Decomposition

Carbon and nitrogen mineralized from soil under waterlogged conditions may come from the soil microbial biomass pool and potentially could be used for biomass estimations. ~4C and ~SN labeled cells added to soil were monitored for decomposition under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions 12-42% of the added organism C was mineralized and 1-30% of the N. Under waterlogged conditions 13-33% of the C and 4-13% of the N was mineralized. The mineralized organism C as a percent of the total C evolved was consistent for both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, however the nitrogen showed extreme variations

Six lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine the influence of complex structure on the processing speed of English compounds. All experiments revealed that semantically transparent compounds (eg, rosebud) were processed more quickly than matched monomorphemic words (eg, giraffe). Opaque compounds (eg, hogwash) were also processed more quickly than monomorphemic words. However, when the experimental materials and/or procedure encouraged decomposition/integration, this advantage ...

In an automated shoeprint classification and retrieval system, several practical difficulties exist hindering the effectiveness of shoeprint classification, such as device-dependent noise, distortions, and incompleteness. This makes it desirable to estimate the quality of a shoeprint image before it is fed into the process of feature extraction. It helps the system decide the types of image denoising, enhancement, and restoration required. Also, a hierarchical decomposition based on image quality measure can provide the position information for feature descriptors and the weights for different sections in feature matching. In this paper, we consider some first-and second-order statistics on shoeprint image quality estimation, and propose some gradient-based and ridgelet-based quality measures for the same purpose. According to their performance on the differentiation of 'good' and 'poor' shoeprint images alone, only eight of them are applied for shoeprint image quality estimation. Experiments on a database of 'good' and 'poor' shoeprints suggest that our approaches can provide a reasonable estimation of shoeprint image quality. #

The study of fungi on human corpses is part of forensic mycology. A cadaver is a plentiful source of organic material. Fungi use it as a food source playing a relevant role in postmortem decomposition stages. The aim of our work is to investigate the possible presence of a specific mycobiota in cadavers. With this goal we analyzed microfungi growing on a corpse discovered in a wood on June 2014. According to the police investigation the corpse has been there for 6 days, the former 3 days were characterized by rainfall and the latter by temperature over 35°C. The corpse was in the skeletisation stage of decomposition, the arms and half of the face was already skeletonized. Furthermore, there were larvae identified to be Chrysomia rufifacies and moulds growth on the cheekbone and groin as well.

In this paper, we prove strong type, weak type inequalities of Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator and fractional Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on variable sequence spaces lp(Z). This is achieved using Calderon-Zygmund decomposition for sequences, properties of modular functional and Log Holder continuity.

Using thermal analysis as well as isothermal gravimetric measurements, the thermal stability of the zinc nitrate(V) hexahydrate has been determined. Some intermediate products are the results of melting, evaporation, hydrolysis, polycondensation and decomposition processes occurring in the saltwater system up to 300°C. Solid phases were characterized by means of chemical analyses and X-ray powder diffraction method.

The enigma of aerobic vs. anaerobic decomposition in marine sediments was addressed by means of a thin-layer incubation technique. Two different 14C-labeled plant materials, aged diatoms (Skeletonema costatum) and fresh barley hay, were each mixed into intertidal sediment and spread in a 1.5-mm layer on the bottom of oxic and anoxic chambers. After a 27-d incubation, conditions in all chambers were switched from aerobic to anaerobic and vice versa for 11 d. Rates of 14C0, evolution in diatom chambers showed that aerobic carbon mineralization was -10 times faster than anaerobic both before and after the switch. Low rates of [14C]DOC release suggested that the limiting step of an,aerobic decay was the initial hydrolytic and fermentative enzymatic attack on the predecomposed diatoms. Initial carbon mineralization of barley hay was not affected by the presence or absence of oxygen. Leaching of DOC from the fresh barley hay supplied anaerobic respirers with labile substrates. When leaching ceased and after the aerobic-anaerobic switch, the rate of anaerobic mineralization was reduced. Mineralizat:.on of leachable and easily hydrolyzable compounds from fresh plant detritus is equally fast under aerobic ant! anaerobic conditions. When structural components dominate the particulate remains, anaerobic processes are hampered by inefficient and slow bacterial hydrolysis of structurally complex macromolecules.

and 1986 to investigate the possible allelopathic potential of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and its decomposed residues on bladygrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv.), a noxious weed in Iraq, and to isolate, characterize, and quantify possible allelopathic agents in alfalfa residues and root exudates. Results indicated that decomposed alfalfa roots and their associated soil produced a 51-56% reduction in bladygrass seed germination. Root and shoot length of bladygrass seedlings were reduced by an average of 88 %. Decayed and undecayed mixtures of alfalfa roots and soil at 0.015 : 1 (w/w) inhibited bladygrass seedlings reproduced from rhizomes by 30 and 42%. It was found that root exudates of alfalfa seedlings caused significant reduction in shoot and root dry weights of bladygrass seedlings when alfalfa and bladygrass were grown together in nutrient culture. Caffeic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic, p-coumaric, p-OH-benzoic, and ferulic acids were detected in alfalfa root exudates and residues. The highest amount (126 /~g phenolic acids/g soil) of these compounds was found in alfalfa root residues after six months of decomposition in soil.

This paper discusses both occupational health risks to workers and environmental health risks to residents and workers. The report presents an overview of the available health literature for causes of diseases, injuries, and accidents from solid waste management collection, treatment, and disposal technologies. Illnesses discussed include infectious diseases, allergies, respiratory damage, and cancers. Some diseases are derived from direct ingestion of infectious micro-organisms, others involve infection through contamination of the food chain, whereby animals or other vectors have ingested infectious micro-organisms. Injuries include joint and spinal damage, fractures, puncture wounds, damage to eyes and ears. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. As the next steps toward improving occupational and environmental health and safety in s...

Gas hydrate formation and decomposition on water droplets using an 89.4% methane-10.6% ethane mixture, and a 90.1% methane-9.9% propane mixture were carried out in a new apparatus suitable for morphology studies. As expected the induction time was found to be much shorter when the water had hydrate memory. All droplets nucleated simultaneously and the droplet size and shape had no noticeable effect on induction time and macroscopic crystal growth morphology for hydrates from the methane-ethane mixture. However, the surface of the hydrate crystals from methane-propane had a "hairy-like" appearance which changed to a smooth surface over time. Moreover, the smaller droplets during hydrate reformation showed an extensive hydrate growth and looked like snow-flakes. Sequential pictures generated by time-lapse videos showed that the time required for hydrate to cover the water droplet surface ranged from 10 to 23 s and was shorter when there was gas-phase agitation (mixing). The growth is postulated to occur in two stages. The first stage lasts about 10-23 s and growth takes place laterally. Growth takes place at the hydrate/gas and the hydrate/water interfaces during the second stage. The implication of the findings for process design of hydrate formation vessels is also discussed.

The aim of this paper is to identify the factors that have influenced changes in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from the Greek manufacturing sector as a whole and from three representative subsectors. By means of an algebraic decomposition method the changes recorded during the period 1985-95 are analysed into four distinct factors: output level, energy intensity, fuel mix and structural change. The results show that the observed reduction of industrial CO2 emissions is not only due to the decrease of industrial energy intensity but also to the recession of the Greek manufacturing sector. The two other factors, namely sectoral and fuel shifts were driving emissions upward, primarily because of the increasing share of electricity - intensive sectors and the growing dependence of electricity generation from lignite. It is concluded that for the reduction of industrial CO2 emissions in the long term, policy measures should aim at further promoting energy saving technologies...

In the context of increased scrutiny of the methods in forensic sciences, it is essential to ensure that the approaches used in forensic taphonomy to measure decomposition and estimate the postmortem interval are underpinned by robust evidence-based data. Digital photographs are an important source of documentation in forensic taphonomic investigations but the suitability of the current approaches for photographs, rather than real-time remains, is poorly studied which can undermine accurate forensic conclusions. The present study aimed to investigate the suitability of 2D colour digital photographs for evaluating decomposition of exposed human analogues (Sus scrofa domesticus) in a tropical savanna environment (Hawaii), using two published scoring methods; Megyesi et al., 2005 and Keough et al., 2017. It was found that there were significant differences between the real-time and photograph decomposition scores when the Megyesi et al. method was used. However, the Keough et al. metho...

refers to molecular-level characteristics such as elemental composition, functional groups, and molecular con-Formation of chemically resistant humic substances might be an formation that influence the inherent biodegradability important process controlling recycling of soil C to the atmosphere. of the molecule. Interactions refers to the intermolecular Humic substances are believed to be resistant to microbial decomposition because they accumulate in soil, but there is little direct experi-interactions with other inorganic or organic molecules mental evidence for their inherent recalcitrance. My objective was to that influence biodegradability-for example, complexcompare the microbial mineralization rates of the humic and fulvic ation with Al. Physical accessibility refers to the location acid fraction to other fractions of decayed plant matter in soil. Uniof the molecule with respect to enzymes or cells. For formly 14 C labeled Populus fremontii leaf litter that had decomposed example, substrates may be located in submicrometer for 180 d was fractionated into the NaOH-insoluble residue, phenolic, pores too small for microbial cells to enter (Sollins et humic acid, fulvic acid, hydrophilic acid, and hydrophilic neutral fracal., 1996). These conditions do not necessarily occur extions. Humic acid comprised 22.7% of the C in the decomposed litter.

In manufacturing facilities, shipping and receiving traditionally have been concentrated in one or two areas of the building. The widespread introduction of just-in-time shipping policies in US manufacturing companies during the past 15 years, as well as the common use of decentralized receiving in the Japanese automobile industry, has motivated the consideration (and occasionally the adoption) of dock configurations to support decentralized receiving (also known as perimeter receiving). By providing multiple access points along the perimeter of the building, decentralized receiving generally reduces the time and cost associated with moving purchased parts to the locations within the facility where they are used, but also results in increased cost of construction, maintenance, and operation for docks and associated truck access/egress, as well as additional interior floorspace requirements. We develop an optimization-based procedure to determine which of several possible dock areas to construct, how many doors or gates each should have, how many unloading and internal material handling staff should be assigned to each group, and which inbound materials each group should handle. We consider the amortized cost of constructing and equipping the docks, the amortized cost of material handling equipment to support the unloaders and material handlers, the cost of operating the material handling equipment, and labor costs for both unloading and internal material handling.

In previous work, steady-state isotope switching was conducted on Pt/ceria with H 2 O and D 2 O, and a normal kinetic isotope effect was observed. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) indicated that the surface coverage of H-formate was more limited by the WGS rate than that of D-formate, linking the rate limiting step to the breaking of the formate C-H bond.

La notion d'« appareils » insiste sur le fait qu'une époque se constitue à partir de l'articulation singulière d'une loi, d'un dispositif technique et d'un support, qui tour à tour qualifie, manipule (techniquement) et enregistre, comme trace, « l'événement ». L'appareil, c'est : ce qui met en rapport la singularité et la collectivité avec la loi, selon des normes de légitimité » […] « La loi, c'est ce qui ouvre le matériau (le corps) à autre chose que lui : l'événement 1. Diagrammes et temporalité architecturale : la loi des « appareils »

In one of the most influential studies in the recent history of forest ecology, W. W. Covington (1981) described a pattern in organic matter storage in the forest floors of northern hardwood stands as a function of date of harvest. We review the history of the use and misuse of Covington's curve, describe the studies that tested and failed to support early interpretations of the curve, and provide some alternate interpretations. The curve suggested that forest floor organic matter declines by 50% within 20 years after harvest, and this decline was attributed to accelerated decomposition and changes in litter inputs after harvest. Subsequent studies showed that decomposition rates of surface litter generally decrease after clear-cutting, but accelerated decomposition remains possible in the Oe and Oa horizons. Changes in litter inputs are still difficult to evaluate, because the rate at which woody debris enters the forest floor is unknown. Although Covington attempted to minimize variation due to mechanical disturbance during logging, a reasonable alternative explanation for low organic matter in the forest floor of young stands is that surface material is mixed into mineral soil during harvesting operations. The pattern of forest floor organic matter in stands of different ages may be partly due to changes over time in logging technology and the intensity of biomass removal, in addition to successional effects. It is important to distinguish between mechanisms that release carbon to the atmosphere and those that transfer it to the mineral soil before making inferences about nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration.

The structure of a large network (graph) can often be revealed by partitioning it into smaller and possibly more dense sub-networks that are easier to handle. One of such decompositions is based on “k-cores”, proposed in 1983 by Seidman. Together with connectivity components, cores are one among few concepts that provide efficient decompositions of large graphs and networks. In this

Infrared emission spectroscopy has been used to study the dehydroxylation behavior over the temperature range from 200 to 750 degrees Celsius of three major Al-minerals in bauxite: gibbsite (synthetic and natural), boehmite (synthetic and natural) and diaspore. A good agreement is found with the thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis curves of these minerals. Loss in intensity of especially the hydroxyl-stretching modes of gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore as function of temperature correspond well with the observed changes in the TGA/DTA patterns. The DTA pattern of gibbsite clearly indicates the formation of boehmite as an intermediate shown by a endotherm around 500 degrees Celsius. Dehydroxylation of gibbsite is followed by a loss of intensity of the 3620 and 3351 cm-1 OH-stretching bands and the corresponding deformation band around 1024 cm-1. Dehydroxylation starts around 220 degrees Celsius and is complete around 350 degrees Celsius. Similar observations were made for boehmite and diaspore. For boehmite dehydroxylation was observed to commence around 250 degrees Celsius and could be followed by especially the loss in intensity of the bands around 3319 and 3129 cm-1. The DTA pattern of diaspore is more complex with overlapping endotherms around 622 and 650 degrees Celsius. The dehydroxylation can be followed by the decrease in intensity of the OH-stretching bands around 3667, 3215 and 2972 cm-1. Above 550 degrees Celsius only a single band is observed that disappears after heating above 600 degrees Celsius corresponding to the two endotherms around 622 and 650 degrees Celsius in the DTA

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Abstract-Biochemical changes related to stability of food waste compost are strongly affected by different composting techniques. For evaluation of compost maturity three locally fabricated composters and windrow process were examined at seven days interval up to 91 days by ...

1. We investigated the effect of moderate eutrophication on leaf litter decomposition and associated invertebrates in five reference and five eutrophied streams in central Portugal. Fungal parameters and litter N and P dynamics were followed in one pair of streams. Benthic invertebrate parameters that are considered useful in bioassessment were estimated in all streams. Finally, we evaluated the utility of decomposition as a tool to assess stream ecosystem functional integrity.2. Decomposition of alder and oak leaves in coarse mesh bags was on average 2.3–2.7× faster in eutrophied than in reference streams. This was attributed to stimulation of fungal activity (fungal biomass accrual and sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes) by dissolved nutrients. These effects were more pronounced for oak litter (lower quality substrate) than alder. N content of leaf litter did not differ between stream types, while P accrual was higher in the eutrophied than in the reference stream. Total invertebrate abundances and richness associated with oak litter, but not with alder, were higher in eutrophied streams.3. We found only positive correlations between stream nutrients (DIN and SRP) and leaf litter decomposition rates in both fine and coarse mesh bags, associated sporulation rates of aquatic hyphomycetes and, in some cases, total invertebrate abundances and richness.4. Some metrics based on benthic invertebrate community data (e.g. % shredders, % shredder taxa) were significantly lower in eutrophied than in reference streams, whereas the IBMWP index that is specifically designed for the Iberian peninsula classified all 10 streams in the highest possible class as having ‘very good’ ecological conditions.5. Leaf litter decomposition was sufficiently sensitive to respond to low levels of eutrophication and could be a useful functional measure to complement assessment programmes based on structural parameters.

Drugs present in a decomposing corpse may be identified through analysis of maggots feeding off it. Case reports in forensic entomo-toxicology are sparse and the data base is unstructured. Drug concentrations should be measured in residual skeletal muscle, the principal food source for fly larvae, as well as in washed maggots, and the fly species should be determined. An untested possibility is the analysis of puparia or puparial cases which could extend the time frame for analysis into years or even into palaeopathology. In deaths indoors, the analysis of flies known to have emerged from the corpse is a theoretical possibility. To what extent drugs are retained in successive levels of the food chain is entirely unknown; drugs might be detectable in beetles feeding off fly larvae.

In low-order forested streams, watershed-scale land-use modifications, such as the replacement of native vegetation by conifer monocultures, can affect energy inputs into streams and trophic interactions within these donor-controlled food webs. We examined the effects of Pinus radiata plantations on structural (benthic macroinvertebrate communities) and functional (alder and pine leaf-litter breakdown) attributes of headwater streams. We compared three streams draining pine plantations with three draining natural deciduous forests. We found differences in the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, namely lower densities of shredders in streams flowing through pine plantations. Breakdown rates of alder leaves was a 20% lower in streams draining pine plantations, and breakdown of pine needles, a much lower quality material, was slower than that of alder and did not differ between stream types. Although fungal activity was similar in all streams, lower detritivore densities under pine plantations could explain the lower rate of alder breakdown in these environments. The present study points out that pine monocultures alter the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and reduce detritus processing capacity of streams. However, these effects were weaker than expected due to the presence of deciduous riparian forest in pine streams.

This research aims to model the process of data visualization (DV) and design to facilitate computational thinking (CT) of secondary-level students. As an interdisciplinary method for visualizing complex data, creating data visualizations requires learners to analyze data from knowledge of pure and applied science. This study investigates creating DV to facilitate CT as an interdisciplinary method which combines mathematics and information technology. The study was carried out using synthesised design-based research (DBR) method by conducting two cycles comprised of five phases: problem analysis within real-life context, design solution, develop solution, evaluate in practice and reflection. CT dimensions (decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm design) were tested by using the Computational Thinking through Data Visualization Rubric and reflection form acquired during implementation. The sample consisted of secondary school students in the data visualization creation process with 27 in the first cycle and 31 in the second cycle. This research proposes a model to facilitate development of CT by DV with the analysis of complex data, creating an effective method by enabling analytics and visualizing data. The proposed DV development process facilitating CT has the potential to inform research on interdisciplinary learning environments.

A new method is presented for the purpose of improving pass/fail separation during transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) hearing screening. The method combines signal decomposition in scales using the discrete wavelet transform, non-linear denoising and scale-dependent time windowing. The crosscorrelation coefficient between two subaveraged, processed TEOAE signals is used as a pass/fail criterion and assessed in relation to the pure-tone, mean hearing level The performance is presented in terms of receiver operating characteristics for a database of 5214 individuals. The results show that the specificity improves from 68% to 83% at a sensitivity of 90% when compared with the conventional wave reproducibility parameter.

Head injury is a major reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide and traumatic head injuries represent the major cause of neurological disability to a clot or hematoma caused by Haemorrhage (ICH) and is the The most common cause of ICH normally reported in our country are road traffic accidents (RTA) followed by falls and assaults. India is a populous country with over a billion every 100,000 population with deprived of these doctors. The unavailability of these specialists is a grave concern to the w care to the nation. The mainstay in the diagnosis of an ICH is the CT (Computed Tomography) scan of the head which is the definitive tool for accurate diagnosis of an ICH following trauma and provides an objective assessment of structural damage to brain. Accurate segmentation of the haemorrhage. This study is on segment Keywords: Intracranial decomposition; Brain haemorrhage segmentation is the first step before detecting the been done on the brain haemorrhage detection using methods like Convolutional neural network other efficient and advanced deep learning techniques. But that is resource intensive. It is also nec efficient when there is a large dataset Hssayeni and colleagues multiple slices and made it public. Second, used deep learning methods to perform segmentation and got a dice coefficient of 31% which is good compared to and colleagues [12] propose entropy based automatic unsupervised brain intracranial haemorrhage segmentation which comprises of FCM clustering, thresholding and edge based active contour methods and they get a better result with the combination than FCM clustering and active use deep learning to diagnose brain haemorrhage. They have used LeNet, GoogleNet and Inception dataset consisting of 100 cases collected from 115 hospitals and discovered LeNet is the among the three. Arjun Majumdar and colleagues haemorrhage instead of Head injury is a major reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide and traumatic head injuries represent the major cause of neurological disability. A traumatic brain injury to a clot or hematoma caused by an accident or any other trauma. (ICH) and is the most common and serious consequence of head injury which can be life The most common cause of ICH normally reported in our country are road traffic accidents (RTA) followed by falls and assaults. India is a populous country with over a billion every 100,000 population with most of them in the urban setup, Indian rural population of more than 70% is deprived of these doctors. The unavailability of these specialists is a grave concern to the w care to the nation. The mainstay in the diagnosis of an ICH is the CT (Computed Tomography) scan of the head which is the definitive tool for accurate diagnosis of an ICH following trauma and provides an objective assessment of ctural damage to brain. Accurate segmentation of the. This study is on segmentation of the brain haemorrhage Intracranial haemorrhage; Discrete wavelet transforms I. RELATED WORK Brain haemorrhage segmentation is the first step before detecting the been done on the brain haemorrhage detection using methods like Convolutional neural network other efficient and advanced deep learning techniques. But that is resource intensive. It is also nec efficient when there is a large dataset, which is not easily available in case of brain haemorrhage. Hssayeni and colleagues [1][2] have contributed in two ways, they collected a new dataset of 82 CT scans with ade it public. Second, used deep learning methods to perform segmentation and got a dice coefficient of 31% which is good compared to other deep learning techniques on small datasets. Indrajeet Kumar propose entropy based automatic unsupervised brain intracranial haemorrhage segmentation which comprises of FCM clustering, thresholding and edge based active contour methods and they get a better result with the combination than FCM clustering and active contour methods alone. use deep learning to diagnose brain haemorrhage. They have used LeNet, GoogleNet and Inception dataset consisting of 100 cases collected from 115 hospitals and discovered LeNet is the among the three. Arjun Majumdar and colleagues [8] haemorrhage instead of traditional methods and achieve a Head injury is a major reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide and traumatic head injuries traumatic brain injury (TBI) is damage to the brain, secondary an accident or any other trauma. This hematoma is known as an Intracranial most common and serious consequence of head injury which can be life The most common cause of ICH normally reported in our country are road traffic accidents (RTA) followed by falls and assaults. India is a populous country with over a billion people and there is approximately one radiologist for of them in the urban setup, Indian rural population of more than 70% is deprived of these doctors. The unavailability of these specialists is a grave concern to the w care to the nation. The mainstay in the diagnosis of an ICH is the CT (Computed Tomography) scan of the head which is the definitive tool for accurate diagnosis of an ICH following trauma and provides an objective assessment of ctural damage to brain. Accurate segmentation of the haemorrhage is the first step before detecting the brain haemorrhage images using discrete wavelet transforms. iscrete wavelet transforms; Segmentation; RELATED WORK Brain haemorrhage segmentation is the first step before detecting the haemorrhage in the brain. A lot of work has been done on the brain haemorrhage detection using methods like Convolutional neural network other efficient and advanced deep learning techniques. But that is resource intensive. It is also nec which is not easily available in case of brain haemorrhage. have contributed in two ways, they collected a new dataset of 82 CT scans with ade it public. Second, used deep learning methods to perform segmentation and got a dice deep learning techniques on small datasets. Indrajeet Kumar propose entropy based automatic unsupervised brain intracranial haemorrhage segmentation which comprises of FCM clustering, thresholding and edge based active contour methods and they get a better result contour methods alone. Tong Duc Phong and colleagues use deep learning to diagnose brain haemorrhage. They have used LeNet, GoogleNet and Inception dataset consisting of 100 cases collected from 115 hospitals and discovered LeNet is the most time [8] use a modified version of U-Net to detect the brain traditional methods and achieve an overall specificity of 98.6% on the small dataset. Brain Haemorrhage Segmentation using Dircrete Wavelet Transform. the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License; Which Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source Head injury is a major reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide and traumatic head injuries (TBI) is damage to the brain, secondary This hematoma is known as an Intracranial most common and serious consequence of head injury which can be life-threatening. The most common cause of ICH normally reported in our country are road traffic accidents (RTA) followed by falls people and there is approximately one radiologist for of them in the urban setup, Indian rural population of more than 70% is deprived of these doctors. The unavailability of these specialists is a grave concern to the well-being of the health care to the nation. The mainstay in the diagnosis of an ICH is the CT (Computed Tomography) scan of the head which is the definitive tool for accurate diagnosis of an ICH following trauma and provides an objective assessment of is the first step before detecting the brain images using discrete wavelet transforms. Thresholding; Wavelet haemorrhage in the brain. A lot of work has been done on the brain haemorrhage detection using methods like Convolutional neural network [2][3][5][11] and other efficient and advanced deep learning techniques. But that is resource intensive. It is also necessary and which is not easily available in case of brain haemorrhage. Murtada D. have contributed in two ways, they collected a new dataset of 82 CT scans with ade it public. Second, used deep learning methods to perform segmentation and got a dice deep learning techniques on small datasets. Indrajeet Kumar propose entropy based automatic unsupervised brain intracranial haemorrhage segmentation which comprises of FCM clustering, thresholding and edge based active contour methods and they get a better result Tong Duc Phong and colleagues [13] use deep learning to diagnose brain haemorrhage. They have used LeNet, GoogleNet and Inception-ResNet and a most time-consuming model Net to detect the brain overall specificity of 98.6% on the small dataset.

Stochastic programming problems have very large dimension and characteristic structures which are tractable by decomposition. We review basic ideas of cutting plane methods, augmented Lagrangian and splitting methods, and stochastic decomposition methods for convex polyhedral multi-stage stochastic programming problems.

Several leaf litter decay studies have indicated that decomposition occurs more rapidly when litter is placed beneath the plant species from which it had been derived than beneath a different plant species (i.e. home-field advantage, HFA), although support for this notion has not been universal. We provide the first quantification of HFA in relation to leaf litter decomposition using published litter mass loss data from forest ecosystems in North America, South America, and Europe. Our findings indicate that HFA is widespread in forest ecosystems; on average litter mass loss was 8% faster at home than away. We hypothesize that HFA results from specialization of the soil biotic community in decomposing litter derived from the plant above it. Climate and initial litter quality data can be used to explain about 70% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale, leaving about 30% unexplained. We suggest that HFA be recognized as a factor that explains some of this remaining variability.

In this paper we present an equilibrium model of commodity spot (s t ) and futures (f t ) prices, with finite elasticity of arbitrage services and convenience yields. By explicitly incorporating and modelling endogenously the convenience yield, our theoretical model is able to capture the existence of backwardation or contango in the long-run spot-futures equilibrium relationship, s t = β 2 f t + β 3 . When the slope of the cointegrating vector β 2 > 1(β 2 < 1) the market is under long run backwardation (contango). It is the first time in this literature in which the theoretical possibility of finding a cointegrating vector different from the standard β 2 = 1 is formally considered.

We describe a primal-dual application of the proximal point algorithm to nonconvex minimization problems. Motivated by the work of Spingarn and more recently by the work of Hamdi et al. about the primal resource-directive decomposition scheme to solve nonlinear separable problems. This paper discusses some local results of a primal-dual regularization approach that leads to a decomposition algorithm.

Amazonian forest fragments and secondgrowth forests often differ substantially from undisturbed forests in their microclimate, plant-species composition, and soil fauna. To determine if these changes could affect litter decomposition, we quantified the mass loss of two contrasting leaf-litter mixtures, in the presence or absence of soil macroinvertebrates, and in three forest habitats. Leaf-litter decomposition rates in second-growth forests (>10 years old) and in fragment edges (<100 m from the edge) did not differ from that in the forest interior (>250 m from the edges of primary forests). In all three habitats, experimental exclusion of soil invertebrates resulted in slower decomposition rates. Faunal-exclosure effects were stronger for litter of the primary forest, composed mostly of leaves of old-growth trees, than for litter of second-growth forests, which was dominated by leaves of successional species. The latter had a significantly lower initial concentration of N, higher C:N and lignin:N ratios, and decomposed at a slower rate than did litter from forest interiors. Our results indicate that land-cover changes in Amazonia affect decomposition mainly through changes in plant species composition, which in turn affect litter quality. Similar effects may occur on fragment edges, particularly on very disturbed edges, where successional trees become dominant. The drier microclimatic conditions in fragment edges and second-growth forests (>10 years old) did not appear to inhibit decomposition. Finally, although soil invertebrates play a key role in leaf-litter decomposition, we found no evidence that differences in the abundance, species richness, or species composition of invertebrates between disturbed and undisturbed forests significantly altered decomposition rates.

Hybrid plasma catalyst technology has great potential for indoor air purification. However, humidity is a critical parameter in plasma catalytic processes. In this work, several catalysts were tested downstream of a DC corona discharge and the effect of humidity was investigated on both ozone and toluene removal. Next, sorption measurements onto the catalysts were performed for toluene, trichloroethylene and acetone, using an equilibrium partitioning in closed system procedure to explain the obtained results in a quantitative manner.

This work reports the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of NO decomposition in a catalytic monolith reactor. Monolithic catalysts are composed of a commercial cordierite substrate (Corning Inc.) and copper containing ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al = 40; 1.92 % Cu). Laboratory scale activity tests were carried out in the integral monolith reactor, operating under atmospheric pressure at different temperatures (573-773 K) and at various space times. The reactor performance was modeled using several mathematical models. The kinetics of NO decomposition was described by a LHHW type rate equation. The parameters of the monolith reactor models were estimated from experimental data using a modified differential method and Nelder-Mead method of non-linear optimization. It was found that the behavior of the experimental monolithic reactor was mainly limited by interphase mass transfer. The 2D heterogeneous model with distributed parameters was determined to be the most suitable mathematical model for detailed consideration of physico-chemical processes occurring in the catalytic monolith reactor.

Let K n,n − I denote the complete bipartite graph with n vertices in each part from which a 1-factor I has been removed. An m-cycle system of K n,n − I is a collection of m-cycles whose edges partition K n,n − I. Necessary conditions for the existence of such an m-cycle system are that m ≥ 4 is even, n ≥ 3 is odd, m ≤ 2n, and m | n(n − 1). In this paper, we show these necessary conditions are sufficient except possibly in the case that m ≡ 0 (mod 4) with n < m < 2n.

We propose a model-based approach to nonpreemptive multi-project management problems, based on a hierarchical two-stage decomposition of the planning and scheduling process. Two performance criteria are considered: the net present value, which includes investment costs, operating costs, revenues, penalties for late completion; and the service level, expressed as the agreement between the completion times of the different projects and the customer needs. The resulting hierarchy of integer programming models is aimed at assisting the planners in understanding the interrelations among the allocation of resources, the timing of the activities, the cash flows. A class of branch-and-bound procedures is then proposed for the solution of these integer programming models.

Little is known about the effect of edaphic conditions on the decomposition of buried mammalian tissues. To address this, we set up a replicated incubation study with three fresh soils of contrasting pH: a Podsol (acidic), a Cambisol (neutral), and a Rendzina (alkaline), in which skeletal muscle tissue (SMT) of known mass was allowed to decompose. Our results clearly demonstrated that soil type had a considerable effect on the decomposition of SMT buried in soil. Differences in the rate of decomposition were up to three times greater in the Podsol compared with the Rendzina. The rate of microbial respiration was correlated to the rate of soft tissue loss, which suggests that the decomposition of SMT is dependent on the microbial community present in the soil. Decompositional by-products caused the pH of the immediate soil environment to change, becoming more alkaline at first, before acidifying. Our results demonstrate the need for greater consideration of soil type in future taphonomic studies.