelled to call attention to the seemingly
wanton destruction of some historic building or the desecration of
some tomb which should have been respected and treasured as
a...reminder of the glorious past of our West Indian colonies”. This article reviews significant markers in the advancement of historic preservation in Barbados until the early 1950s.

This thesis forms 60% of my practice-led doctoral submission and provides an in-depth account of a collaborative and inclusive approach in the professional design of heritage site interpretation. Reflecting on my practice as a professional heritage site interpretation designer, I wanted to understand whether the gaps in curator/designer/visitor communication I experienced was the same for other heritage site interpretation design practices. This initial reflection led to my thesis focus and research question. My design practice in crafting the 3D interactive, kiosk-based, heritage site interpretation for the Cistercian Abbey at Beaulieu in Hampshire is presented as 40% of my doctoral submission. This is portrayed through my ‘Talking Walls- Reflection on Practice’ website. A series of galleries, posts, including the kiosk interpretation, forms the online exhibition submission which can be explored through this link.

The new model for ‘Collaborative Heritage Site Interpretation Design’ developed through Action Research, Practice-led design and Design Thinking approaches, contributes to the field of heritage interpretation design for historic houses, as a business model as well as academic contribution. The model extends a user-centred design and participatory design process to include a consistent curatorial, design and visitors team for the design and development of heritage site interpretation, with the intention of enhancing visitors’ engagement and experiences at heritage sites. The literature review focused on analysing existing heritage site interpretation design practice definitions and theories across three themes: curation, designing for interpretation, and the
importance of visitors’ experiences in shaping heritage interpretation. A lack of heritage site interpretation design literature meant this needed to include literature for interpretation design at museums. Museums are generally more advanced than heritage sites in their participatory/co-design interpretation approaches, yet can be considerably different in the context of space, story-telling and interpretative portrayal of historic sites. This includes the use of digital technology, for which the kiosk interpretation was an early advocate in the use of 3D reconstructions and choice of content on mobile platforms at heritage sites.

Recommendations for future research include potential impact in the use of the Collaborative Heritage Site Interpretation Design model and design process for heritage site interpretation design. New technological developments for heritage sites and museums can build upon the collaborative and multi-disciplinary nature of the model. The thesis and model adds value to the field of heritage site interpretation design, providing a method and process for smaller heritage sites and academic research to follow. The growth in practice-led and practice-based design research PhDs is notable, for which this thesis may also be of value to future design students.

The World Heritage Site Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis is located in the modern city of Luxor on the east bank of the River Nile, Egypt. This part of the WHS contains Luxor and Karnak Temples and the Processional Way that connects both (also known as the Avenue of the Sphinx). Unlike Historic Cairo which was inscribed as a “City”, Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis was inscribed (also in 1979) as an “Archaeological Zone”. This status has affected Luxor City on many levels. Many national and international master, structural and development
plans have been made since 1979 which have dealt with Luxor - with its heritage site in the center of attention – using a tourism-based approach which has formed the management strategy, hence, impacting both the heritage property and the community lifestyle.
This report tackles many of socio-cultural aspects as well as considerations to better protect the heritage site.

Heritage studies now utilize state-of-the-art cutting edge technology in the digital application with great success. Due to the flexibility and precision of this technology, the digital application has opened up new frontiers in heritage studies. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used as a tool to aid the recording and preservation of heritage sites by collecting and presenting site information in an integrated and meaningful way. The intention of this research was to develop a GIS based generic integrated information management system for heritage sites in Anuradhapura to support the decision-making process and research works. In this research, an attempt was made to consolidate information from these earlier surveys and research to a single GIS- ased heritage inventory. For mapping cultural and environmental features in the region, a variety of surveying, satellite methods and Global Positioning System (GPS) have been applied. As part of the research, a number of hand-drawn survey maps and excavation plans were scanned and Geo-rectified, before the data was digitized on screen to integrate with the heritage feature classes in heritage geodatabase. The topographical data of the surface features were superimposed on to the satellite images for further interpretation of the heritage values and identification of the extent of ancient sites. Ground
trothing and registration of the images and accurate positioning of the geophysical grids and parts of the archaeological relics were performed with aids of GPS satellite receivers. A total station was used in the
geodetic surveying. All the data collected has been integrated into a
Geographic Information System (GIS), which would be incorporated to manage and protect heritage resources that are being under the threat of urban development. Finally, this research was able to develop a GIS
based generic information management system for world heritage city of Anuradhapura to support in the decision-making process and research works in heritage management. Mean time a GIS data model for heritage studies focused on the regional, inter-site and intra-site
scales has been created.

In the frame of the project „Preservation by the development of sustainable strategies for a better protection of the World Heritage Sites from Romania”, an International Conference is going to be held in Sighișoara (Mureș County, Romania) during October 10-14, 2018.
The main goal of the conference is to discuss and share good practices on the management of World Heritage Sites.

Introduction to a special journal issue on public interest anthropology applied to cultural heritage and tourism. All papers in this special issue on public interest anthropology applied to cultural heritage and tourism were originally presented at the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. The panel took up the general conference theme, ‘Peace', in an exploration of heritage, tourism, and the ways public interest anthropology can address proliferating conflicts arising in tourism at heritage sites. Each author addresses a diverse assortment of themes intersecting with tourism, heritage, and the public interest, analyzing how groups formulate heritage identities and translate these identities into representations and special interests.

Academic writing has, for many years, perpetuated the thinking that the San or Bushmen were largely extinct. The dominance of this view was encouraged by historical evidence that Bushmen were hunted and killed by Europeans and Bantu-speakers over the last few centuries. There is still some element of this thinking amongst today’s academics, although recent research has also challenged this. The question of whether Bushman descendents exist in particular places is of key relevance to issues of rights of access to ancestral sacred sites, in particular rock art sites. Here I consider the case of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg. At present access to uKhahlamba Drakensberg rock art sites is granted, I argue, on one’s status as a fee-paying tourist (or affordability) rather than on group rights to cultural heritage resources (cultural rights). This is driven by a management approach that emphasizes the physical conservation and financial sustainability of a site, rather than its spiritual maintenance. There is an underlying assumption here that there are no longer any claimants to such cultural heritage resources and that all heritage therefore belongs to the state.

Keywords: South Africa, uKhahlamba Drakensberg, heritage
legislation, access rights, affordability, cultural rights, physical
conservation, spiritual conservation.

This year marks the quadricentenary of the first confirmed European arrival in Western Australia. On 25 October 1616, Dutch skipper Dirk Hartog and his crew landed at the northern tip of the island now named Dirk Hartog, in Shark Bay. Many have written about Hartog’s ‘accidental’ landfall and the inscribed pewter plate that he erected to mark his landing. This seemingly mundane event on the Western Australian coast earned Hartog a, then unforeseen, prominence in the legacy of seafaring history and in the early European history of Australia. It established him as a notable figure in the Age of Exploration. Today, the historical events and the physical remains of Hartog’s landing in Western Australia are firmly embedded within the context of European activity in the Indian Ocean region and, more specifically, Dutch exploration of the Australian coastline in the 17th century. This article sets out to provide a critical assessment of the life and seafaring activities of the first known European to set foot on Western Australian soil; and the history of Eendracht, the earliest known Dutch ship to explore the Western Australian coast.

El Comité del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO inscribió en julio del 2003 un Sector del Área Histórica de la ciudad-puerto de Valparaíso en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial, en la categoría CIII Paisaje Cultural, ya que en ella se conjugan diversos elementos como su particular topografía y especial arquitectura con la idiosincrasia de sus habitantes, por su manera espontánea de instalarse en la topografía de la ciudad. Valparaíso fue la primera ciudad chilena en obtener esta distinción. El estado Chileno asumió este desafío sin contar con los instrumentos, administrativos, financieros, etc. adecuados a esta tarea, lamentablemente el estado chileno ha sido incapaz, durante estos diez años de definir, una política urbana que preserve y revitalice la ciudad. Varias agencias gubernamentales en los tres niveles administrativos: nacional, regional y local, han llevado a cabo programas de subsidios en apoyo a los esfuerzos de revitalización y desarrollaron una serie de proyectos de infraestructura urbana inconexos en la ciudad. Los primeros organismos públicos en desarrollar estos programas específicos para Valparaíso fueron el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, la Corporación de Fomento Fabril y la Subsecretaría de desarrollo Regional a través de un programa de recuperación urbano y fortalecimiento municipal con un financiamiento compartido entre el estado chileno y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Esta investigación busca evaluar los instrumentos utilizados para enfrentar este desafío. En un inicio los programas desarrollados tuvieron un éxito relativo, ya que su puesta en marcha como era esperable, reactivó el mercado inmobiliario. Los primeros efectos positivos de estas acciones fueron obstaculizados, ya que se desencadenó la especulación del precio del suelo urbano.
Desgraciadamente el gobierno local, el Municipio, no tiene la capacidad de coordinar y articular los distintos programas existentes a través de un modelo de gestión urbana adecuado para el área declarado patrimonio de la Humanidad. Esta falta de claridad en la política urbana aplicada y de liderazgo por parte de las autoridades políticas locales ha generado una serie de conflictos urbanos en esta y otras áreas de la ciudad.
La conservación del Patrimonio establece el desafío de no sólo conservar los edificios como un valioso testimonio de la historia y la arquitectura, si no también conservar la vida socio-cultural de la ciudad. Hasta el momento el Municipio ha sido incapaz de implementar una política urbana que incorpore a la ciudad histórica desde una visión actual, contribuyendo a consolidar la identidad de nuestros barrios sin salir de los procesos de una actualización.
Esta investigación ha sido construida a través de la reflexión que he recogido en mi experiencia profesional sobre la planificación y gestión urbana por más de diez años en la ciudad de Valparaíso, temas que me ha correspondido desarrollar como arquitecto a cargo de la gestión de distintos programas del Ministerio de la Vivienda durante el periodo 2002-2013. La reflexión nace a partir de los cambios en las políticas e instrumentos de planificación urbana actualmente disponibles y el modelo en que estos se insertan, las reacciones que estos desencadenan en el mercado inmobiliario y de sus limitaciones.
Dado nuestro modelo económico y estabilidad política que le ha permitido a nuestro país crecer y desarrollarse durante los últimos 25 años, hemos alcanzado un nivel en que se nos hace cada vez más difícil mantener nuestra competitividad en este mercado global, no es posible seguir desarrollándonos con instrumentos de planificación urbana obsoletos que no responden a la necesidad actual del país, que indirectamente favorecen la especulación inmobiliaria y desincentivan la construcción de ciudad, en directo detrimento de la calidad de vida y competitividad de éstas.
En este escenario he decidido aplicar mis conocimientos y experiencia sobre Ordenamiento del Territorio y Urbanismo de otros conceptos y modelos urbanos actualmente en uso en Iberoamérica, Norteamérica y Europa como son: las Plusvalías urbanas, sistemas de compensación económica, planes reguladores perecuativos o equidistributivos etc. Que actualmente no se utilizan en Chile y que son altamente atingentes al escenario de desarrollo que actualmente enfrenta el país y la ciudad de Valparaíso en particular.

During the years, the concept of value had been directly related to changes in biological and social structures. The concept of cultural heritage values has evolved through understanding the modern era and the conflict between the industrial revolution values and historical values and also society development. The construction of railways, is one of the symbols of technology and modernity in various societies and known as a tool for expanding and transferring the goods, man and their ideas which has reminded of a wide range of legacies for future generations. Recognizing and analyzing the values of the railway heritage requires a precise examination in evolution of the concept of values, which is explained by an integrated and comprehensive understanding of its cultural dignity. Due to the variety of works and concepts in railway heritage field, the concept of this type of heritage for a better understanding of the boundaries of cultural dignity is a little difficult. According to previous studies in the field of world heritage, industrial heritage and railways, this paper tries to recognize and explain the conceptual framework for railway heritage and present a practical and comprehensive guide for expressing the different aspects of railway values. Trans-Iranian Railway which is registered as the UNESCO World Heritage's tentative list, contains outstanding universal values not only as a communication path, but also as a significant part from memory of a committed engineering and a masterpiece of construction. Trans-Iranian Railway is the name of the first modern Iranian railway of Iran which connects northern part of the country to the south. This railway was operated in 1937. Therefore, this paper examines the concept of the Railway World Heritage and its related concepts through trans-Iranian railway as a case study.

Indian temples are conglomerate monuments which incorporate many branches of science along with religion. The science of geology, geometry, engineering skills, iconography, astrology, Ayurveda, branches of yoga and philosophical topics that are part of our heritage are in temples. Rani ki Vav, a seven storied underground step well in the Mehsana district of Gujarat is one such monument (upgraded as a world heritage monument now) which has hundreds of well-preserved sculptures in which the above-mentioned branches of knowledge are depicted. The focus here is on the female figures which are in great numbers alternating with the main deities depicting very unique theme and hand mudras classified under Mudra vijnana - the science of hand gestures. Practice of mudra vijnana was the easiest ancient and a time-tested therapeutic practice, at no cost, which are essential to the maintenance of a healthy physical and mental body.  Queen Udayamati sponsored the construction of this eternal step well monument with compassion to the civilians, to promote the knowledge of mudras for good health and well-being as one of the several intentions associated. The author classifies them as ‘Dakinis’ because they impart moral values and look different from the themes of the usual apsaras of other temples in not depicting dancing postures with instrumentalists. The article focuses only on the finger positions of various mudras and its significance.

Abdel Tawab, Ayman G. (2013): “Evaluating the authenticity of earthen heritage: The case of Ramses Wissa Wassef Art Centre in Egypt”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 489–498.

Abstract

The authenticity of earthen heritage has long been a challenge to the trials of the under-represented States Parties, to the World Heritage Convention, to identify properties for listing on their Tentative Lists, of potential World Heritage Sites. Many under-represented States Parties and regions, such as Africa and the Arab States, retain a large number of properties representing earthen heritage, yet none of them has been inscribed on the World Heritage List. For such a pattern of cultural heritage to qualify for the World Heritage Site status, nominated properties should enjoy an Outstanding Universal Value and should also meet the conditions of authenticity and integrity. Due to the fragility of its building material, earthen heritage has always been the subject of continuous maintenance works to its material. Consequently, an impression that the material authenticity of such cultural heritage is questionable has evolved. The main purpose of this study was to discuss such perceptions in further depth. The study also aimed at evaluating the contribution of the "materials and substance" attribute, versus the contribution of the other attributes of authenticity, towards the evaluation of the authenticity of earthen heritage. The study approached these objectives by evaluating by means of a proposed methodology the authenticity of one case study, which is Ramses Wissa Wassef Art Centre, in Egypt. The adopted evaluation methodology was developed based on the Nara Document's notion of authenticity. The findings indicated the significant contribution of the non-material attributes, vis-à-vis the contribution of the "materials and substance" attribute, towards the authenticity of the examined property. The results suggest the need to broaden the narrow perception that reduces the authenticity of earthen heritage to its material aspects, so as to embrace all the other non-material attributes of authenticity.

Preface:

From culture to computing, archaeology to archiving, documentation to databases, or games to graphics DigitalHERITAGE is all about technology for preserving, protecting, and presenting the past. Yet just a quarter of a century ago, ‘digital heritage’ did not exist.

The Birth of a new Domain:

The last 25 years have witnessed profound changes in the technological landscape around us. In the mid-1990’s there were no “smartphones”, and even text messaging was in its infancy. Few had laptop computers, let alone ‘tablets’. Multimedia typically implied an ‘interactive’ CD-ROM. 3D visual effects were just beginning to overtake traditional methods in Hollywood, with the success of Jurassic Park leading to the first fully synthetic characters. The first LiDAR scanners were emerging from the labs, offering the promise of a replacement for cumbersome large-format analog cameras and photogrammetry workstations. VR was in its infancy, yet required cabinet-sized graphic supercomputers and head- mounted displays costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. Who would have guessed then that VR would be back some 20 years later as a top tech investment opportunity?

Gathering at Japan’s Gifu University in 1995, leaders of the nascent world of virtual technologies and digital media came together for an inaugural Virtual Systems and Multimedia Conference, creating arguably the first international VR technical society. Although VSMM as it came to be known has always had a cross-disciplinary focus, from its earliest days it has had a special place in its heart for heritage. Born in the rich cultural landscape of central Japan, the VSMM Society put an early emphasis on new media and virtual tools for preserving and protecting humanities treasures, launching the Virtual Heritage Network. Meanwhile across the many disciplines of heritage, other domains were also forming expert groups and gatherings around emerging digital tools. CAA in archaeology, ICOMOS/ISPRS’s CIPA in heritage documentation, the Pacific Neighborhood Consortium, and more were also holding early meetings to explore the potential of the digital for culture.

Bridging Traditional Disciplines:

By 2002 numerous initiatives and efforts around virtual heritage, digital culture, 3D documentation, visualization of the past, applications in archaeology, mapping and culture, and more had been born. In the early days of digital heritage, with just a few conferences it was possible to meet with multiple disciplines and learn from specialists in other fields. But with the growth of the new domain and an explosion in activities, professionals were now limited in how far beyond their core disciplines they could explore. Witnessing increasing compartmentalization, at the VAST Conference in Athens that year I argued in my closing keynote for our many communities to come together periodically to promote trans- disciplinary collaboration and avoid the fragmentation and silos so common to new academic domains. Although many of us tried, cross-disciplinary initiatives proved much harder to produce than to propose!

Fast forward another decade to 2013 and the digital landscape of heritage was in full bloom with even more events, publications, and organizations. Consensus was forming across the field that it was time to unite. So in the spring of that year I hosted a gathering of leaders from across our many communities at UNESCO in Paris to plan a ‘federated congress of conferences’ where all could come together under one roof to share, discuss and collaborate, while maintaining their individual identities. In the fall of 2013, under the expert leadership of Livio de Luca in Marseille, UNESCO, VSMM, ICOMOS, CAA, EuroGraphics and more launched DigitalHERITAGE with our first joint Congress. This was followed with a 2nd International Congress two years later in the historic splendor of Granada, Spain. Moving to a 3-year cycle, and recognizing the importance of including the global community beyond Europe, we voted to hold our 3rd International Congress in 2018 in the United States.

New Realities: Authenticity & Automation in the Digital Age:

Gathering in San Francisco, California in late October 2018, some 500 heritage professionals from more than 25 nations came together for the 3rd DigitalHERITAGE International Congress under the theme of New Realities: Authenticity & Automation in the Digital Age. For five sunny days on historic piers overlooking the Golden Gate bridge, experts from a.multitude of domains came together at the epicenter of the silicon economy. From architects to archaeologists, and artists to engineers, surveyors to sociologists, archivists to librarians, information scientists to museologists, tool developers to tool users, faculty to students, and more we presented, discussed and debated heritage’s digital future.

Held at the US National Park Service’s Fort Mason Center for the Arts and Culture, where thousands of young soldiers once boarded ships to fight in far off lands in World War II, the 2018 Congress marked a coming together of cultures and domains, and a chance to find common ground and learn from each other. Following welcome remarks by Dr. Gordon Knox, President of the San Francisco Art Institute, Dr. Chin- Shing Huang, Vice President of Academia Sinica, and Dr. Lewis Lancaster, Director of the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative, the Congress leadership representing some 20 special sessions and supporting institutions and societies came on stage to give an overview of the multi-day program. Nine thought- provoking keynote addresses by luminaries from multiple disciplines are detailed in the following pages. Over 100 talks, 20 plus special sessions, panels, and roundtables, numerous workshops, a half-dozen tours, and an expo of hands-on demonstrations filled out the agenda. A final highlight was a special dinner and tour onboard one of the last operational World War II Liberty Ships, the SS Jeremiah O’Brien.
This volume brings together the research and findings of the best of hundreds of submissions to the main track of this our 3rd International Congress. The enclosed papers were peer-reviewed in double blind fashion by an international committee of experts from across the heritage spectrum. Those accepted herein as full and short papers represent the best of digital heritage research today. (A second volume, containing papers submitted to the co-located Pacific Neighborhood Consortium Conference is available separately from IEEE as well.)

In closing, I would like to thank the countless authors and attendees for joining us in the City by the Bay and bringing their presentations, exhibits and ideas to share. It was a truly stimulating week of exploration and discovery. I encourage you to continue your research and to push the power of the digital to help preserve, protect, and promote humanity’s storied heritage.

Lon Addison
Congress Chair